Heat Exchnger

OBJECTVE
To
acquire
experience
on
three
basic
heat
exchangers
(Tubular,Plateand Shell &Tube) and to understand the factors and
prameters affecting the rates of heat transfer..

Investigate effects of the control parameters and the heat exchanger
configuration on therate of the heat transfer, Qc.

To calculate the heat transfer coefficient for inside and outsite fluids.
To measure and determine the shell and tube sides heat loss rate.
To check validity of the theoretical models.
To investigate dependence of convective heat transfer coefficients on the the flow
geometry.
To experimentally determine contributions of individual convective heat transfer
coefficients.
To isolate contribution of one of the coefficients, vary temperature of only one of
the fluids.
To calculate the efficiency and dirt factor the shell and tube sides.
ABTRACT
When conduct this experiment, the objectives to determine heat load and heat balance,
LMTD and overall heat transfer are successfully achieved. We also determined the
Reynolds number, heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop of the system. All the
results have been presented in the table in the results section. All about the data have
been discussed in the discussion section. Heat exchange is an important unit operation
that contributes to efficiency and safety of many processes. In this project we will
evaluate performance of three different types of heat exchangers (tubular, plate, and
shell & tube). All these heat exchangers can be operated in both parallel- and counterflow configurations. The heat exchange is performed between hot and cold water. Heat
exchangers with only one phase (liquid or gas) on each side can be called one-phase or
single-phase heat exchangers. Two-phase heat exchangers can be used to heat a liquid
to boil it into a gas (vapor), sometimes called boilers, or cool a vapor to condense it into
a liquid (called condensers), with the phase change usually occurring on the shell side.
Boilers in steam engine locomotives are typically large, usually cylindrically-shaped
shell-and-tube heat exchangers. In large power plants with steam-driven turbines, shelland-tube surface condensers are used to condense the exhaust steam exiting the
turbine into condensate water which is recycled back to be turned into steam in the
steam generator.
APPARATUS
RECOMMENDATION
During the experiment, first the recommended are the measurement must be taken
when the pressure drop was stabilized, same as to the other such as flow rates and
temperature. When the measurement made when these properties are not in stabilized
condition, error might be occur and it will affect the calculation. The flow rate of the
water must be ensuring to be accurate. For the improving the system of shell and tube
heat exchanger, it is recommended that the shell and tube heat exchanger have their
own alert sign system that can give a sign to the engineer who handles the equipment
to take the readings at the correct and accurate time in order to get accurate readings.
So, this can help in reducing the inaccuracy of the measurements.There are many
recommendations when operating the heat exchanger experiment are as follows:
1. Safety glasses with side shields shall be worn at all times during the experiment. Hot
and cold water is used in this experiment under building main pressure reduced to
approximately 30 psi. There is a chance of a tube bursting or a valve leaking water and
start to spray the area around the area of the heat exchanger.
2. Prior to operation of the system, familiarize yourself with the equipment. Trace all
process lines, test all valves, and ensure that all valves are closed.
3. Cold water should be admitted first and then the hot water in order to avoid damage
due to thermal expansion.
4. While admitting hot water to the system, open the valves cautiously and check all
connections for possible leaks.
5. At the end of the experiment, the hot water supply should be shut off first. Allow the
cold water to circulate for a couple of minutes before shutting off the cold water supply.
6. We must aware of unlagged hot water lines, they heat up rapidly.
7. If a valve appears tight or doesn't yield to hand force, do not attempt to turn it with a
wrench. Turn off the steam or hot water, permit the system to drain and cool down, then
loosen the packing bonnet slightly and try again.
8. Keep the laboratory working space clean and uncluttered. Be aware of potential
hazards such as wet spots or debris on floors that could cause slips or falls.
9. There is no waste associated with this experiment. Only hot and cold water are used
in this experiment and they can be sent to the drain.
REFERENCES
F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavine, Fundamentals of
Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed. (Wiley, 2007).

www.wikipedia.com/heatexchanger
Chemical Process and Principle (textbook)
Heat Transfer (textbook)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/18791290/Heat-Exchangers
http://www.cems.ou.edu/ulab/CHE3432/2_heatexchanger/exp2_objective.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger#Shell_and_tube_heat_exchanger
David P. Kessler, Robert A. Greenkorn, Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer
Fundamentals
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1999, Chaper 7.7, pp 768-828
Holman, J.P., "Heat Transfer", McGraw Hill, Fifth Edition, New York, N.Y., 1981,
Chapter 10,pp 437-467

McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C., Marriott, P., "Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering", 4th Edition,McGraw-Hill, 1985
RESULTS
EXPERIMENT 1.A:COUNTER-CURRENT SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
FT1
(LPM)
FT1
(LPM)
TT1
(C)
TT2
(C)
TT3
(C)
TT4
(C)
DPT2
(mmH2O
)
DPT2
(mmH2O
)
10
10
10
10
10
2
4
6
8
10
43.5
39.2
36.8
35.0
34.7
30.4
30.1
29.5
29.9
30.5
47.5
47.0
46.3
45.6
44.8
49.2
49.7
49.7
48.9
48.9
97
103
100
91
92
18
23
65
130
190
EXPERIMENT 2.A:COUNTER-CURRENT SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

FT1
(LPM)
2
4
6
8
10
FT1
(LPM)
10
10
10
10
10
PROCEDURES
TT1
(C)
31.9
32.9
33.4
34.3
35.0
TT2
(C)
30.4
30.5
30.5
30.6
30.8
TT3
(C)
37.8
42.9
44.1
44.5
45.4
TT4
(C)
48.7
48.8
49.1
49.7
49.8
DPT1
(mmH2O)
5
5
5
60
82
DPT2
(mmH2O)
195
194
193
192
191
1. A quick inspection a perform to make sure that the equipment is in a proper working
condition.
2. All the valves are make sure initially closed,except V1 and V2.
3. Hot water tank is filled up via a water supply hose connected to valve V27.Once the
tank is full,valve is closed.
4. The cold water tank is filled up by V28 and the valve opened is leaved for continues
water supply.
5. A drain hose is connected to the cold water drain point.
6. Main power is switched on.The heater for the hot watr tank is switched on and point
the temperature controller is set to 50 C.
7. The water temperature is allowed in the hot water tank to reach the set-point.
8. The valve is switched to counter current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger arrangement.
9 The pumps P1 and P2 is switched on.
10. Valves V3 and V4 is opened and adjusted to obtain the desired flowrates for hot
water and cold water streams for 10 minutes.
11. FT1,FT2,TT1,TT2,TT3,TT4 is recorded.
12. Presure drop measurement for shell-side and tube-side for pressure drop studies is
recorded.
13. Step 4 to 7 is repeated for different combinations of flowrates FT1 And FT2 as in
result sheet.
14. Pumps P1 and P2 is switched off after the completion of experiment.
15. The equipment is shut-downed.
CONCLUSION
In this experiment we can achieve all the objectives but the result obtained quite
difference with the theory. The basic theory in this experiment is Qh = Qc, which the
amount of heat transfer is equal to the amount of heat absorb. By carrying this
experiment, we cannot achieve that theory 100% because the theory only can used if it
is no heat is dissipated to the surrounding .In conclusion it is impossible to achieve
since in reality, there must be some heat leaves the system to the surrounding. At the
end of the experiment student able to investigate effects of the control parameters and
the heat exchanger configuration on the rate of the heat transfer, Qc. and to calculate
the heat transfer coefficient for inside and outside fluids also to measure and determine
the shell and tube sides heat loss rate. Next able to check validity of the theoretical
models and able to investigate dependence of convective heat transfer coefficients on
the flow geometry. Student also able to experimentally determine contributions of
individual convective heat transfer coefficient and able to isolate contribution of one of
the coefficients, vary temperature of only one of the fluids also to calculate the efficiency
and dirt factor the shell and tube sides.
THEORY
How do we account for the effect of heat loss to the surroundings on the analysis for the
overall heat transfer coefficient? The answer is found by setting up and solving the
differential energy balance equations for the hot and cold streams to determine the
relative heat transfer rate between the hot and cold streams and the heat transfer rate
from the cold stream to the surroundings. The laboratory shell and tube heat exchanger
may be operated in either of the two flow patterns illustrated in Figure 1. In all cases, the
hot stream is passed through the tubes. The differential energy balances around the hot
and cold streams assume steady-state operation and plug flow. The analysis also
assumes constant, average, properties. The fluid properties are evaluated at the
average temperature between the feed and effluent. It is assumed that the
thermocouples measure the mixed-cup temperature of each stream.
Figure 1. Heat exchanger flow patterns
In a heat exchanger, the temperature difference between the hot fluid and cold fluid may
vary along the length of the heat exchanger. This is due to the fact that the hot fluid
temperature decreases as it transfers heat to the cold fluid, while the cold fluid
temperature increases.Therefore, the overall heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger
cannot be simply calculated via equation of Newtons of Cooling,
Q = h A T
The overall heat transfer rate is expressed in terms of an overall heat transfer coefficient and a mean temperature, as follows:
Q = Uov Aov Tm
The mean temperature difference is not taken simply as the difference between the
average bulk temperature of the hot fluid and the cold fluid but calculated according to
the formula of Log Mean Temperature Difference.
If the specific heat capacity of fluids is constant, it can be shown that:

dQ/dT = UAT
where,
dQ/dt = Rate of heat transfer between two fluids
U
= Overall heat transfer coefficient
= Area of the tube
= Logarithmic mean temperature difference
Heat load and heat balance
This part of the calculation is to use the data in Table to check the heat load and and
to select the set of values where is closest to .
HW
Hot water flow rate (
QH
FH Cp H (t1 t 2 )
CW
Hot water flow rate (
FC Cp C (T2 T1 )
QC
=
where:
QH
= Heat load for hot water flow rate
QC
= Heat load for cold water flow rate
FH
Hot water mass flow rate
FC
Cold water mass flow rate
t1
Hot water inlet temperature
t2
T1
T2
Hot water outlet temperature
Cold water inlet temperature
Cold water outlet temperature
Calculation of log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
LMTD
(t1 T 2 ) (t 2 T1 )
(t T2 )
ln 1
(t 2 T1 )
Where, all variables are same with equation (1.1) and (1.2).
R
(t1 T2 )
(t2 t1 )
(t2 t1 )
(T1 t1 )
Overall heat transfer coefficient,
Overall heat transfer coefficient at which equivalent to
UD
can be calculated by using
equation
Q
A LMTD
Where:
Q
Heat rate with respect to the flow rate of water
QH
QC
or
Notice that, if there any error in temperature collected, it is recommended to calculate
Q 0.5(QC QH )
U ave
value based on equation of
that will give an average value.
Reynolds Number Calculation
CW
Re(s )
Shell-side
Re( s )
for
De.Gs
Where:
De
de
12
2
do
4(1 / 2 PT 0.86PT 1 / 2 .
)
4
de
1 / 2 .do
At which:
PT
do
Pitch = 0.81inch
Tube outside diameter, inch

Viscosity, taken at average fluid temperature in the shell, lbmft -1hr-1
Gs
Ws
As
(lbmft-2hr-1)
Ws
Flow rate in (lbmhr-1)
HW
Re(t )
Tube-side
for
D.Gt
Re(t )
Where:
Viscosity, taken at average fluid temperature in the tube, lbmft -1hr-1
Both values of internal heat transfer coefficient,

ho
hi
obtained from equation below:

ho
jH .k
k 1.3 W 0.14
.(
) .( )
De Cp.
hi
jH .k
k 1.3 W 0.14
.(
) .( )
D Cp.
And
and outside heat transfer coefficient,
Where:
k
Thermal conductivity at mean temperature with respect to fluid position
Fluid viscosity at mean temperature with respect to fluid position
W
Fluid viscosity for different value of hot and cold water stream
jH
Energy being transfer in the system
Therefore, the dirt factor,
Rd
value can be determined from equation below:
Rd
UC U D
U C .U D
Where:
UC
Clean overall heat transfer coefficient from both individual inside and
outside fluids
UD
Overall heat transfer coefficient obtained from calculation in part 1
UC
Based on equation showed before,
value is calculated from heat transfer
coefficients, the Reynolds number (i.e flow rates), the flowing fluids properties and the
Heat Exchanger diameters.
UD
value however is determined from actual heat transfer experiments at the Heat
Exchanger diameters.
It is the dirty or design heat transfer coefficient. Fouling phenomenon would reduce
UD
value. Fouling may get worse with operation, resulting in reduced heat transfer and
increasing pressure drop (and loss of flow).
Pressure drop
This part would determine the following:
HW
:
The measured tube-inside pressure drop DP (tube) which will be corrected and is
expected to be more than calculated tube-side pressure drop.
CW
:
The measured shell-inside pressure drop DP (shell) which will be corrected and
is expected to be more than calculated tube-side pressure drop.
Both calculated pressure and also measured pressure are considered in unit mmH 2O. In
this case, since calculated pressure drop in both of shell and tube side have been
obtained during the experiment, so its only required conversion factor to change the
value into unit of mmH2O.
x.bar
1 10 5 Pa 1mmH 2O
1bar
(9.81) Pa
Conversion factor:
where
is the calculated pressure value in unit bar.
Pressure drop measurement
The shell and tube-side pressure drop (DP) are measured using the differential
pressure transmitter (DPT) and then indicated digitally at the panel DP (DPI*). A selector
switch with a set of 5 solenoid valves allows both the shell and tube-sides pressure drop
i.e. DP (shell), DP (tube), to be measured one at a time.
INTRODUCTION
In many heat transfer processes, heat is transferred from one fluid to another through a
solid wall. The exchanger geometry, fluid properties, and flow rates are the parameters
that influence the rate of heat transfer. A study of these parameters forms the basis for
design of heat exchangers. The shell-and-tube exchanger consists of a bundle of tubes
with their axes parallel - much in the manner of soda straws in a carton - but supported
at various points by baffles at right angles to the tube axes, which serve to keep the
tubes fixed in space in a particular configuration, for example, with the axes spaced on
equilateral triangles, or squares, etc. Flow flows through groups of the tubes in parallel.
The tube bundle is encased in a shell, which confines the fluid which flows over the
outside of the tubes in the tube bundle. The fluid which flows within the tubes (the tubeside fluid) may make a single pass through the exchanger or multiple passes, where the
tubes are divided into groups via baffling at the ends of the exchangers and flow is
reversed at the end of the exchanger and sent back and forth through different groups
of tubes. Similarly, the fluid flowing external to the tubes (the shell-side fluid) may also
make one or more passes across the tube bundle, depending upon the configuration of
the baffles.
Two important problems in heat exchanger analysis are :
1. rating existing heat exchangers
2. sizing heat exchangers for a particular application.
Rating involves determination of the rate of heat transfer, the change in temperature of
the two fluids and the pressure drop across the heat exchanger.
Sizing involves selection of a specific heat exchanger from those currently available or
determining the dimensions for the design of a new heat exchanger, given the required
rate of heat transfer and allowable pressure drop.
The LMTD method can be readily used when the inlet and outlet temperatures of both
the hot and cold fluids are known. When the outlet temperatures are not known, the
LMTD can only be used in an iterative scheme. The most commonly used type of heat
exchanger is the shell-and-tube heat exchanger.
Shell and Tube heat exchangers are applied where high temperature and pressure
demands are significant and can be employed for a process requiring large quantities of
fluid to be heated or cooled. Due to their design, these exchangers offer a large heat
transfer area and provide high heat transfer efficiency in comparison with others.
Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes
contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over the
tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the
heat required. Shell and Tube heat exchangers are typically used for high pressure
applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar and temperatures greater than
260C. This is because the shell and tube heat exchangers are robust due to their
shape.
There are several thermal design features that are to be taken into account when
designing the tubes in the shell and tube heat exchangers. These include:
Tube diameter: Using a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both
economical and compact. However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger to foul
up faster and the small size makes mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. To
prevail over the fouling and cleaning problems, larger tube diameters can be
used. Thus to determine the tube diameter, the available space, cost and the
fouling nature of the fluids must be considered.
Tube thickness: The thickness of the wall of the tubes is usually determined to
ensure:
There is enough room for corrosion
That flow-induced vibration has resistance
Axial strength
Availability of spare parts
Hoop strength (to withstand internal tube pressure)
Buckling strength (to withstand overpressure in the shell)
Tube length: heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller
shell diameter and a long tube length. Also, it has to be remembered that long,
thin tubes are difficult to take out and replace.
Tube pitch: when designing the tubes, it is practical to ensure that the tube pitch
(i.e., the centre-centre distance of adjoining tubes) is not less than 1.25 times the
tubes' outside diameter. A larger tube pitch leads to a larger overall shell diameter
which leads to a more expensive heat exchanger.
Tube corrugation: this type of tubes, mainly used for the inner tubes, increases
the turbulence of the fluids and the effect is very important in the heat transfer
giving a better performance.
Tube Layout: refers to how tubes are positioned within the shell. There are four
main types of tube layout, which are, triangular (30), rotated triangular (60),
square (90) and rotated square (45). The triangular patterns are employed to
give greater heat transfer as they force the fluid to flow in a more turbulent
fashion around the piping. Square patterns are employed where high fouling is
experienced and cleaning is more regular.
Baffle Design: baffles are used in shell and tube heat exchangers to direct fluid
across the tube bundle. They run perpendicularly to the shell and hold the
bundle, preventing the tubes from sagging over a long length. They can also
prevent the tubes from vibrating. The most common type of baffle is the
segmental baffle. The semicircular segmental baffles are oriented at 180 degrees
to the adjacent baffles forcing the fluid to flow upward and downwards between
the tube bundle. Baffle spacing is of large thermodynamic concern when
designing shell and tube heat exchangers. Baffles must be spaced with
consideration for the conversion of pressure drop and heat transfer. It is also
important to ensure the baffles are spaced close enough that the tubes do not
sag. The other main type of baffle is the disc and donut baffle which consists of
two concentric baffles, the outer wider baffle looks like a donut, whilst the inner
baffle is shaped as a disk. This type of baffle forces the fluid to pass around each
side of the disk then through the donut baffle generating a different type of fluid
flow.
Advantage of shell and tube heat exchanger

