CONTENT

TITLE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
OBJECTIVE
RELEVANT TITLE

PAGES
1
7
8
8

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3
METHADOLOGY
APPLICATION AND MATHEMATICAL CALCUATION
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCE

11
12
15
15
15

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

DEFINATION OF MOMENT
In physics, moment is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance. Moments are usually
defined with respect to a fixed reference point or axis. They deal with physical quantities as
measured at some distance from that reference point or axis. For example, a moment of force is
the product of a force and its distance from an axis, which causes rotation about that axis. In
principle, any physical quantity can be combined with a distance to produce a moment.
Commonly used quantities include forces, masses, and electric charge distribution.

STATICS OF BENDING: SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Beams are long and slender structural elements, differing from truss elements in that they are
called on to support transverse as well as axial loads. Their attachment points can also be more
complicated than those of truss elements: they may be bolted or welded together, so the
attachments can transmit bending moments or transverse forces into the beam. Beams are among
the most common of all structural elements, being the supporting frames of airplanes, buildings,
cars, people, and much else. The nomenclature of beams is rather standard: as shown in Fig. 1, L
is the length, or span; b is the width, and h is the height (also called the depth). The crosssectional shape need not be rectangular, and often consists of a vertical web separating horizontal
flanges at the top and bottom of the beam

Figure 1.1: Beam nomenclature.

Free-body diagrams
As a simple starting example, consider a beam clamped (\cantilevered") at one end and subjected
to a load P at the free end as shown in Fig. 2. A free body diagram of a section cut transversely at
position x shows that a shear force V and a moment M must exist on the cut section to maintain
equilibrium. We will show in Module 13 that these are the resultants of shear and normal stresses
that are set up on internal planes by the bending loads. As usual, we will consider section areas
whose normal point in the +x direction to be positive; then shear forces pointing in the +y
direction on +x faces will be considered positive. Moments whose vector direction as given by
the right-hand rule are in the +z direction (vector out of the plane of the paper, or tending to
cause counterclockwise rotation in the plane of the paper) will be positive when acting on +x
faces. Another way to recognize positive bending moments is that they cause the bending shape
to be concave upward. For this example beam, the statics equations give:
Fy = 0
= V +P = V (constant) P

M0 = 0
= M +Px =
M = M(x) = Px
3

Note that the moment increases with distance from the loaded end, so the magnitude of the
maximum value of M compared with V increases as the beam becomes longer. This is true of
most beams, so shear effects are usually more important in beams with small length-to-height
ratios.

Figure 1.2: Shear and bending moment diagrams.

As stated earlier, the stresses and deflections will be shown to be functions of V and M, so it is
important to be able to compute how these quantities vary along the beam's length. Plots of V (x)
and M(x) are known as shear and bending moment diagrams, and it is necessary to obtain them
before the stresses can be determined. For the end-loaded cantilever, the diagrams shown in
Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3: Wall reactions for the cantilevered beam.

Distributed loads
Transverse loads may be applied to beams in a distributed rather than at-a-point manner as
depicted in Fig. 6, which might be visualized as sand piled on the beam. It is convenient to
describe these distributed loads in terms of force per unit length, so that q(x) dx would be the
load applied to a small section of length dx by a distributed load q(x).

Figure 1.4: Alternative shear and bending moment diagrams for the cantilevered beam

Figure 1.5: A distributed load and a free-body section.

Figure 1.6: Distributed and concentrated loads.

The purpose of determining the support reaction forces R1 and R2, the distributed triangular load
can be replaced by its static equivalent. The magnitude of this equivalent force is
2

Q=

600 x dx=1200
0

The equivalent force acts through the centroid of the triangular area, which is is 2/3 of the
distance from its narrow end (see Prob. 1). The reaction R2 can now be found by taking moments
around the left end
2
MA= 0 = 500(1) (1200)( 3 + R2(2) = R2 = 650
The other reaction can then be found from vertical equilibrium:
Fy = 0 = R1 500 1200 + 650
= 1050
Type of loads
a) Concentrated load (single force)
b) Distributed load (measured by their intensity) :
- uniformly distributed load (uniform load)
- linearly varying load
6

c) Couple
PROBLEM STATEMENT

There is problem that have to be solved in this chapter that is moment. The topic that we want to
focus is the distribution loading. These are the example of the problems. These are the type of
question or problem that is familiar in this topic.
1. Locate the magnitude and position of the force equivalent to the loading distributions shown
in the figure below.
2. Determine the bending moment M( ) along the circular curved beam shown.

