Transportation moves people and goods from one place to another using a variety

of vehicles across different infrastructure systems. It does this using not only
technology (namely vehicles, energy, and infrastructure), but also peoples time
and eort; producing not only the desired outputs of passenger trips and freight
shipments, but also adverse outcomes such as air pollution, noise, congestion,
crashes, injuries, and fatalities.
Figure 11 illustrates the inputs, outputs, and outcomes of transportation. In the
upper left are traditional inputs (infrastructure (including pavements, bridges, etc.),
labor required to produce transportation, land consumed by infrastructure, energy
inputs, and vehicles). Infrastructure is the traditional preserve of civil engineering,
while vehicles are anchored in mechanical engineering. Energy, to the extent it is
powering existing vehicles is a mechanical engineering question, but the design of
systems to reduce or minimize energy consumption require thinking beyond
traditional disciplinary boundaries.
On the top of the gure are Information, Operations, and Management, and
Travelers Time and Eort. Transportation systems serve people, and are created
by people, both the system owners and operators, who run, manage, and maintain
the system and travelers who use it. Travelers time depends both on freeow time,
which is a product of the infrastructure design and on delay due to congestion,
which is an interaction of system capacity and its use. On the upper right side of
the gure are the adverse outcomes of transportation, in particular its negative
externalities:

by polluting, systems consume health and increase morbidity and mortality;

by being dangerous, they consume safety and produce injuries and

fatalities;

by being loud they consume quiet and produce noise (decreasing quality of
life and property values); and

by emitting carbon and other pollutants, they harm the environment.

All of these factors are increasingly being recognized as costs of transportation, but
the most notable are the environmental eects, particularly with concerns about
global climate change. The bottom of the gure shows the outputs of
1 See Appendix of Introduction, Figure number 1
1

transportation. Transportation is central to economic activity and to peoples lives, it

enables them to engage in work, attend school, shop for food and other goods, and
participate in all of the activities that comprise human existence. More
transportation, by increasing accessibility to more destinations, enables people to
better meet their personal objectives, but entails higher costs both individually and
socially. While the transportation problem is often posed in terms of congestion,
that delay is but one cost of a system that has many costs and even more benefits.
Further, by changing accessibility, transportation gives shape to the development
of land.
Transportation decisions impact many aspects of urban life 2. Young and old alike
are affected by the viability and relative ease of traveling to destinations on foot, by
bike, transit, or reliance on private vehicles. Transportation investments are
arguably the single largest shaper of urban spaces and of development patterns.
The safety, speed, and comfort for a particular mode of travel are a function of the
investments that have been made in specific types of travel options. Regions, and
parts of regions, vary considerably in terms of their supportiveness of traveling in
ways that are health promoting (active) and environmentally sustainable.
Transportation planning is experiencing a re-awakening. The connections between
transportation, land use, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, physical activity,
and obesity are becoming better understood. Considerable media attention in
recent years has been devoted to the impacts of the built environment on climate
change and the environment. Attention has also been focused on the economic
impacts of transportation investments and more recently on how transportation
impacts physical activity and health. Many are concerned about the impacts of
urban sprawl on overall sustainability and on how transportation investments can
create or help to reduce sprawl. These and other issues provide some context and
backdrop for this class.
Set within the Vancouver region, we are fortunate to have many forward thinking
experts on creating a livable region and the role of transportation within this
context. We will learn from the perspectives of a variety of experts in our region
who are engaged in making transportation planning decisions. Metro Vancouver
currently has several rail projects being planned and implemented, the Olympics
are coming, a major highway expansion is planned; and considerable investments
are proposed and underway in non-motorized infrastructure.
2 See Appendix of Introduction, Figure number 2

The course introduces students to the fundamentals of urban transportation

planning and the types of skills and knowledge that transportation planners need. It
further familiarizes students with contemporary transportation planning issues and
methods of analysis. The course is highly relevant regardless if students intend to
focus on transportation itself, or other aspects of urban planning. The course can
be taken stand alone, or as the first in a sequence of courses in SCARPs Urban
Design and Transportation Concentration.
Newly evolving theories and approaches to addressing emerging transportation
problems will be central to the class. Relationships between transportation and
urban land use systems and new tools to address environmental and quality of life
impacts of transportation are presented. Transportation investment decisions (or
lack thereof) have been held accountable for increased economic prosperity or
spiraling economic decline. Transportation infrastructure (roads, rail lines, etc.) is
extremely costly even when compared with other services which are capital
intensive (sewers, storm-water drainage, etc.). Therefore, transportation decisions
made today can impact a region for generations to come.
Transportation investment decisions affect our travel choices which in turn have
dramatic impacts on our environment and our health. Transportation is about
providing access to locations and impacts social equity, and the benefits or
burdens felt by different segments of the population. Transportation networks are
often the single most important determinant of a community, and the most distinct
physical feature that characterizes a place.

Objectives:
1.1 Learn the history of transportation.
1.2 know the types of transport that exist.
1.3 know general information that is up to the transport.
1.4 study the different types of transport that exist in Mexico and the world.
1.5 know the types of public and private transport.
1.6 compare types of public and private transport.
1.7 to integrate the information collected.
1.8 to interview a group of people to know what they think about transportation.
1.9 Analyze the information to obtain a conclusion.