The advantages are the shell and tube heat exchanger can transfer a high amount of
heat. There are two type of heat exchanger. First is counter-current flow and second is
one direction of flow. The advantages of counter-current flow are the amount of heat
transfer is in large quantity then the one direction of flow.
Others advantages of shell and tube heat exchanger are having an amount of tube. This
lot amount of tube can produce a large surface area for heat transfer. So efficiency of
the heat exchanger to absorb or transfer heat is high. So, the amount of heat dissipate
are neglect. Shell and tube heat exchanger with U-bundles or single pass, tube side
exchangers with a shell expansion joint have a great advantage. The U- tube heat
exchangers have greater contact time by virtue of it two passes, without the
disadvantages of lowers velocities and the mixing that occur in the header or floating
heat exchanger. Single passes heat exchanger can prevent back mixing even more
effectively by using straight tube sections.
Disadvantages of shell and tube heat exchanger

The disadvantages is the tube bundles cannot readily be removed for cleaning
purposes. The second is there are no provision is made for differential thermal stresses
are the uses of a floating head. In this arrangement, one tube plated can be fixed but
the second is bolted to a floating head covers. So, the tube bundles can be arranged in
longitudinally.
CALCULATION
Both can be calculated by using the heat balance equation.

SET 1
Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat load (constant FT1) and Calculation of
Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :
Heat transfer rate for hot water, Q_h= mh Cp T
=10.0 L/minx (1 m^3)/(1000 L) x (1 min)/(60 s) x 988.18kg/m^3 x 4175 J/(kg.C) x (43.530.4) C
= 9007.67 W
Heat transfer rate for cold water, Q_c= mc Cp T
= 2.0 L/minx (1 m^3)/(1000 L) x (1 min)/(60 s) x 995.67kg/m^3 x 4183 J/(kg.C) x (49.247.5) C
= 236.01 W
Heat loss Rate = Q_h-Q_c
= 9007.67-236.01
= 8771.66 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= 236.01/9007.67 x 100% = 2.62 %

LMTD, Tlm = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /
( Th,out- Tc,in)]
= ((43.5-49.2)-(30.4-47.5))/(In ((43.5-49.2))/((30.4-47.5)))
= -10.38C
Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)
= 0.5 (9007.67+236.01)
=4621.84
2.
Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat load (constant FT1) and Calculation of
Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

= 6257.24 W
= 749.67 W
= 6257.24-749.67
= 5507.57 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= (749.67 )/6257.24 x 100%
= 11.98 %

( Th,out- Tc,in)]
= ((39.2-49.7)-(30.1-47.0))/(In ((39.2-49.7))/((30.1-47.0)))
= -13.45C
=0.5 (6257.24+749.67)
=3503.46
3.
Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT1) and Calculation of Log
Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

= 5019.54 W
= 1416.06 W
= 5019.54-1416.06
= 3603.48 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= (1416.06 )/5019.54 x 100%
= 28.21 %

( Th,out- Tc,in)]
= ((36.8-49.7)-(29.5-46.3))/(In ((36.8-49.7))/((29.5-46.3)))
= -14.76C

=0.5 (5019.54+1416.06)
=3217.8
4.