The figure above are the example of problem that have to be solved and to find the magnitude
and the location of resultant force.

OBJECTIVE / SCOPE

1) To understand the concept of Force System Resultants and Moment.

2) To know the concept and the calculation to solve the Reduction of a Simple Distributed
Loading.
3) To find the solution of the problem statement that is to solve the magnitude and the
resultant of the force.

RELEVENT TITLE

Application of distributed loading on the bookshelf.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Beam may be defined as member whose length is large in comparison with its thickness and is
loaded with transverse loads or couples that produce significant bending effects. Beams are so
common in engineering structures that their importance cannot be overemphasized. In
engineering structures members that are oriented such that their lengths are horizontal are
considered beams. Beams are also used in machine parts, for example, the armature shaft in a
generator may be considered as a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load
over a portion of its length. Beams are generally classified according to their geometry and
manner in which they are supported. Geometrical classification includes such features as the
shape of cross-section, whether the beam is straight or curved and whether the beam is tapered or
has a constant cross section. On the manner in which they are supported, the beams may readily
be classified as cantilevers, simply supported, overhanging, continuous and fix-ended beam.
Beams can be further classified according to the type of load they are carrying, for example, a
cantilever beam carrying a uniformly distributed load may be classified as a uniformly loaded
cantilever beam.

Any force that is transmitted to a body from another body by means of direct contact over an
area on the surface of the first body is a load due to body contact. Loads may be classified as
follows:

Concentrated load (point load):- this is a load whose area of contact is relatively small
compared to the total area over the entire length of the beam.

Distributed load:-this is a load whose area of contact is large relative to the length of the
beam. Distributed loads may further be classified as linearly varying or uniformly
distributed loads depending on the manner in which the load vary along the length of the
beam.
9

Couples: couple is a turning moment applied at a particular point along the beam span.
This turning moment can be achieved by using mechanism for application of parallel
forces whose directions of action are opposite but are separated by a distance called
moment arm.

Reactions: As response to applied loads, the beam and the supports react by an internal
force which is opposite to the applied loads in order to remain in equilibrium. The
reactions at the supports give rise to an internal shear force which acts at every section of
the beam. To maintain its equilibrium, the beam reacts to turning effect of external loads
in form of internal bending moments which vary along the position of the beam.

CHAPTER 3
10

METHODOLOGY

The figure above shows the loading on the beam / bridge is distributed as shown. So we need to
know the method how to find the resultant force and we need to know where the resultant force
acts on the beam / bridge. We are also need to know the magnitude and the location of the
equivalent resultant force in the other words.

So here, there are important points we need to know to solve this solution.

Coplanar distributed loadings are defined by using a loading function w = w(x) that

indicates the intensity of the loading along the length of a member.

The external effects caused by a coplanar distributed load acting on a body can be

represented by a single resultant force.

This resultant force is equivalent to the area under the loading diagram, and has a line of
action that passes through the centroid or geometric center of this area.

APPLICATION AND MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION

11

So, here are the example of the application that used in case study. Like a picture before this, is a
bridge that has a distribution loading on it. So, the picture below is some example of the
situation. The loading on bookshelf is distributed as shown. Determine the magnitude of the
equivalent resultant location, measured from point O.

THE CALCULATION

12

13

CONCLUSION
14

So, the conclusion that can been made is from the case study and the solution, we can know and
more understand on the topic that has been focus that is Moment (Reduction of a simple
distributed loading). We will know the method to solve this problem. We know how to find Fx
and Fy and also find x that is the location of the equivalent resultant of the load from the
moment. We also can assume the moment clockwise and anticlockwise as a positive but at the
end of solution we will get the same answer. From the case study a I did it alone, I understand
more about this subtopic that is Reduction of A Simple Distributed Loading.

RECOMMENDATION

In this case study, what we need to know is the total force that is applied to the beam / bookshelf.
So the force that is applied must not exceeding to the maximum because it can make the beam /
bookshelf to broke. So what Im recommending here is we need to know to know suitable force
to apply on the beam or any construction. This is very important.

REFERENCE

1) Statics of Bending: Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams David Roylance

Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA 02139
November 15, 2000
2) Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Copyright 2013 by R.C Hibbeler

15