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Category A/B1
MODULE 7
Sub Module 7.11
BEARINGS
Contents
BEARINGS----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
TESTING ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
CLEANING ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
INSPECTION OF BEARINGS ------------------------------------------------------- 2
LUBRICATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
DEFECTS IN BEARINGS AND THEIR CAUSES ---------------------------------- 9
Category A/B1
BEARINGS
When correctly installed and efficiently lubricated, bearings
require little but thorough, attention during service, to ensure a
long working life. The majority of bearings used in aircraft
engineering are of the sealed or shielded type. These bearing
are designed to prevent the ingress of foreign matter, which will
damage or contaminate the bearing contact surfaces.
TESTING
Testing a bearing is usually restricted to rotational checks and
excessive backlash or free play. Slow rotation of the rolling
elements and raceway will highlight any roughness due to
damage, corrosion or wear. A serviceable bearing should have
a smooth actuation. Free play should be tested in both a radial
and axial direction and is normally done by using a DTI. Some
wear is usually permitted and will depend on the grade of fit, but
any wear that leaves excessive backlash in the system is
unsatisfactory.
The rate of this wear depends on the speed the bearing is
rotated at, with high speed bearings failing quicker than those
which rotate slowly or through distances of less than one
complete revolution. A bearing that has any indication of a fault
should be discarded immediately.
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INSPECTION OF BEARINGS
Excessive loads
Normal Fatigue
Excessive Loading
Installation and Misalignment
Loose Fitting or Spinning
Brinelling
Overheating and Lubrication Deficiency
Contamination and Corrosion
Normal fatigue
Normal fatigue failure is often shown as a fracture of the running
surface, with subsequent removal of small particles of metal and
is commonly called spalling. (Refer Fig. 1)
It occurs on both rolling elements and raceways, and is always
accompanied by an increase in vibration. Moderately spalled
areas show the bearing has reached the end of its normal
service life.
Spalled
Area
Ball
Path
Fig. 1
Spalled Areas
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LUBRICATION
Lubricant
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A typical bearing
Ball Bearing
Grease nipples are provided for some open bearings so that the
grease may be replenished at specified intervals, or when
grease is lost through the use of solvents, paint strippers,
detergents or de-icing fluid. Nipples should be wiped clean
before applying the grease gun, to prevent the entry of dirt into
the bearing. Grease forced into the bearing will displace the old
grease, and any surplus exuding from the bearing should be
wiped off with a clean lint-free cloth.
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7/03
7.11 - 5
Types of lubrication
Four distinct forms of lubrication may be identified:
Hydrodynamic (Film)
Boundary
Hydrostatic
Solid-film
The thinner the oil, then generally the greater the ease with
which shearing can take place. In this type of lubrication
viscosity is the important property, because it is the friction
between the oil layers, which reduces the mechanical friction.
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the
the
the
the
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Peeling
Damage condition
Flaking
Unsuitable lubricant
Damage condition
Scoring
Flaking occurs when small pieces of bearing material are split
off from the smooth surface of the raceway or rolling elements
due to rolling fatigue, thereby creating regions having rough and
coarse texture.
Causes
Excessive load; Poor mounting (misalignment); Moment load;
Entry of foreign debris, water penetration; Poor lubrication,
improper lubricant; Unsuitable bearing clearance; Improper
precision for shaft or housing, unevenness in housing rigidity,
large shaft bending; Progression from rust, corrosion pits,
smearing, dents (brinelling).
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7/03
7.11 - 9
Damage condition
Scoring is surface damage due to accumulated small seizures
caused by sliding under improper lubrication or severe
operating conditions. Linear damage appears circumferentially
on the raceway and roller surfaces. Cyclical shaped damage on
the roller ends and scoring on the rib surface contacting roller
ends also occur.
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Causes
Fracture
Poor lubrication
Damage condition
Shaft bending
Causes
Smearing
Excessive load
Damage condition
Smearing is surface damage, which occurs from a collection of
small seizures between bearing components caused by oil film
rupture and sliding.
Surface roughening occurs along with melting.
Sudden acceleration/deceleration
Improper lubricant
Entry of water
Cracks
Damage condition
Cracks in the raceway ring and rolling elements. Continued use
under this condition leads to larger cracks or fractures.
Possible causes
Excessive interference
Progression of flaking
For Training Purpose Only
Rev. 00
Mar 2014
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Causes
Poor handling
Poor lubrication
Temperature rise
Cage damage
Damage condition
Cage damage includes:
Denting
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Causes
Causes
the
Entry of debris
Excessive load
Poor lubrication
Fretting
Pitting
Damage condition
Pitting has a dull luster and appears on the rolling element
surface or raceway surface.
Causes
Damage condition
Wear occurs due to repeated sliding between the two surfaces.
Fretting occurs at fitting surface and also at contact area
between raceway ring and rolling elements.
Fretting corrosion is another term used to describe the reddish
brown or black worn particles.
Causes
Wear
Poor lubrication
Insufficient interference
Damage condition
Wear is surface deterioration due to sliding friction at the
surface of the raceway, rolling elements, roller end faces, rib
face, cage pockets, etc.
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7/03
7.11 - 12
Category A/B1
False brinelling
Causes
Damage condition
Seizure
Causes
Damage condition
Poor lubrication
Causes
Creep
Poor lubrication
Damage condition