= 3506.80 W
= 1832.55 W
= 3506.80-1832.55
= 1674.25 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= (1832.55 )/3506.80 x 100%
= 52.28 %

( Th,out- Tc,in)]
= ((35.0-48.9)-(29.9-45.6))/(In ((35.0-48.9))/((29.9-45.6)))
= -14.78C

=0.5 (3506.80+1832.55)
=2669.68
5.

= 2887.96 W
= 2846.01 W
= 2887.96-2846.01
= 41.95 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= 2846.01/2887.96 x 100%
= 98.75 %

( Th,out- Tc,in)]
= ((34.7-48.9)-(30.5-44.8))/(In ((34.7-48.9))/((30.5-44.8)))
= -14.25C

=0.5 (2887.96+2846.01)
=2866.99
SET 2
1.

= 206.28 W
= 7566.21 W
= 206.28-7566.21
= -7359.93 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= 7566.21/206.28 x 100% = 3667.93 %

LMTD, Tlm = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /( Th,outTc,in)]
= ((31.9-48.7)-(30.4-37.8))/(In ((31.9-48.7))/((30.4-37.8)))
= -11.46C
= 0.5 (206.28+7566.21)
=3886.25
2.

= 660.10 W
= 4095.47 W
= 660.10-4095.47
= -3435.37 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= (4095.47 )/660.10 x 100%
= 620.43 %
= ((32.9-48.8)-(30.5-42.9))/(In ((32.9-48.8))/((30.5-42.9)))
= -14.08C
=0.5 (660.10+4095.47)
=2377.79
3.

= 1196.44 W
= 3470.74 W
= 1196.44-3470.74
= -2274.30 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= (3470.74 )/1196.44 x 100%
= 290.09 %
= ((33.4-49.1)-(30.5-44.1))/(In ((33.4-49.1))/((30.5-44.1)))
= -14.62C

= 0.5(3470.74+1196.44)
=2333.59
4.

= 2035.32 W
= 3609.57 W
= 2035.32-3609.57
= -1574.25 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= (3609.57 )/2035.32 x 100%
= 177.35 %
= ((34.3-49.7)-(30.6-44.5))/(In ((34.3-49.7))/((30.6-44.5)))
= -14.63C

=0.5 (203.32+3609.57)
=1906.45
5.

= 2887.95 W
= 3054.25 W
= 2887.95-3054.25 = -166.3 W
Efficiency
= Qc/Qh x 100%
= 3054.25/2887.95 x 100%
= 105.76 %
= ((35.0-49.8)-(30.8-45.4))/(In ((35.0-49.8))/((30.8-45.4)))

=0.5 (3054.25 + 2887.95 )
=2971.1
= -14.70C
DISCUSSION
In our experiment, the exchangers are made up of a number of tubes in parallel