1. The Importance of Transportation3

In light of the inevitable energy crisis and all of its attendant implications for
civilization as we know it, discussion has turned to the ultimate fate of mankinds
three forms of modern living arrangements, namely urban, suburban and rural
living. A number of written articles and online discussions have been penned of late
that attempt to gage the relative success (or failure) for each of these areas. Each
of these opinions reflects the authors personal outlook on the future (gloom and
doom, cautious hope or boundless optimism) and as such color the authors
ultimate assessment of the situation. The purpose of this posting is not to provide
my personal take on the matter, but to look at the underlying factor that will
ultimately determine any given areas viability.Although many valid factors have
been discussed, viability ultimately boils down to just one key factor:

1.1 Transportation:
Its as simple as that. Each settlement pattern is affected by transportation and a
change in it can have a drastic impact on the ultimate viability of the built
environment.4
The ability to move people and goods from one location to another is perhaps the
key to survival. That fact cannot be hammered home hard enough. This may sound
alarmist or over-the-top, but the simple act of moving someone or something from
one point to another is absolutely vital. The ease of transportationin all of its
formsis the hallmark of industrialized civilization. This ease of course has been
made possible by cheap fossil-fuel inputs and is best exemplified by the modern
American commuter driving from one suburb to work in another suburb or by the
trucker hauling a collection of inexpensively made Chinese products to the local
Wal-Mart.
Being able to move from one point to another is of course important. People
seldom live, work, shop and relax in the same place. In order to maintain a
functioning economy, people must be able to circulate between the various points
that are important to them and do so with ease. In pre-Industrial times, most people
got around by foot, horse or boat. Distances were small and trips were few in
number. Today in many locations, fossil fuel availability has dramatically increased
the distances one can travel and lifted the overall number of trips made.
But transportation is really much more than the movement of people. The truly vital
function that it plays is the movement of goods. Goods movement is often
overlooked by transportation planners but it includes the shipment of raw materials,
finished products and even wastes. Raw materials such as minerals, energy, food
and other resources are obvious candidates for transportation as most occur in
limited concentrations away from their eventual points of consumption. Movement
3 See Appendix of Foundation, Figure number 1
4 See Appendix of Foundation, Figure number 2
5

of finished goods from manufacturers to their eventual end users also requires a
well established transport network. Finally, transportation plays a vital role in
removing wastes and preventing their accumulation to dangerous levels.
Likewise, most visualizations of the transportation network commonly are focused
on road, rail, marine and air-based systems. While this is accurate, it neglects two
other important forms of transport: electrical and pipeline. Both topics are
commonly discussed as infrastructure in planning documents but really need to
be seen as another form of transportation. The electrical transmission system
makes it possible to instantaneously move large amounts of energy from one
location where it is in overabundance to another where it is in demand. Pipelines
play the equally important role of transporting liquids and gasses from one point to
another in great, uninterruptible volumes.
Transportation is often viewed as a matter of convenience or necessity but in
reality its role in civilized existence is far more basic (and vital). According to
William Catton, transportation is a social leveraging strategy called Scope
Enlargement. What the movement of goods allows us to do is balance the
surpluses and shortages of a number of areas, so that all can progress to a higher
level of development than would have been possible without it. This has reached a
culmination of sorts, with todays transportation now extending worldwide. With it
comes a worldwide dependence on the continued free flow of resources, goods
and wastes. At this point many places on the planet are dependent on something
from somewhere else.
All parts of this transportation network are of course, energy consumers. Some are
very efficient movers of goods such as a pipeline network, while others require
huge energy subsidies to exist like commercial aviation. How the entire system
continues to functionor notwill determine an areas ultimate viability. And
therein lays the problem.
We are frightfully dependent on the continuation of this transportation system. It
allows for the ease of shipment of large forms of usable energy (e.g. crude oil)
natural resources (e.g. water, minerals) and food from areas of production to areas
of consumption. It allows for the shipment of goods from one location to another,
which over the past few decades has taken a global scope, where fewer, larger
and lower cost facilities in a handful of locations replaced far more numerous,
smaller and higher cost facilities scattered around the world. Finally it permits the
wastes from one area to be moved to somewhere else where it could be re-used,
recycled or disposed of so that the source location does not get too polluted.
Peak Energy (in all of its forms) is the massive and fatal threat to the modern
transportation system. It disrupts the system insidiously at first before ultimately
rendering it useless. As energy becomes scarcer, it also increases in price. Over
the past few years, those increases have taken a toll on economic activity. In the
future they will render whole sectors of the economy unprofitable and ultimately not
viable. As bad as that is, continued energy shortages will eventually manifest
themselves in the form of actual fuel shortages. When that occurs, hard decisions
will need to made on what to ship and when. In an orderly Powerdown scenario,
6

those exact choices would be made based on their relative importance to human
life so that no one starves or dies as a result of decreasing energy supplies.
Unfortunately, the human track record in dealing with crisis situations has been
less than stellar. In all likelihood, government actions may staunch the crisis for a
few years, before the level of available energy decline begins undoing the global
transportation system altogether.
What that means is that mankinds strategy of scope enlargement will soon fail us.
How that affects you and I personally really depends on where we are located.
Those in the suburbs will be hit the soonest and hardest by an energy-driven
transportation crisis. These folks travel the furthest on average and are the most
dependent on the shipment of all forms of goods and services from somewhere
else. Basically, if you live in the suburbs you will eventually find yourself cut off from
food, supplies, employment and just about everything else needed to survive.
Some attempts may be made to grow or raise food close to home, but for many
suburbanites it may prove to be too little, too late.
At first glance it would appear that urban areas would fare better in a crisis.
Distances would be shorter and more people could walk or take transit. Truck
deliverers would not need to travel as far. Never-the-less, this area is threatened as
well. As shortages mount, the transportation and distribution network will no longer
be able to ship all of the required goods to all of the urban inhabitants. The larger
the city, the larger the problem. Equally important, wastes would not be able to be
properly removed and would likely buildup and foster disease. In an urban area
with few other acquisition options, increasing hunger, poverty and social discontent
could likely fuel the conditions suitable for riots, crime waves and other ill effects.
Those in the rural areas would be the least impacted by declining transportation
options. While it is true that transportation interruptions would affect the
countryside pretty hard, the low overall population and greater distances from the
urban and suburban settlements will serve to protect rural outposts from raiding or
looting that could occur as order breaks down. This does not mean that country
living will be particularly nice though, especially if you were more accustomed
goods and services from all over.5
The bottom line is really quite simple. Fossil fuels made it artificially easy for people
and goods to move about. That ease of movement allowed humans to enlarge their
scope and tap and trade resources from all over to make up or mask local
shortages. Unfortunately that free ride will be shortly coming to an end. 6

5 See Appendix of Foundation, Figure number 3

6 See Appendix of Foundation, Figure number 4

1. Transport.7
Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from
one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable,
pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and
operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between persons,
which is essential for the development of civilizations.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including roads, railways,
airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway
stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including
fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may be used both for
interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.
Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses,
trains, trucks, people, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft and aircraft. Operations
deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this
purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry,
operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private,
depending on the country and mode.
Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services,
or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk
transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important
part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and
use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good
planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

1.1 Mode of transport:8

A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a particular type of vehicle,
infrastructure and operation. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one
mode or several of the modes, with the latter case being called intermodal or
multimodal transport. Each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and
will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and route.
1.2 Human-powered
Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries. Human
powered transport, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people
7 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 1
8 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 2

and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and
swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power.
Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure,
physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is sometimes the only type available,
especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be
enhanced through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with
vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also
been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft
rowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

1.3 Animal-powered
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of
people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as
pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds
or wheeled vehicles.

2. History
Bullock team hauling wool in Australia Humans' first means of transport were
walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay
the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be
hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions
such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through
the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed
vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport
large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution.
The first forms of road transport were horses 9, oxen or even humans carrying
goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were built by
many early civilizations, including Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization.
The Persian and Roman empires built stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel
quickly. Deep roadbeds of crushed stone underneath ensured that the roads kept
dry. The medieval Caliphate later built tar-paved roads. The first watercraft were
canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships
that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two.
The importance of water has led to most cities,that grew up as sites for trading,
being located on rivers or at sea, often at the intersection of two bodies of water.
9 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 3
9

Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production
and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.
The Wright Brothers' first flight in 1903
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw a number of inventions
fundamentally change transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant
and independent of transport. The invention of the steam engine, closely followed
by its application in rail transport, made land transport independent of human or
animal muscles. Both speed and capacity increased rapidly, allowing specialization
through manufacturing being located independent of natural resources. The 19th
century also saw the development of the steam ship,that sped up global
transport.10
With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile at the turn into
the 20th century11, road transport became more viable, allowing the introduction of
mechanical private transport. The first highways were constructed during the 19th
century with macadam. Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving
material. In 1903, the first controllable airplane was demonstrated, and after World
War I, it became a fast way to transport people and express goods over long
distances.
After World War II, the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport,
reducing rail and water to freight and short-haul passenger. Scientific spaceflight
was launched in the 1950s, with rapid growth until the 1970s, when interest
dwindled. In the 1950s, the introduction of containerization gave massive efficiency
gains in freight transport, permitting globalization. International air travel became
much more accessible in the 1960s, with the commercialization of the jet engine.
Along with the growth in automobiles and motorways, this introduced a decline for
rail and water transport. After the introduction of the Shinkansen in 1964, highspeed rail in Asia and Europe started taking passengers on long-haul routes from
airlines.
Early in U.S. history, most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels
were owned by private joint-stock corporations. Most such transportation
infrastructure came under government control in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, culminating in the nationalization of inter-city passenger rail service with
the creation of Amtrak. Recently, however, a movement to privatize roads and
other infrastructure has gained some ground and adherents 12.
3. Public transport

10 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 4

11 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 5
12 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 6
10

Is a shared passenger transport service which is available for use by the general
public, as distinct from modes such as taxicab, carpooling or hired buses which are
not shared by strangers without private arrangement?
Public transport
modes include city
buses, trolleybuses, trams (or light
rail)
and passenger trains, rapid transit(metro/subways/undergrounds etc) and ferries13.
Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity
rail. High-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world.
Most public transport runs to a scheduled timetable with the most frequent services
running to a headway (e.g.: "every 5 minutes" as opposed to being scheduled for
any specific time of the day). Share taxis offer on-demand services in many parts
of the world, and some services will wait until the vehicle is full before it
starts. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low-demand and for people who
need a door-to-door service.
There are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America,
and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are predominantly run by profit-driven
privately owned and publicly traded mass transit and real estate conglomerates. In
North America, mass transit operations are predominantly run by municipal transit
authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are predominantly run by stateowned companies.
Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or
funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each
passenger. Services can be fully profitable through high ridership numbers and
high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated and possibly subsidized from
local or national tax revenue. Fully subsidized, zero-fare (free) services operate in
some towns and cities.
For historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding
use and extent of public transport. While countries in the Old World tend to have
extensive and frequent systems serving their old and dense cities, many cities of
the New World have moresprawl and much less comprehensive public transport.
The International Association of Public Transport (UITP) is the international
network for public transport authorities and operators, policy decision-makers,
scientific institutes and the public transport supply and service industry. It has
3,400 members from 92 countries14.

13 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 7

14 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 8
11

3.1 Train.
A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs
along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a
separate locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although
historically steampropulsion dominated, the most common modern forms
are diesel and electric locomotives,
the
latter
supplied
by overhead
wires oradditional rails. Other energy sources include horses, rope or
wire, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, and gas turbines. Train tracks usually consists
of
two,
three
or
four
or
five rails,
with
a
limited
number
of monorails and maglev guideways in the mix. The word 'train' comes from the Old
French trahiner, from the Latin trahere 'pull, draw'.
There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes. A train
may consist of a combination of one or morelocomotives and attached railroad
cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit (or occasionally a single or articulated
powered coach, called arailcar). The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered
or pulled by horses. From the early 19th century almost all were powered bysteam
locomotives. From the 1910s onwards the steam locomotives began to be replaced
by less labor-intensive and cleaner (but more complex and expensive) diesel
locomotives and electric locomotives, while at about the same time selfpropelled multiple unitvehicles of either power system became much more
common in passenger service15.
A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can
often be very long and fast. One notable and growing long-distance train category
is high-speed rail. In order to achieve much faster operation over 500 km/h
(310 mph), innovativeMaglev technology has been researched for years. In most
countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a
railway is precise and defined in law. The term light rail is sometimes used for a
modern tram system, but it may also mean an intermediate form between a tram
and a train, similar to a subway except that it may have level crossings.
A freight train (also known as goods train) uses freight cars (also known as wagons
or trucks) to transport goods or materials (cargo) essentially any train that is not
used for carrying passengers16.
15 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 9
16 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 10
12

3.2 Bus17.
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a
capacity as high as 300 passengers.The most common type of bus is the singledecker rigid bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker and articulated buses,
and smaller loads carried by midibuses and minibuses; coaches are used for
longer-distance services. Bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the
same design appearing around the world. Buses may be used for scheduled bus
transport, scheduled coach transport, school transport, private hire, or tourism;
promotional buses may be used for political campaigns and others are privately
operated for a wide range of purposes. Horse-drawn buses were used from the
1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, and electric trolleybuses in 1882.
The first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in
1895.Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses,
and electric buses, as well as ones powered by compressed natural gas or
biodiesel.
Formats include single-decker bus, double-decker bus (both usually with a rigid
chassis), limobus, and articulated bus (or 'bendy-bus') the prevalence of which
varies from country to country. Bi-articulated buses are also manufactured, and
passenger-carrying trailerseither towed behind a rigid bus (a bus trailer), or
hauled as a trailer by a truck (a trailer bus). Smaller midibuses have a lower
capacity and open-top buses are typically used for leisure purposes. In many new
fleets, particularly in local transit systems, a shift to low-floor buses is occurring,
primarily for easier accessibility. Coaches are designed for longer-distance travel
and are typically fitted with individual high-backed reclining seats, seat belts,
toilets, and audio-visual entertainment systems, and can operate at higher speeds
with more capacity for luggage. Coaches may be single- or double-deckers,
articulated, and often include a separate luggage compartment under the
passenger floor.
3.3 Taxi18.
A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver,
used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared
ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice. This differs
from other modes of public transport where the pick-up and drop-off locations are
determined by the service provider, not by the passenger, although demand
responsive transport and share taxis provide a hybrid bus/taxi mode.
There are four distinct forms of taxicab, which can be identified by slightly differing
terms in different countries:

Hackney carriages, also known as public hire, hailed or street taxis, licensed
for hailing throughout communities

17 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 11

18 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 12
13

Private hire vehicles, also known as minicabs or private hire taxis, licensed
for pre-booking only

Taxibuses, also known as jitneys, operating on pre-set routes typified by

multiple stops and multiple independent passengers

Limousines, specialized vehicle licensed for operation by pre-booking

Although types of vehicles and methods of regulation, hiring, dispatching, and

negotiating payment differ significantly from country to country, many common
characteristics exist.

3.4 Metro 19
The Mexico City Metro (Spanish: Metro de la Ciudad de Mxico), officially called
Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, often shortened to STC, is a metro system that
serves the metropolitan area of Mexico City, including some municipalities in
Mexico State. It is the second largest metro system in North America after the New
York City Subway. In 2012, the system served 1.609 billion passengers, placing it
as the eighth highest ridership in the world.
The inaugural STC Metro line was 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) long, serving 16
stations, and opened to the public on 4 September 1969. The system has
expanded since then in a series of fits and starts. As of 2013, the system
comprises twelve lines,serving 195 stations, and 226.49 kilometres (140.73 mi) of
route (including the recently opened Line 12). Ten of the lines are rubber-tyred;
instead of traditional steel wheels, these use pneumatic traction, which are quieter
and cope better with Mexico City's unstable soils.
Of the STC Metro's 195 stations,24 serve two or more lines (correspondencias or
transfer stations). It has 115 underground stations (the deepest of which are 35
metres (115 ft) below street level); 54 surface stations and 26 elevated stations.All
lines operate from 5 am until midnight. At the end of 2007, the Federal District
government announced the construction of the most recent STC Metro line: Line
12, which was built to run approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) towards the
southeastern part of the city, connecting with Lines 7, 3, 2 and 8. This line opened
on 30 October 2012.

3.5 Trolleybus20.
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless
tram or trolley) is an electric bus that draws its electricity from overhead wires
(generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded trolley poles. Two
19 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 13
20 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 14
14

wires and poles are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a
tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return part of the electrical
path and therefore needs only one wire and one pole (or pantograph). They also
are distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries.
Power is most commonly supplied as 600 Volts direct current, but there have been,
and are, exceptions.
Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43
countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more
than about 400 concurrently.

3.6 RTP21.
The network of transport of passengers of the Federal District (RTP) is a
decentralized public agency administered by the Government of the Federal
District, which offers the service of buses in 94 routes primarily linking popular
colonies and outlying residential areas of the Mexico City Metro stations.

3.7 Volkswagen Transporter22.

The Volkswagen Transporter, based on the Volkswagen Group's T platform, now in
its fifth generation, refers to a series of vans produced over 60 years and marketed
worldwide.
The T series is now considered an official Volkswagen Group automotive platform.
and generations are sequentially named T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Pre-dating the T
platform designations, the first three generations were named Type 2, indicating
their relative position to the Type 1, or Beetle. As part of the T platform, the first
three generations are retroactively named T1, T2 and T3.
The Transporter range of light commercial vehicles comprise a gamut of variants
including vans, minivans, minibuses, pick-ups, campervans. Competitors include
the Ford Transit, Toyota Hiace and Mercedes-Benz Vito.

3.8 Airplane23
An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is
propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a
variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for
airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and
21 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 15
22 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 16
23 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 17
15

research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of

thousands of passengers daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on
board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.
The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the
first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". They built on the
works of Sir George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the
modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passengercarrying gliders). Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation
Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. Following its limited use in World
War I, aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the
major battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178
in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The
Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service
for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010.

3.9 The Mexico City Metrobs24

The Mexico City Metrobs (officially Sistema de Corredores de Transporte Pblico
de Pasajeros del Distrito Federal and simply known as Metrobs) is a bus rapid
transit (BRT) system that serves Mexico City since 2005. As of November 2013 it
comprises five lines that traverse the city and connect with other forms of transit,
namely the Mexico City Metro. It was officially opened to the public with service
along line 1 on 19 June 2005. As of December 2013, Metrobs buses transported
900,000 passengers daily.

4. Private Transport25.
Private transport (as opposed to public transport) is transportation service which is
not available for use by the general public. Often public transportation service
providers are privately owned; notwithstanding, any and all services provided by
such companies that is available to the general public is considered public
transport. While private transportation may be used alongside nearly all modes of
public transportation, private transportation by rail is rare. Unlike many forms of
public transportation, which may be subsidized, the entire cost of private
transportation is born directly or indirectly by the user.
Private transport is the dominant form of transportation in most of the world. In the
United States, for example, 86.2% of passenger miles are by passenger vehicles,
motorcycles, and trucks.

24 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 18

25 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 19

16

4.1 Bicycle.
A bicycle, often called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, singletrack vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A
bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist.
Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe and, as of 2003, more than
a billion have been produced worldwide, twice as many as the number of
automobiles that have been produced. They are the principal means of
transportation in many regions. They also provide a popular form of recreation, and
have been adapted for use as children's toys, general fitness, military and police
applications, courier services, and bicycle racing.
The basic shape and configuration of a typical upright, or safety bicycle, has
changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But
many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials
and computer-aided design. These have allowed for a proliferation of specialized
designs for many types of cycling.
The bicycle's invention has had an enormous effect on society, both in terms of
culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. Several components that
eventually played a key role in the development of the automobile were initially
invented for use in the bicycle, including ball bearings, pneumatic tires, chaindriven sprockets, and tension-spoked wheels

4.2 Car26
A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation. Most
definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to
have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be
constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.[3][4] The year
1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor
Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars did not become widely available
until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses
was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company.
Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced
animal-drawn carriages and carts, but took much longer to be accepted in Western
Europe and other, less developed, parts of the world.

4.3 Boat27
A boat is a watercraft of any size designed to float or plane, to work or travel on
water. Small boats are typically found on inland (lakes) or in protected coastal
26 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 20
27 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 21
17

areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed for operation from a
ship in an offshore environment. In naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to
be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Another less restrictive definition is a
vessel that can be lifted out of the water. Some definitions do not make a
distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet (300 m) long on the Great Lakes
are called oreboats. For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred
to as 'boats' rather than 'ships', regardless of their size and shape.
Boats have a wide variety of shapes and sizes and construction methods due to
their intended purpose, available materials or local traditions. Canoe type boats
have a long history and various versions are used throughout the world for
transportation, fishing or sport. Fishing boats vary widely in style partly to match
local conditions. Pleasure boats include ski boats, pontoon boats, and sailboats.
House boats may be used for vacationing or long-term housing. Small boats can
provide transport or convey cargo (lightering) to and from large ships. Lifeboats
have rescue and safety functions.

4.4 Moped28.
A moped (/mopd/ MOH-ped) is a small motorcycle, generally having a less
stringent licensing requirement than motorcycles, or automobiles, because mopeds
typically travel about the same speed as bicycles on public roadways. Strictly
speaking, mopeds are driven by both an engine and by bicycle pedals, but in
common usage and in many jurisdictions the term moped is used for any mopedsized motorcycle even if it does not have pedals.
The word moped is a portmanteau of "motor" and "pedal", originally coined in
Sweden. Like some of the earliest two wheeled motorcycles, mopeds were once all
equipped with bicycle pedals. A moped has now been applied by some regional
governments to vehicles without pedals, based on their restricted engine
displacement, speed, and/or power output. This is actually a complete misnomer,
as they are no longer actually "mopeds" at all, and might instead be called a
"noped" if they appear to look exactly like a typical moped, but no longer include
pedals. More logically, such a vehicle should be called a scooter. Mopeds
occasionally resemble powered bicycles, more commonly called a motorized
bicycle. Some mopeds are of a step-through type design, while others are stepover designs, having a motorcycle-like frame, including a "backbone" and a raised
fuel tank, mounted directly between the saddle, and the head tube. Most are
similar to a regular motorcycle, only having the addition of pedals, in which the
rider can both manually power the vehicle through a bicycle-like crankset in
addition to a small displacement engine. Although mopeds usually have two
wheels, some regions classify low-powered three- or (rarely) four-wheeled vehicles
as a moped.

28 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 22

18

4.5 Business jet29.

A business jet, private jet, or bizjet, or simply B.J., is a jet aircraft designed for
transporting small groups of people. Business jets may be adapted for other roles,
such as the evacuation of casualties or express parcel deliveries, and some are
used by public bodies, government officials or the armed forces.

4.6 Ship30.
A ship is a large buoyant watercraft. Ships are generally distinguished from boats
based on size, shape and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on lakes,
seas, and rivers for a variety of activities, such as the transport of people or goods,
fishing, entertainment, public safety, and warfare. Historically, a "ship" was a sailing
vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit.
Ships and boats have developed alongside humanity. In armed conflict and in daily
life they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems.
Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military
forces operate vessels for naval warfare and to transport and support forces
ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of
cargo in 2007.As of 2011, there are about 104,304 ships with IMO numbers in the
world.
Ships were always a key in history's great explorations and scientific and
technological development. Navigators such as Zheng He spread such inventions
as the compass and gunpowder. Ships have been used for such purposes as
colonization and the slave trade, and have served scientific, cultural, and
humanitarian needs. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from and to
the Americas via the European seafarers significantly contributed to the world
population growth. Ship transport has shaped the world's economy into today's
energy-intensive pattern.

4.7 Submarine31.
A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs
from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term most
commonly refers to a large, crewed, autonomous vessel. It is also sometimes used
historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well
as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet
29 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 23
30 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 24
31 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 25
19

sub. Used as an adjective in phrases such as submarine cable, "submarine"

means "under the sea". The noun submarine evolved as a shortened form of
submarine boat (and is often further shortened to sub).[1] For reasons of naval
tradition, submarines are usually referred to as "boats" rather than as "ships",
regardless of their size.

Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took
off during the 19th century, and they were adopted by several navies. Submarines
were first widely used during World War I (19141918), and now figure in many
navies large and small. Military usage includes attacking enemy surface ships
(merchant and military), submarines, aircraft carrier protection, blockade running,
ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force, reconnaissance,
conventional land attack (for example using a cruise missile), and covert insertion
of special forces. Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage,
exploration and facility inspection/maintenance. Submarines can also be modified
to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or
undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for undersea
archaeology.

4.8 Hot air balloon32.

The hot air balloon is the oldest successful human-carrying flight technology. The
first untethered manned hot air balloon flight was performed by Jean-Franois
Piltre de Rozier and Franois Laurent d'Arlandes on November 21, 1783, in Paris,
France, in a balloon created by the Montgolfier brothers.Hot air balloons that can
be propelled through the air rather than simply drifting with the wind are known as
thermal airships.

A hot air balloon consists of a bag called the envelope that is capable of containing
heated air. Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket (in some longdistance or high-altitude balloons, a capsule), which carries passengers and
(usually) a source of heat, in most cases an open flame. The heated air inside the
envelope makes it buoyant since it has a lower density than the relatively cold air
outside the envelope. As with all aircraft, hot air balloons cannot fly beyond the
atmosphere. Unlike gas balloons, the envelope does not have to be sealed at the
bottom since the air near the bottom of the envelope is at the same pressure as the
air surrounding. For modern sport balloons, the envelope is generally made from
nylon fabric and the inlet of the balloon (closest to the burner flame) is made from
fire resistant material such as Nomex. Beginning during the mid-1970s, balloon
32 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 26
20

envelopes have been made in all kinds of shapes, such as rocket ships and the
shapes of various commercial products, though the traditional shape remains
popular for most non-commercial, and many commercial, applications.
4.9 Pack animal33.
A pack animal or beast of burden is a working animal used by humans as means of
transporting materials by attaching them so their weight bears on the animal's
back; the term may be applied to either an individual animal or a species so
employed. The term pack animal is sometimes used in contrast to draft animal,
which is a working animal that typically pulls a load behind itself (such as a plow or
a wheeled cart) rather than carrying cargo directly on its back. Many ungulate
species are traditional pack animals, including elephants, camels, the yak,
reindeer, goats, water buffalo and llama, and many of the domesticated Equidae
(horse family). A camel pack animal transporting nomadic materials in Eyl,
Somalia.
The term is not routinely applied to humans carrying loads on their backs except to
make a pejorative point about the injustice of so employing them, or about the
privation that usually occasions accepting such work without explicit coercion. For
example, the 1978 Rolling Stones song "Beast of Burden" refers to a sense of
abuse, accepted within a romantic relationship. The neutral term "porter" is
typically used instead for those who carry loads for others.
Another unconventional form of pack animal may be the dogs that are brought
along on hikes carrying their own supply of drinking water and snacks on their
backs, whether to provide them more exercise, or in pursuit of a hiker's ethic of
"everyone carries his own gear".

5. Elements.
Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of
water.
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of
a way, a terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road
and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and
water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be
built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.
Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations where passengers and
freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger
transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to
take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect
33 See Appendix of Development, Figure number 27
21

airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking
lots, while buses and coaches can operate from simple stops. For freight, terminals
act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the
point of production to the point of use.
The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a
natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries
railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can
have high cost, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners
therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on
roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of
vehicles. Because of poor forecasting and overestimation of passenger numbers
by planners, there is frequently a benefits shortfall for transport infrastructure
projects.
A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike
the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Unless being
pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion;
this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric
motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist.
Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most
commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.
Tilted aerial view of modern airport. Aircraft are parked next to "arms" that extend
from the central building Incheon International Airport, South Korea Private
transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle
themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through
private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be
owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different
entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national
railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International
shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation, but ports can
be public owned
6. Functions.
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport.
However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed
forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.
Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public
transport is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that
provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but
has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of
daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.

22

Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter
consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams
and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the
automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become
predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal
passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several
modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with
walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport
may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a
transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.
Taxis and buses can be found on both ends of the public transport spectrum.
Buses are the cheaper mode of transport but are not necessarily flexible, and taxis
are very flexible but more expensive. In the middle is demand-responsive
transport, offering flexibility whilst remaining affordable.
International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and
visa requirements.
Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing. With
increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away
from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport. While all modes of
transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the
nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.Logistics refers to the entire
process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage,
transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with
associated exchange of information. Incoterm deals with the handling of payment
and responsibility of risk during transport.
Freight train with shipping containers in the United Kingdom

7. Impact.
Skyline of city at dawn. A major highway winds itself into the downtown area.
Transport is a key component of growth and globalization, such as in Seattle,
Washington, United States.
Transport is a key necessity for specializationallowing production and
consumption of products to occur at different locations. Transport has throughout
history been a spur to expansion; better transport allows more trade and a greater
spread of people. Economic growth has always been dependent on increasing the
capacity and rationality of transport. But the infrastructure and operation of
transport has a great impact on the land and is the largest drainer of energy,
making transport sustainability a major issue.
23

Modern society dictates a physical distinction between home and work, forcing
people to transport themselves to places of work or study, as well as to temporarily
relocate for other daily activities. Passenger transport is also the essence of
tourism, a major part of recreational transport. Commerce requires the transport of
people to conduct business, either to allow face-to-face communication for
important decisions or to move specialists from their regular place of work to sites
where they are needed.
Planning.
Transport planning allows for high utilization and less impact regarding new
infrastructure. Using models of transport forecasting, planners are able to predict
future transport patterns. On the operative level, logistics allows owners of cargo to
plan transport as part of the supply chain. Transport as a field is studied through
transport economics, the backbone for the creation of regulation policy by
authorities. Transport engineering, a sub-discipline of civil engineering, must take
into account trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and route assignment,
while the operative level is handled through traffic engineering.
Aerial view of roundabout, a junction of several streets. Vehicles traverse around
the roundabout, which is surrounded by buildings, mostly multi-storey
The engineering of this roundabout in Bristol, United Kingdom, attempts to make
traffic flow free-moving.
Because of the negative impacts incurred, transport often becomes the subject of
controversy related to choice of mode, as well as increased capacity. Automotive
transport can be seen as a tragedy of the commons, where the flexibility and
comfort for the individual deteriorate the natural and urban environment for all.
Density of development depends on mode of transport, with public transport
allowing for better spacial utilization. Good land use keeps common activities close
to people's homes and places higher-density development closer to transport lines
and hubs, to minimize the need for transport. There are economies of
agglomeration. Beyond transportation some land uses are more efficient when
clustered. Transportation facilities consume land, and in cities, pavement (devoted
to streets and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of the total land use. An
efficient transport system can reduce land waste.
Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle throughput
means that in many cities there is too much traffic and manyif not allof the
negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional
practices have started to be questioned in many places, and as a result of new
types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those
traditionally relied onspanning such areas as environmental impact analysis,
public health, sociologists as well as economiststhe viability of the old mobility

24

solutions is increasingly being questioned. European cities are leading this

transition.
Environment.
Looking down a busy road, which is banked on both sides by tall buildings, some of
which are covered in advertisement billboards
Traffic congestion persists in So Paulo, Brazil despite the no-drive days based on
license numbers.
Main article: Transport and the environment
Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world's petroleum. This
creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant
contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which
transport is the fastest-growing emission sector. By subsector, road transport is the
largest contributor to global warming. Environmental regulations in developed
countries have reduced individual vehicles' emissions; however, this has been
offset by increases in the numbers of vehicles and in the use of each vehicle.
Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably
have been studied. Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes,
causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and
human-powered transport, as well as increased transport electrification and energy
efficiency.

25

26

8. Analysis.

Transport plays an important role in today's economy and society and has a large
impact on growth and employment. The transport industry directly employs around
10 million people and accounts for about 5% of gross domestic product (GDP).
Effective transport systems are fundamental for the European companies' ability to
compete in the world economy. Logistics, such as transport and storage, account
for 1015% of the cost of a finished product for European companies.
The quality of transport services has a major impact on people's quality of life. On
average 13.2% of every household's budget is spent on transport goods and
services. Transport also depends heavily on oil resources and represents an
important source of CO2 emissions. The strategy outlined in the Transport 2050
Roadmap to a Single Transport Area aims to introduce profound structural changes
to transform the transport sector.
In this sense, the methodologies and tools developed by the JRC focus on the
evaluation of policy measures in terms of the main objectives of EU transport policy
related to the economy and competitiveness, as well as on the decarbonisation of
transport:
Increasing efficiency of the whole transport system: techno-economic analysis of
emerging technologies, analysis of impacts on transport demand, costs, emissions,
congestion, accessibility and economic impacts.
Strengthening the competitiveness of European industry: Analysis of the
contribution of transport to economic competitiveness, both as a main element of
economic activity (transport of people and goods) and as an industrial sector itself.
Pioneering the transport of the future (long term perspective): technology watch
and foresight activities, techno-economic characterisation, innovation in transport.
Decarbonising and greening the transport system: Analysis of technologies and
measures to reduce transport GHG emissions and other externalities, development
of methodologies for the estimation of external costs.

27

Eort: Esfuerzo
Passenger: Pasajero
Inputs: Entradas
Anchored: Anclado.
Both: Ambos
Freeow: Flujo libre.
Upper: Superior
Outcomes: Resultados
Morbidity: Morbocidad
Injuries: Lesiones
Pollutants: Contaminantes
Increasingly: Cada vez mas
Bottom: Fondo
Comprise: Comprender
Entails: Conlleva
Delay: Retraso
Further: Adicional
Arguably: Podria decirse que
Shaper: Moldeador
Investments: Inversiones
Sprawl: Extensin
Overall: Total
Within: Dentro
Currently: Actualmente
Knowledge: Conocimiento
Itself: Si mismo
Sequence: Secuencia
Newly: Recientemente
Tools: Instrumentos
Extremely: Extremadamente
Affect: Afectar
28

Providing: Proporcionando
Feature: Caracterstica
Light: Luz
Arrangements: Cordinar
Underlying: Subyacente
Settlement: Asentamiento
Exemplified: Ejemplificado
Wastes: Desechos
Likewise: Igualmente
Development: Desarrollo
Allows: Permite
Occurs: Ocurre
Staunch: Firma
Average: Promedio
Buildup: Construir
Enlarge: Ampliar
Pipelines: Tiberas
Watercraft: Embarcaciones
Advantages: Ventajas
Underdeveloped: Subdesarrollado
Although: Aunque
Wheeled: Ruedas
Powerful: Potente
Caliphate: Califato
Remained: Permanecido
Quickly: Rapidamente
Rail: Carril
Tarmac: Pista
Growth: Crecimiento
Government: Gobierno
Networks: Redes
29

Headway: Progreso
Mass: Masa
Monorails: Monoriel

Subway: Metro
Hire: Contratar
Luggage: Equipaje
Hailed: Aclamado
Wires: Cables
Outlying: Perifrico
Broad: Ancho
Namely: A saber
Alongside: Junto a
Fitness: Aptitud
Widely: Extensamente
Aboard: A bordo
Coined: Acuado
Warfare: Guerra
Reconnaissance: Reconocimiento
Heated: Calentado
Bears: Osos
Monopoly: Monopolio
Riders: Jinetes
Spread: Propagacin
Banked: Bancarizados
Heavily: Fuertemente
Pathways: Vas

30

Bibliography.

https://ec.europa.eu/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport
http://www.fsuburbanos.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_animal
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/292945150736027079/
http://www.skyscanner.es/noticias/las-15-estaciones-de-metro-mas-bonitasdel-mundo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus

31

ITRODUCTION

Figure 1

Figure 2

FOUNDATION

Figure 1

Figure 3

Figure 2

Figure 4

32

DEVELOPMENT

Figure 1

Figure 3

Figure 2

Figure 4

Figure 6
Figure 5

33

Figure 8

Figure 7 Public Transpot

Figure 9 Japanese Train

Figure 10 Mexican Train

Figure 11 Mexican Bus

Figure 12 Taxi

Figure 13 MexicanFigure
Metro 14 Mexican Trolleybus

34

Figure 15 RTP

Figure 16

Figure 17

Figure 18 Mexican Metrobus

Figure 19 Private Transport

Figure 20

Figure 21

Figure 22

35

Figure 23

Figure 25

Figure 24

Figure 26

Figure 27

36