through which one fluid travels and enclosed in a shell through which the other fluid is
conducted. The shell side is provided with a 23 of baffles to promote high velocities and
largely more efficient cross flow on the outsides of the tubes. Baffles are usually
installed to increase the coefficient of the shell-side fluid by inducing turbulence and
cross-flow velocity component. On top of that, the baffles physically support the tubes,
reducing flow-induced tube vibration. Besides that, the versatility and widespread use of
this equipment has given rise to the development of industry wide standards. Baffle
pitch normally is 0.2-1.0 times the inside diameter of the shell.
On top of that,in order to simplify external piping, exchangers mostly are built with even
numbers of tube passes. The process fluid streams may contain suspended matters or
dissolved solids. When such a fluid flows through a heat exchanger over a long period
of time, deposition of the tube surfaces and shell surfaces occurs. The surfaces may
also be corroded by fluid slowly and the resulting corrosion products also get deposited
on the surface. Formation of the deposit on a heat transfer surface is called fouling and
the heat transfer resistance offered by the deposit is called the fouling factor or dirt
factor commonly denoted by Rd. the dirt factor cannot be estimated. It can only be
determined from the experimental data on heat transfer coefficient of a fouled
exchanger and a clean exchanger of similar design operated at identical conditions.
From the equation to gain Dirt factor, Q is refer to QH or QC. Besides that, in our
experiment we are able to determine the value of heat load (Qh and Qc) because to
calculate the LMTD values. The data calculated is found that the values of Qh and Qc
are not really satisfied. The ratio of Qc/Qh is unity means the ideal condition is the value
of Qc should be closed to the value of Qh. But in the calculated results, it is found that
there are some deviations in the value.
Based on the calculation LMTD, all the values of LMTD we get negative values .Besides
that, the objective of this experiment is to evaluate and to study regarding the heat
transfer coefficient for cold and hot water, Qh and Qc. The value of heat transfer
coefficient for both shell and tube sides is calculated from the formula given in the
theory.
Then, many precaution step that we have to take, firstly to make sure the machine in
good condition we must do inspections at regular intervals will be performed on the
apparatus to ensure that the apparatus is kept in a safe and well maintained condition.
Regularly check for bare & cut electrical wires in the apparatus. Second, the hot water
connectors should not be changed during the experiment to avoid effect the reading of
temperature during experiment is conducted. Third A fuse may occasionally blow in the
apparatus when attempting to start the pump. It will be evident that this occurred
because the pump will not turn on, because there is no flow in the hot water circuit. If
this occurs then contact the lab technician for assistance. This is more apt to happen
when the apparatus is being started up after not being used for a long period of time.
The cold water flow rate will vary due to building use and cannot be prevented.
Lastly,make sure the flow of cold water can range from 0~4.7 L/min and the hot water
flow ranges from 0~1.5 L/min. It is best to operate in the middle ranges of these values.

Heat Exchnger

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Heat Exchnger

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

OBJECTVE

(Tubular,Plateand Shell &Tube) and to understand the factors and

prameters affecting the rates of heat transfer..

configuration on therate of the heat transfer, Qc.

F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavine, Fundamentals of

Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed. (Wiley, 2007).

Chapter 10,pp 437-467

EXPERIMENT 2.A:COUNTER-CURRENT SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

If the specific heat capacity of fluids is constant, it can be shown that:

= Overall heat transfer coefficient

= Area of the tube

= Logarithmic mean temperature difference

Heat load and heat balance

= Heat load for hot water flow rate

Hot water mass flow rate

Hot water inlet temperature

Hot water outlet temperature

Cold water inlet temperature

Cold water outlet temperature

Calculation of log mean temperature difference (LMTD)

Overall heat transfer coefficient,

Overall heat transfer coefficient at which equivalent to

can be calculated by using

Heat rate with respect to the flow rate of water

Notice that, if there any error in temperature collected, it is recommended to calculate

that will give an average value.

Reynolds Number Calculation

Tube outside diameter, inch

Flow rate in (lbmhr-1)

Viscosity, taken at average fluid temperature in the tube, lbmft -1hr-1

Both values of internal heat transfer coefficient,

obtained from equation below:

and outside heat transfer coefficient,

Thermal conductivity at mean temperature with respect to fluid position

Fluid viscosity at mean temperature with respect to fluid position

Energy being transfer in the system

Therefore, the dirt factor,

value can be determined from equation below:

Overall heat transfer coefficient obtained from calculation in part 1

value is calculated from heat transfer

This part would determine the following:

expected to be more than calculated tube-side pressure drop.

is expected to be more than calculated tube-side pressure drop.

is the calculated pressure value in unit bar.

Pressure drop measurement

Advantage of shell and tube heat exchanger

Disadvantages of shell and tube heat exchanger

Both can be calculated by using the heat balance equation.

= 236.01/9007.67 x 100% = 2.62 %

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

= (749.67 )/6257.24 x 100%

LMTD, Tlm = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /

Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

= (1416.06 )/5019.54 x 100%

LMTD, Tlm = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

= (1832.55 )/3506.80 x 100%

LMTD, Tlm = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

LMTD, Tlm = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (QH+QC)

Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :