Antecedentes

Generaciones de la Telefona Celular

En la seccin anterior se present una muestra de la evolucin de la telefona celular a lo largo de
los aos. Las distintas necesidades y avances dieron lugar a generaciones tecnolgicas bien
diferenciadas que se comentan a continuacin.
En dicha evolucin se aprecia como se van cumpliendo las necesidades del mercado para tener
acceso mltiple al canal de comunicacin, as como la necesaria migracin de los sistemas
analgicos a sistema digital con el fin de permitir mayor volumen de usuarios y ofrecer los niveles
de seguridad que se demandaban.
Generacin Cero (0G)
0G representa a la telefona mvil previa a la era celular. Estos telfonos mviles eran usualmente
colocados en autos o camiones, aunque modelos en portafolios tambin eran realizados. Por lo
general, el transmisor (Transmisor-Receptor) era montado en la parte trasera del vehculo y unido al
resto

del

equipo

(el

dial

el

tubo)

colocado

cerca

del

asiento

del

conductor.

Eran vendidos a travs de WCCs (Empresas Telefnicas almbricas), RCCs (Empresas Radio
Telefnicas), y proveedores de servicios de radio doble va. El mercado estaba compuesto
principalmente por constructores, celebridades, etc.
Esta tecnologa, conocida como Autoradiopuhelin (ARP), fue lanzada en 1971 en Finlandia;
conocido ahora como el pas con la primera red comercial de telefona mvil.
Primera generacin (1G)
La 1G de la telefona mvil hizo su aparicin en 1979, si bien prolifer durante los aos 80.
Introdujo los telfonos Celulares, basados en las redes Celulares con mltiples estaciones de base
relativamente cercanas unas de otras, y protocolos para el traspaso entre las celdas cuando el
telfono se mova de una celda a otra.
La transferencia analgica y estrictamente para voz son caractersticas identificatorias de la
generacin. Con calidad de enlaces muy reducida, la velocidad de conexin no era mayor a (2400
bauds). En cuanto a la transferencia entre celdas, era muy imprecisa ya que contaban con una baja
capacidad (Basadas en FDMA, Frequency Division Multiple Access), lo que limitaba en forma
notable la cantidad de usuarios que el servicio poda ofrecer en forma simultnea ya que los
protocolos de asignacin de canal estticos padecen de sta limitacin.

Con respecto a la seguridad, las medidas preventivas no formaban parte de esta primitiva Telefona
Celular. La tecnologa predominante de esta generacin es AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System), desarrollada principalmente por Bell. Si bien fue introducida inicialmente en los Estados
Unidos, fue usada en otros pases en forma extensiva. Otro sistema conocido como Sistema de
Comunicacin de Acceso Total (TACS) fue introducido en el Reino Unido y muchos otros pases.
Si bien haba diferencias en la especificacin de los sistemas, eran conceptualmente muy similares.
La informacin con la voz era transmitida en forma de frecuencia modulada al proveedor del
servicio. Un canal de control era usado en forma simultnea para habilitar el traspaso a otro canal de
comunicacin de serlo necesario. La frecuencia de los canales era distinta para cada sistema. MNT
usaba canales de 12.5KHz, AMPS de 30KHz y TACS de 25KHz.
A su vez, el tamao de los aparatos era mayor al de hoy en da; fueron originalmente diseados para
el uso en los automviles. Motorola fue la primera compaa en introducir un telfono realmente
porttil.
Motorola DynaTAC
Estos sistemas (NMT, AMPS, TACS, RTMI, C-Netz, y Radiocom 2000) fueron conocidos luego
como la Primera Generacin (G1) de Telfonos Celulares.
En Setiembre de 1981 la primera red de Telefona Celular con roaming automtico comenz en
Arabia Saudita; siendo un sistema de la compaa NMT. Un mes ms tarde los pases Nrdicos
comenzaron una red NMT con roaming automtico entre pases.
Segunda generacin (2G)
Si bien el xito de la 1G fue indiscutible, el uso masivo de la propia tecnologa mostr en forma
clara las deficiencias que posea. El espectro de frecuencia utilizado era insuficiente para soportar la
calidad de servicio que se requera. Al convertirse a un sistema digital, ahorros significativos
pudieron realizarse. Un nmero de sistemas surgieron en la dcada del 90 debido a estos hechos, y
su historia es tan exitosa como la de la generacin anterior. La Segunda Generacin (2G) de
Telefona Celular, como ser GSM, IS-136 (TDMA), iDEN and IS-95 (CDMA) comenz a
introducirse en el mercado.
La primera llamada digital entre telfonos Celulares fue realizada en Estados Unidos en 1990. En
1991 la primera red GSM fue instalada en Europa.

La generacin se caracteriz por circuitos digitales de datos conmutados por circuito y la

introduccin de la telefona rpida y avanzada a las redes. Us a su vez acceso mltiple de tiempo
dividido (TDMA) para permitir que hasta ocho usuarios utilizaran los canales separados por
200MHz. Los sistemas bsicos usaron frecuencias de banda de 900MHz, mientras otros de 1800 y
1900MHz. Nuevas bandas de 850MHz fueron agregadas en forma posterior. El rango de frecuencia
utilizado por los sistemas 2G coincidi con algunas de las bandas utilizadas por los sistemas 1G
(como a 900Hz en Europa), desplazndolos rpidamente.
La introduccin de esta generacin trajo la desaparicin de los ladrillos que se conocan como
telfonos Celulares, dando paso a pequesimos aparatos que entran en la palma de la mano y
oscilan entre los 80-200gr. Mejoras en la duracin de la batera, tecnologas de bajo consumo
energtico.
Telfono GSM de diseo regular
EL sistema 2G utiliza protocolos de codificacin ms sofisticados y se emplea en los sistemas de
Telefona Celular actuales. Las tecnologas predominantes son: GSM (Global System por Mobile
Communications); IS-136 (conocido tambin como TIA/EIA136 o ANSI-136) y CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access) y PDC (Personal Digital Communications), ste ltimo utilizado en
Japn. Se encontrar informacin detallada de los protocolos en la seccin correspondiente ms
adelante.
Los protocolos empleados en los sistemas 2G soportan velocidades de informacin por voz ms
altas, pero limitados en comunicacin de datos. Se pueden ofrecer servicios auxiliares, como datos,
fax y SMS (Short Message Service). La mayora de los protocolos de 2G ofrecen diferentes niveles
de encripcin. En Estados Unidos y otros pases se le conoce a 2G como PCS (Personal
Communication Services).
Generacin 2.5 G
Una vez que la segunda generacin se estableci, las limitantes de algunos sistemas en lo referente
al envo de informacin se hicieron evidentes. Muchas aplicaciones para transferencia de
informacin eran vistas a medida que el uso de laptops y del propio Internet se fueron
popularizando. Si bien la tercera generacin estaba en el horizonte, algunos servicios se hicieron

necesarios previa a su llegada. El General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) desarrollado para el
sistema GSM fue de los primeros en ser visto. Hasta este momento, todos los circuitos eran
dedicados en forma exclusiva a cada usuario. Este enfoque es conocido como Circuit Switched,
donde por ejemplo un circuito es establecido para cada usuario del sistema. Esto era ineficiente
cuando un canal transfera informacin slo en un pequeo porcentaje. El nuevo sistema permita a
los usuarios compartir un mismo canal, dirigiendo los paquetes de informacin desde el emisor al
receptor. Esto permite el uso ms eficiente de los canales de comunicacin, lo que habilita a las
compaas

proveedoras

de

servicios

cobrar

menos

por

ellos.

An ms cantidad de mejoras fueron realizadas a la taza de transferencia de informacin al

introducirse el sistema conocido como EDGE (Enhanced Data rates aplicado a GSM Evolution).
ste bsicamente es el sistema GPRS con un nuevo esquema de modulacin de frecuencia.
Mientras GPRS y EDGE se aplicaron a GSM, otras mejoras fueron orientadas al sistema CDMA,
siendo el primer paso de CDMA a CDMA2000 1x.
2.5G provee algunos de los beneficios de 3G (por ejemplo conmutacin de datos en paquetes) y
puede usar algo de la infraestructura utilizada por 2G en las redes GSM and CDMA. La tecnologa
ms comunmente conocida de 2.5G es GPRS (nombrada anteriormente), que provee transferencia
de datos a velocidad moderada usando canales TDMA no utilizados en la red GSM. Algunos
protocolos, como ser EDGE para GSM y CDMA2000 1x-RTT para CDMA, califican oficialmente
como servicios "3G" (debido a que su taza de transferencia de datos supera los 144 kbit/s), pero son
considerados por la mayora como servicios 2.5G (o 2.75G, que luce an mas sofisticado) porque
son en realidad varias veces ms lentos que los servicios implementados en una red 3G.
Mientras los trminos "2G" y "3G" estn definidos oficialmente, no lo est "2.5G". Fue inventado
con fines nicamente publicitarios.
Muchos de los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones se movern a las redes 2.5G antes
de entrar masivamente a la 3. La tecnologa 2.5G es ms rpida, y ms econmica para actualizar a
3G.
Tercera generacin (3G).
No mucho luego de haberse introducido las redes 2G se comenz a desarrollar los sistemas 3G.

Como suele ser inevitable, hay variados estndares con distintos competidores que intentan que su
tecnologa sea la predominante. Sin embargo, en forma muy diferencial a los sistemas 2G, el
significado de 3G fue estandarizado por el proceso IMT-2000. Este proceso no estandariz una
tecnologa sino una serie de requerimientos (2 Mbit/s de mxima taza de transferencia en ambientes
cerrados, y 384 kbit/s en ambientes abiertos, por ejemplo). Hoy en da, la idea de un nico estndar
internacional se ha visto dividida en mltiples estndares bien diferenciados entre s.
Existen principalmente tres tecnologas 3G. Para Europa existe UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System) usando CDMA de banda ancha (W-CDMA). Este sistema provee
transferencia de informacin de hasta 2Mbps.
Estn a su vez las evoluciones de CDMA2000. La primera en ser lanzada fue CDMA2000 1xEVDO, donde EV-DO viene de Evolution Data Only. La idea atrs de este sistema era que muchas de
las aplicaciones slo requirieran conexin de datos, como sera el caso si se usara el celular para
conectar una PC a Internet en forma inalmbrica. En caso de requerir adems comunicacin por
voz, un canal 1X estndar es requerido. Adems de usar tecnologa CDMA, EV-DO usa tecnologa
TDMA para proveer de la velocidad de transferencia necesaria y mantener la compatibilidad con
CDMA y CDMA2000 1X.
La siguiente evolucin de CDMA2000 fue CDMA2000 1xEV-DV. Esto fue una evolucin del
sistema 1X totalmente distinto a CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, ofreciendo servicios totales de voz y datos.
Este sistema tambin es compatible con CDMA y CDMA2000 1X y es capaz de ofrecer tasas de
transferencia de 3.1Mbps.
Estos dos protocolos usaron lo que se conoce como FDD (Frequency Division Duplex), donde los
links de ida y vuelta usan distintas frecuencias. Dentro de UMTS existe una especificacin conocida
como TDD (Time Division Duplex), donde los links poseen la misma frecuencia pero usan distintos
segmentos de tiempo. Sin embargo, TDD no se implementar en los mercados por un tiempo.
Un tercer sistema 3G fue desarrollado en China que usa TDD. Conocido como TD-SCDMA (Time
Division Synchronous CDMA), usa un canal de 1.6MHz y fue pensado para que abarque el
mercado Chino y de los pases vecinos.
Algunos de los sistemas 2.5G, como ser CDMA2000 1x y GPRS, proveen de algunas de las
funcionalidades de 3G sin llegar a los niveles de transferencia de datos o usos multimedia de la
nueva generacin. Por ejemplo, CDMA2000-1X puede, en teora, transferir informacin hasta a 307
kbit/s. Justo por encima de esto se encuentra el sistema EDGE, el cual puede en teora superar los

requerimientos de los sistemas 3G; aunque esto es por tan poco que cualquier implementacin
prctica quedara probablemente por debajo del lmite deseado.
Al comienzo del siglo 21, sistemas 3G como UMTS y CDMA2000 1xEV-DO han comenzado a
estar al alcance del pblico en los pases del primer mundo. Sin embargo, el xito de estos sistemas
an est por probarse.

HSPA

GSM

CDMA

Esquema de
modulacin

UTMS

WiMAX
OFDM

OPORTUNIDADES

flexibilidad en trminos de implementacin

Los operadores pueden aplicar ms ancho de

LTE
OFDM

AMENAZAS

banda en puntos de conexin con gran demanda

de capacidad

bloques de hasta 1,4 MHz para conseguir una

cobertura nacional bsica a bajo costo

FORTALEZAS

DEBILIDADES

La eficiencia espectral de LTE ofrece una tremenda flexibilidad en trminos de

implementacin. Los operadores pueden aplicar ms ancho de banda en puntos de conexin
con gran demanda de capacidad y bloques de hasta 1,4 MHz para conseguir una cobertura
nacional bsica a bajo costo."

Kai Sahala,
Director de ventas de soluciones estratgicas de la unidad Radio Access de Nokia Siemens
Networks

1G

2G

3G

4G

Analgica

Digital

Acceso

TDMA

TDMA/GSM,
CDMA

TDMA/GSM
LTE, Wimax
(GPRS), EDGE,
CDMA,
UMTS/HSPA

Servicio

Voz

ID
llamada,
Llamada
en
conferencia,
transferencia de
datos
a
baja
velocidad y SMS

Datos,
multimedia,
acceso a internet,
TV en tiempo real

Nro limitado de
canales

2mbps

En muchos pases en donde la tercera generacin est firmemente afianzada, estn a la espera de
una cuarta generacin. A diferencia de las redes de 3G, la cuales estn construidas sobre la
infraestructura de conmutacin de circuitos de las redes de 2G. La 4G ser totalmente otra red que
utilizar el Protocolo de Internet (IP, Internet Protocol) como base y velocidades similares a la de
las redes cableadas de banda ancha.
La Union Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (www.itu.ch) es una de las organizaciones que ha
puesto las directivas o lineamientos de los atributos que deben tener algunos servicios o tecnologas
como la telefona celular. La ITU como autoridad reconocida internacionalmente puso orden
cuando varias compaas empezaron a ofrecer servicios de 3G sin cumplir con los requerimientos
mnimos establecidos por esta organizacin. A las compaas celulares que ofreceran servicios que
no cumplieron con lo definido por la ITU para 3G, se les conoci como servicios de 2.5G.
Con la llegada de la 4G, la ITU-R (la divisin de radiocomunicaciones de la ITU) redact un
documento conocido como 4G/IMT, donde establece los requerimientos mnimos para los servicios
de cuarta generacin, y as poner orden desde el principio. En este documento la ITU ha establecido
que la 4G "deber ser una red completamente nueva, una red de redes y un sistema de sistemas

integrados totalmente basados en el protocolo IP, resultado despus de la convergencia de las redes
cableadas e inalmbricas". Las redes 4G sern enteramente por conmutacin de paquetes IP.
De acuerdo con la ITU, las redes de 4G sern capaces de proveer velocidades de datos de bajada de
100 Mbps y 1 Gbps, en ambientes exteriores (mviles) e interiores (fijos), respectivamente. Para
que se den una idea, la ITU estableci una velocidad mxima de 2 Mbps en ambiente de interiores
para las redes de 3G, las velocidades esperadas para la 4G superan por mucho esa cifra. Las redes
4G tendrn calidad de servicio (QoS) y alta seguridad extremo a extremo. Ofrecern cualquier tipo
de servicio en cualquier momento, en cualquier lugar, con interoperatibilidad transparente, siempre
activo, con costo accesible, en un slo recibo y totalmente personalizado.

Los puntos claves del documento 4G/IMT de la ITU-R para la cuarta generacin son los siguientes:
- Alto grado de coincidencia de la funcionabilidad en todo el mundo, manteniendo al mismo tiempo
la flexibilidad necesaria para soportar una amplia gama de servicios y aplicaciones a un costo
eficiente.
- Compatibilidad de servicios con las redes mviles y con las redes fijas.

Capacidad de interconexin con otros sistemas de radio.

Alta calidad en los servicios mviles.

Aplicaciones, servicios y equipos amigables al usuario

capacidad de conexin mundial (roaming)

Altas velocidades de datos para soportar servicios y aplicaciones avanzadas.

Por ltimo las tecnologas de radio de 4G debern incluir:

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access), un esquema de modulacin

multiportadora altamente eficiente

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), un sistema de mltiples antenas que minimiza los
errores de datos y la velocidad.

Tecnologas contendientes por la 4G

En la actualidad hay dos tecnologas contendientes para la cuarta generacin de telefona mvil.
Por un lado se encuentra WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), y por el

otro LTE (Long-Term Evolution).

WiMAX es un sistema de comunicacin digital inalmbrico definido en el estndar del IEEE

802.16 para redes de rea metropolitana (MAN, Metropolitan Area Network). Provee
comunicaciones de banda ancha con cobertura de hasta 50 kms para estaciones fijas o de 5 a 15
kms para estaciones mviles. El estndar 802.16m, conocido como WiMAX mvil, es el que se
emplear por las compaas celulares para servicios de 4G. LTE, mientras tanto, es una
tecnologa definida por la organizacin 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project,
www.3gpp.org) en donde participan ms de 60 operadores, fabricantes e institutos de
investigacin que estn participando en conjunto para definir los estndares de LTE.

Ambas tecnologas tcnicamente son muy similares, en la forma de transmitir las seales y en las
velocidades de transmisin. Tanto LTE, como WiMAX, utilizan MIMO, es decir, la informacin es
enviada en dos o ms antenas por celda para mejorar la recepcin. Ambos sistemas tambin utilizan
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), una tecnologa que soporta transmisiones
de video y multimedia. OFDM es una tecnologa madura y altamente probada y que funciona
separando las seales en mltiples frecuencias angostas, con bits de datos enviados a la vez en
forma

paralela.

Muchos expertos se han preguntado si LTE y WiMAX son tecnologas rivales o complementarias.
Por ejemplo, desde la 2G, 2.5G y 3G, las tecnologas basadas en TDMA como GSM, tomaron un
rumbo diferente a las tecnologas basadas en CDMA, debido a que tenan esquemas de modulacin
totalmente diferentes e incompatibles. Por el contrario, LTE y WiMAX tienen el mismo esquema de
modulacin (OFDM) y la misma forma de enviar las seales al aire por antenas mltiples (MIMO),
adems, ambas estarn basadas en el protocolo IP. En la tabla 1 se muestra una comparacin de
caractersticas tcnicas entre ambas tecnologas.

Sobre la posibilidad de que LTE y WiMAX sean tecnologas complementarias, algunos expertos
afirman que ambas tecnologas podrn co-existir en algunas regiones, y que los operadores podrn
utilizar WiMAX para algunos servicios y LTE para otros.

Tabla 1. Comparacin entre las tecnologas de 4G, WiMAX & LTE

WiMAX
802.16e

Parmetros/Tecnologa

WiMAX
802.16m

LTE

Disponibilidad Infraestructura
2007
de red

2010

2009

Disponibilidad equipo terminal 2008

2011

2010

Organizacin de estndares

IEEE &
WiMAX
Forum

IEEE &
WiMAX
Forum

3GPP

Frecuencia (MHz)

2300, 2500,
3300, 3500,
3700

Menor de 6
GHz

700, 850, 900,

1800, 1900,
2100, 2500

Ancho de banda del canal

3.5, 5, 7, 8.75, Escalable 5-20 1.4, 1.6, 3.5,

10 MHz
MHz
10, 15, 20

Caudal eficaz del canal

~3.5 Mbps/Hz
enlace de
bajada 35
Mbps, 1 sector,
canal 10 MHz

~5 Mbps/Hz ~5 Mbps/Hz
enlace de
enlace de
bajada 50
bajada 50
Mbps, 1 sector, Mbps, 1 sector,
canal 10 MHz canal 10 MHz

TDD: Time Division Duplex

FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
Fuente: Motorola.com

Conclusin
Tanto LTE como WiMAX tcnicamente son muy similares, las diferencias tienen que ver ms con
polticas de los propios proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones, ya que estos sern los
responsables de cual tecnologa emplear, para posteriormente hacer una fuerte inversin de miles de
millones de dlares para ver cristalizada la infraestructura de su red de cuarta generacin. Un punto
a favor de WiMAX, es que es una tecnologa madura y que est basada en estndares. Mientras que
LTE es una tecnologa relativamente nueva que est siendo estandarizada, pero que est bien
respalda por la 3GPP. Pero ambas, son tecnologas prometedoras que brindaran a los usuarios
velocidades nunca imaginadas en el mundo de la telefona mvil.
En muchos pases, compaas celulares ya estn haciendo pruebas con LTE o WiMAX, en otros,
estn atorados en la parte regulatoria, debido a que no se han subastado las frecuencias para ofrecer

estos servicios de manera legal. En muchos de los pases subdesarrollados apenas estn entrando los
servicios de 3G; y como las tarifas no estn al alcance del bolsillo de la mayora de los usuarios,
seguimos estancados utilizando servicios de segunda generacin. As que al escuchar la venida de
una cuarta generacin, slo la vemos como un sueo y tendremos que esperar unos aos ms, tal
vez muchos, para hacer de ese sueo una realidad.
Long Term Evolution Lte Ebook - Presentation Transcript
1. EVOLUTION IN COMMUNICATION LONG TERM EVOLUTION Antonis Hontzeas
2. About : Antonis Hontzeas has been In the forefront of the Telecommunications industry for
twenty years. Tenure includes positions ranging from design and technical management up
to and including executive positions dealing with solution management and strategic
marketing management. The authors current interest lies in designing and executing
strategies for engaging profitably new business opportunities in current and emerging
communications markets. ______________ Contact Info: edinpress@gmail.com Linkedin
Antonis Hontzeas http://considerations.wordpress.com 2009 Antonis Hontzeas for free
public use
3. L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Long Term Evolution LTE (Long Term Evolution) or
3G Long Term Evolution is the evolution of mobile cellular communications technology
towards a full edge to edge broadband ip network, and is introduced in 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8. The aim of this 3GPP project is to further develop the
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard and provide an enhanced
user experience and simplified technology for next generation mobile broadband. Scientists
and design engineers from more than 60 operators, vendors and research institutes have
teamed up to realise this radio access standardization effort. Much of the 3GPP Release 8
standard will be oriented towards upgrading UMTS to 4G mobile communications
technology, and an all-IP flat architecture system.
4. L O N G T E R M E V O LU T IO N LTE targets requirements of next generation networks
including downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s, uplink rates of 50 Mbit/s and RAN
(Radio Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10ms. LTE supports flexible carrier
bandwidths, from 1.4MHz up to 20MHz as well as both FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
and TDD (Time Division Duplex). LTE further aspires to improve considerably spectral
efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum and refarmed
spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open standards. The resulting
architecture is referred to as EPS (Evolved Packet System) and comprises the E-UTRAN
(Evolved UTRAN) on the access side and EPC (Evolved Packet Core) via the System
Architecture Evolution concept (SAE), on the core network side. 4
5. L O N G T E R M E V O LU T IO N LTE advantages include high throughput, low latency,
plug and play from day one, FDD and TDD in the same platform, superior end-user
experience and simple architecture resulting in low operating expenditures (OPEX). LTE
will also support seamless connection to existing networks, such as GSM, CDMA and
WCDMA. However LTE requires a completely new RAN and core network deployment and
is not backward compatible with existing UMTS systems. The standard includes: Peak
download rates of 326.4 Mbit/s for 4x4 antennas, 172.8 Mbit/s for 2x2 antennas for every 20
MHz of spectrum. Peak upload rates of 86.4 Mbit/s for every 20 MHz of spectrum. 5
different terminal classes ranging from a voice centric class up to a high end terminal that
supports the peak data rates. All terminals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth. At
least 200 active users in every 5 MHz cell. (i.e., 200 active data clients) Sub-5ms latency for

small IP packets. Increased spectrum flexibility, with spectrum slices as small as 1.5 MHz
.and as large as 20 MHz. W-CDMA requires 5 MHz slices, leading to some problems with
roll-outs in 5
6. L O N G T E R M E V O LU T IO N countries where the 5 MHz spectrum is already
allocated to 2 - 2.5G legacy GSM and cdmaOne. The 5 MHz chunks also limit the amount
of bandwidth per handset. Optimal cell size of 5 km, 30 km sizes with reasonable
performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance. Coexistence with legacy standards (users can transparently start a call or transfer of data in an
area using an LTE standard, and should coverage be unavailable, continue the operation
without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or W-CDMA-based UMTS or even
3GPP2 networks such as cdmaOne or CDMA2000) . Support for MBSFN (Multicast
Broadcast Single Frequency Network). This feature can deliver services such as MBMS
using the LTE infrastructure, and is a competitor to DVB-h. A large amount of the work is
aimed at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it evolves from the existing hybrid
(packet and circuit switching) network, to an all-IP flat architecture system. 6
7. L O N G T E R M E V O LU T IO N Why LTE ? Why is the cellular industry reconsidering
the overall architecture of the GSM based mobile communication system after only a decade
from the introduction of the very first 3G/UMTS networks? This is a common question and
the chief answer has to do with the fact that the world is very different today that it was ten
years ago. Fixed broadband connectivity is now ubiquitous with multi-megabit speeds
available at reasonable cost to customers and business users via DSL, fiber and cable
connections. Broadband is part of todays mobile customer experience. This shift in user
perception is demonstrated by the rapid increase in the uptake of WCDMA and HSPA
networks worldwide. As of January 2009, there are over 4 billion wireless subscribers and
over 254 operators in more than 110 countries supporting WCDMA. 7
8. L O N G T E R M E V O LU T IO N In January 2009 237 operators had commercially
launched HSPA in 105 countries and over 70% of HSDPA networks supported 3.6 Mbps
(peak) or higher, and over 34 % of HSDPA networks supported 7.2 Mbps (peak) or higher.
There were 66 commercial HSUPA systems commercially launched in 47 countries. The
natural counterpart to HSDPA, HSUPA boosts mobile uplink speeds as high as 5.8 Mbit/s.
This provides a valuable complement for operators wishing to introduce mobile broadband
services demanding greater capacity and speed on both uplink and downlink. An example of
this is Voice over IP (VoIP), where voice calls are delivered over the Internet or other IP
networks in a packet-based session. Furthermore, other technologies have matured since
UMTS was first commercialised in 2001. Mobile WiMAX which was accepted by ITU as
the sixth radio access method for IMT-2000 (IMT-2000O FDMA TDD WMAN) is being
deployed by operators in Asia-Pacific and the Americas. Some European carriers have
expressed interest in deploying the technology as a complement to their current 3G/UMTS
operations. The acceptance of mobile WiMAX as a part of IMT-2000 opens up the
possibility of operators deploying the technology in 8
9. L O N G T E R M E V O LU T IO N their existing licensed 3G/UMTS spectrum allocations.
Operators are thus presented with a choice of technologies to provide their customers with
wireless broadband services. This will allow them either to compete with fixed operators or
to provide broadband services in areas where the fixed infrastructure does not exist and
would be too expensive to deploy. Against this backdrop, LTE offers compelling attractions
for incumbent UMTS/HSPA operators such as the ability to re-use significant portions of
their existing infrastructure, together with re-use existing spectrum assets. While LTE looks
firmly to the future, it does so with a Return of Investment (ROI) approach. As a result, LTE
will allow operators to generate fresh sources of value from their existing network
investments while enjoying the significant economies of scale that flow from participation in
the worlds biggest and most successful family of evolving cellular systems that are

specified by 3GPP. 9
10.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Flat Architecture A characteristic of next generation
networks is that all connectivity and session control relies on TCP/IP. Since different
functional domains can now communicate and interact easily, the result is a richer
communications experience including enhanced voice, video, messaging services and
advanced multimedia solutions. In 2004, 3GPP proposed Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) as the future for next generation networks and began
feasibility studies into All IP Networks (AIPN). Proposals developed included
recommendations for 3GPP Release 7(2005), which acts as the foundation of
11.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N higher level protocols and applicatons which form the
LTE concept. These recommendations are part of the 3GPP System Architecture Evolution
(SAE). Some aspects of All-IP networks, however, were already defined as early as release
4. 3GPP is defining IP-based, flat network architecture as part of the System Architecture
Evolution (SAE) effort. LTESAE architecture and concepts have been designed for
efficient support of mass-market usage of any IP-based service. The architecture is based on
an evolution of the existing GSM/WCDMA core network, with simplified operations and
smooth, cost-efficient deployment. The main component of the SAE architecture is the
Evolved Packet Core (EPC), also known as SAE Core. The EPC will serve as equivalent of
GPRS networks (via the Mobility Management Entity, Serving Gateway and PDN Gateway
subcomponents). The subcomponents of the EPC are: MME (Mobility Management Entity):
The MME is the key control node for the LTE access network. It is responsible for idle
mode UE (User Equipment) tracking and paging procedure including retransmissions. It is
involved in the bearer activation/deactivation process and is also responsible for choosing
the SGW for a UE at the initial attach and at time of intra-LTE handover involving Core
Network (CN) node relocation. It is responsible for authenticating the user (by interacting
with the HSS). The Non-Access 11
12.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Stratum (NAS) signaling terminates at the MME and
it is also responsible for generation and allocation of temporary identities to UEs. It checks
the authorization of the UE to camp on the service providers Public Land Mobile Network
(PLMN) and enforces UE roaming restrictions. The MME is the termination point in the
network for ciphering/integrity protection for NAS signaling and handles the security key
management. Lawful interception of signaling is also supported by the MME. The MME
also provides the control plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access
networks with the S3 interface terminating at the MME from the SGSN. The MME also
terminates the S6a interface towards the home HSS for roaming UEs. S-GW (Serving
Gateway): The SGW routes and forwards user data packets, while also acting as the mobility
anchor for the user plane during inter-eNB handovers and as the anchor for mobility
between LTE and other 3GPP technologies (terminating S4 interface and relaying the traffic
between 2G/3G systems and PDN GW). For idle state UEs, the SGW terminates the DL data
path and triggers paging when DL data arrives for the UE. It manages and stores UE
contexts, e.g. parameters of the IP bearer service, network internal routing information. It
also performs replication of the user traffic in case of lawful interception. P-GW (PDN
gateway): The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data 12
13.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N networks by being the point of exit and entry of
traffic for the UE. A UE may have simultaneous connectivity with more than one PDN GW
for accessing multiple PDNs. The PDN GW performs policy enforcement, packet filtering
for each user, charging support, lawful interception and packet screening. Another key role
of the PDN GW is to act as the anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non- 3GPP
technologies such as WiMAX and 3GPP2 (CDMA 1X and EvDO). Radio The Release 8 air
interface, E-UTRA (Evolved UTRA, the E- prefix being common to the evolved equivalents
of older UMTS components) would be used by UMTS operators deploying their own

wireless networks. It's important to note that Release 8 is intended for use over any IP
network, including WiMAX and WiFi, and even wired networks. 13
14.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N The proposed E-UTRA system uses OFDMA for the
downlink (tower to handset) and Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for the uplink and
employs MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) with up to four antennas per station. The
channel coding scheme for transport blocks is turbo coding couple with a contention-free
quadratic permutation polynomial (QPP) turbo code internal interleaver. Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. Multiple
access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users as
shown in the illustration below. This allows simultaneous low data rate transmission from
several users. 14
15.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N OFDMA Advantages: Flexibility of deployment
across various frequency bands with little needed modification to the air interface.
Averaging interferences from neighboring cells, by using different basic carrier permutations
between users in different cells. Interferences within the cell are averaged by using
allocation with cyclic permutations. Orthogonality in the uplink by synchronizing users in
time and frequency. Single Frequency Network coverage, where coverage problem exists
and gives excellent coverage. Adaptive carrier allocation in multiplication of 23 carriers =
nX23 carriers up to 1587 carriers (all data carriers). Frequency diversity by spreading the
carriers all over the used spectrum. Time diversity by optional interleaving of carrier groups
in time. Optimal cell capacity through adaptivity to the highest modulation a user can use.
Less carriers means higher gain per carrier (up to 18dB gain for 23 carrier allocation instead
of 1587 carriers), and increase in overall cell capacity. 15
16.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Recognised disadvantages of OFDMA: Higher
sensitivity to frequency offsets and phase noise. Asynchronous data communication services
such as web access are characterized by short communication bursts at high data rate. The
complex OFDM electronics, including the FFT algorithm and forward error correction is
constantly active independent of the data rate. This results in inefficient power consumption
even though the FFT algorithm may hibernate during certain time intervals. The OFDM
diversity gain and resistance to frequency-selective fading may partly be lost if very few
sub-carriers are assigned to each user, and if the same carrier is used in every OFDM
symbol. Adaptive sub-carrier assignment based on fast feedback information about the
channel, or sub-carrier frequency hopping, is therefore desirable. Co-channel interference
processing from neighbouring cells is more complex in OFDM than in CDMA. It would
require dynamic channel allocation with advanced coordination among adjacent base
stations. Fast channel feedback information and adaptive sub-carrier assignment is more
complex than CDMA fast power control. 16
17.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Characteristics and principles of operation Adaptive
user-to-subcarrier assignment is achieved from received channel condition feedback. If the
assignment is done sufficiently fast, this further improves the OFDM robustness to fast
fading and narrow-band cochannel interference, and makes it possible to achieve even better
system spectral efficiency. Different number of sub-carriers can be assigned to different
users, in view to support differentiated Quality of Service (QoS), i.e. to control the data rate
and error probability individually for each user. OFDMA resembles code division multiple
access (CDMA) spread spectrum, where users can achieve different data rates by assigning a
different code spreading factor or a different number of spreading codes to each user.
OFDMA can be seen as an alternative to combining OFDM with time division multiple
access (TDMA) or time-domain statistical multiplexing, i.e. packet mode communication.
Low-data-rate users can send continuously with low transmission power instead of using a
"pulsed" high-power carrier. Constant delay, and shorter delay, can be achieved. OFDMA

can also be described as a combination of frequency domain and time domain multiple
accesses, where the resources are partitioned in the 17
18.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N time-frequency space and slots are assigned along the
OFDM symbol index as well as OFDM sub- carrier index. OFDMA is considered as highly
suitable for broadband wireless networks, due to advantages including scalability and
MIMO-friendliness, and ability to take advantage of channel frequency selectivity. In
spectrum sensing cognitive radio, OFDMA is a possible approach to filling free radio
frequency bands adaptively. Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) is frequency- division
multiple access scheme. It is a multi-user version of Single-carrier frequency domain
equalization (SC-FDE) modulation scheme. SC-FDE can be viewed as a linearly precoded
OFDM scheme (LP-OFDMA) or as a single carrier multiple access scheme. One prominent
advantage over conventional OFDM and OFDMA is that the SC-FDE and LP-OFDMA/SCFDMA signals have lower peak- to-average power ratio (PAPR) because of its inherent
single carrier structure. Just like in OFDM, guard intervals with cyclic repetition are
introduced between blocks of symbols in view to efficiently eliminate time spreading
(caused by multi-path propagation) among the blocks. In OFDM, fast Fourier transform
(FFT) is applied on the receiver side on each block of symbols, and inverse 18
19.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N FFT (IFFT) on the transmitter side. In SC-FDE, both
FFT and IFFT are applied on the receiver side, but not on the transmitter side. In SC-FDMA,
both FFT and IFFT are applied on the transmitter side, and also on the receiver side. In
OFDM as well as SC-FDE and SC-FDMA, equalization is achieved on the receiver side
after the FFT calculation, by multiplying each Fourier coefficient by a complex number.
This helps combat frequency-selective fading and phase distortion. In SC-FDMA, multiple
access is made possible by inserting silent fourier-coefficients on the transmitter side before
the IFFT, and removing them on the receiver side before the IFFT. Different users are
assigned to different fourier-coefficients (sub- carriers). The use of OFDM, a system where
the available spectrum is divided into many thin carriers, each on a different frequency, each
carrying a part of the signal, enables E-UTRA to be much more flexible in its use of
spectrum than the older CDMA based systems that dominated 3G. CDMA networks require
large blocks of spectrum to be allocated to each carrier, to maintain high chip rates, and thus
maximize efficiency. Building radios capable of coping with different chip rates (and
spectrum bandwidths) is more complex than creating radios that only send and receive one
size of carrier, so generally CDMA based systems standardize both. 19
20.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Standardizing on a fixed spectrum slice has
consequences for the operators deploying the system: too narrow a spectrum slice would
mean the efficiency and maximum bandwidth per handset suffers; too wide a spectrum slice
implies deployment issues and spectrum cramming with legacy systems. This became a
major issue in the US roll-out of UMTS over W-CDMA, where W- CDMA's 5 MHz
requirement often left no room in some markets for operators to co-deploy it with existing
GSM standards. LTE supports both FDD and TDD mode. Each mode has its own frame
structure within LTE and these are aligned with each other meaning that similar hardware
can be used in the base stations and terminals to allow for economy of scale. The TDD mode
in LTE is aligned with TD-SCDMA as well allowing for coexistence. Ericsson demonstrated
at the MWC 2008 in Barcelona for the first time in the world both LTE FDD and TDD mode
on the same base station platform. Downlink LTE uses OFDM for the downlink that is,
from the base station to the terminal. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum
flexibility and enables cost- efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates. It
is a well-established technology, for example in standards such as IEEE 802.11a/b/g, 802.16,
HIPERLAN-2, DVB and DAB. 20
21.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N In the time domain you have a radio frame that is 10
ms long and consists of 10 sub frames of 1 ms each. Every sub frame consists of 2 slots

where each slot is 0.5 ms. The subcarrier spacing in the frequency domain is 15 kHz. Twelve
of these subcarriers together (per slot) is called a resource block so one resource block is 180
kHz. 6 Resource blocks fit in a carrier of 1.4 MHz and 100 resource blocks fit in a carrier of
20 MHz. Supported modulation formats on the downlink data channels are QPSK, 16QAM
and 64QAM. For MIMO operation, a distinction is made between single user MIMO, for
enhancing one user's data throughput, and multi user MIMO for enhancing the cell
throughput. In MIMO systems, a transmitter sends multiple streams by multiple transmit
antennas. The transmit streams go through a matrix channel which consists of multiple paths
between multiple transmit antennas at the transmitter and multiple receive antennas at the
receiver. Then, the receiver gets the received signal vectors by the multiple receive antennas
and decodes the received signal vectors into the original information. Spatial multiplexing
techniques makes the receivers very complex, and therefore it is 21
22.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N typically combined with orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) or with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) modulation, where the problems created by multi-path channel are handled
efficiently. Uplink In the uplink, LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called Single
Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). This is to compensate for a
drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).
High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on
linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and drains the battery faster. SC-FDMA
solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in such a way that reduces the
need for linearity, and so power consumption, in the power amplifier. A low PAPR also
improves coverage and the cell-edge performance. Supported modulation formats on the
uplink data channels are QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. If virtual MIMO / Spatial division
multiple access (SDMA) is introduced the data rate in the uplink direction can be increased
depending on the number of antennas at the base station. With this technology more than one
mobile can reuse the same resources. 22
23.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Spectrum LTE and WIMAX each have their own
benefits and are suited to address different target market segments.WiMAX is primarily
TDD (Time-Division- Duplex) and will address operators that have unpaired spectrum
whereas LTE is FDD (Frequency- Division-Duplex) and will address operators that have
paired spectrum. TDD allows the up-link and down-link to share the same spectrum,
whereas FDD has the up-link and down-link transmit on different frequencies. Advanced
Wireless Services (AWS) In September 2006 the FCC completed an auction of AWS
licenses (Auction No. 66) in which the winning bidders won a total of 1,087 licenses. In
the spirit of the U.S. governments free-market policies, the FCC does not usually mandate
that specific technologies be used in specific bands. Therefore, owners of AWS spectrum are
free to use it for just about any 2G, 3G or 4G, technology. This is the foundation of the tech
neutrality concept. This spectrum uses 1.710-1.755 GHz for the uplink and 2.110-2.155 GHz
for the downlink. The 90 MHz of spectrum is divided into six frequency blocks labeled A
through F. Blocks A, B, and F are 20 23
24.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N megahertz each and blocks C, D, and E, are 10
megahertz each. The FCC wanted to harmonize its new AWS spectrum as closely as
possible with Europes UMTS 2100 band. However, the lower half of Europes UMTS 2100
band almost completely overlaps with the U.S PCS band, so complete harmonization wasnt
an option. Given this constraint, the FCC harmonized AWS as much as possible with the rest
of the world. The upper AWS band aligns with Europes UMTS 2100 base transmit band,
and the lower AWS band aligns with Europes GSM 1800 mobile transmit band. 700 MHz
In the U.S. this includes 62 MHz of spectrum broken into 4 blocks; Lower A (12 MHz),
Lower B (12 MHz), Lower E (6 MHz unpaired), Upper C (22 MHz), Upper D (10 MHz).
These bands are highly prized chunks of spectrum and a tremendous resource: the low

frequency is efficient and will allow for a network that doesnt require a dense buildout and
provides better in-building penetration than higher frequency bands. In 2005, the President
of the U.S. signed the Digital Television Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005 into law,
designating February 17, 2009 as the date that all U.S. TV stations must complete the
transition from analog to digital broadcasts, vacating the 700 MHz radio frequency
spectrum, and thereby making it fully available for new services. The upper C block will
have open access rules. In the FCCs context open access means that there will be no
locking and no blocking by the network operator. That is, 24
25.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N the licensee must allow any device to be connected to
the network as long as the device is compatible with, and will not harm the network (i.e., no
locking), and the licensee cannot impose restrictions against content, applications, or
services that may be accessed over the network (i.e., no blocking). The upper D block will
include a Public/Private Partnership obligation. As part of the 700 MHz FCC decision, the
commercial license owner will combine this asset with an additional 10 MHz of adjacent
spectrum licensed to a national Public Safety Broadband Licensee (PSBL), creating a
public-private partnership. In exchange for constructing and operating the shared network to
Public Safety specifications, the D Block commercial licensee will gain access to spectrum,
on a secondary basis, held by the PSBL to provide it with additional capacity to furnish nonpriority communications services to commercial subscribers. Indications are strong that in
Europe and much of the rest of the world, the so-called digital dividend the freeing up of
spectrum brought about by the switch from analog to digital TV- will also allow a significant
amount of spectrum to be carved out for wireless broadband in the UHF band. While the
details of the digital dividend outside of the U.S are still being debated, the expectation is
that allocations will align with, or as closely as possible with the U.S. allocations in order to
facilitate Global Roaming. 25
26.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Refarming GSM 900 MHz The 900 MHz band is the
most ubiquitous and the most harmonized worldwide wireless telecommunication spectrum
band available today. It also has the benefit of increased coverage and subsequent reduction
in network deployment costs compared to deployments at higher frequencies, making it a
highly strategic spectrum band. Furthermore, 900MHz offers improved building penetration
and is particularly well suited to supporting those regions that have a predominantly rural
population. The ongoing subscriber migration from GSM to UMTS taking place in over 150
countries worldwide is relieving pressure on the GSM900 networks and is starting to free up
some spectrum capacity in that band. Consequently, many operators are evaluating the
potential for deploying UMTS (HSPA/HSPA+) in this GSM900 band. On the other hand a
number of operators are considering keeping that freed-up GSM spectrum until LTE
becomes available in the beginning of 2010.From a planning perspective, UMTS
deployments require a full 5 MHz of spectrum to be freed up before being deployed in that
band. Additionally, the availability of mobile devices able to support 900 MHz is not
planned until 2010 and counting. In contrast, LTE will be able to be deployed in spectrum
bands as small as 1.25MHz and it provides good initial deployment scalability as it can be
literally squeezed in as the GSM spectrum is freed-up, and grow as more spectrum
becomes available. These factors reduce the time advantage of deploying UMTS
(HSPA/HSPA+) in the 900 MHz band.In addition, 26
27.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N with the improved spectrum efficiency, LTE
deployment in the 900 MHz band would bring the highest capacity benefit and also provide
operators the ability to deploy an LTE network with greater coverage at a much reduced cost
compared to higher frequency spectrum hence provide a good mobile broadband data
countrywide layer. Finally, deploying LTE in 900MHz can also bring the additional cost and
logistic benefits of being able to deploy LTE at existing GSM sites as the coverage of
GSM/LTE in 900MHz should be very similar.It is unlikely that operators in Europe would

shut down their GSM networks as GSM still provides the backbone of voice communication
and global roaming. GSM networks with EDGE or future E- EDGE upgrades do provide a
good data sub-layer to hand over to, when, initially, LTE coverage will not available. The
most likely scenario is that LTE at 900 MHz could run alongside GSM900 for a 5-10 year
period after which time a GSM shutdown might be considered. The willingness of operators
to commit to refarming 900 MHz will in many cases hinge on discussions at the EU level on
the continuing legal applicability of the GSM Directives. Based on recent development, it
now looks like the EU Parliament has endorsed the refarming of GSM spectrum paving the
way for potential deployments of LTE into 900MHz. IMT Extension Band WRC-2000
identified three additional bands for terrestrial IMT-2000 including 2500-2690 MHz. As a
result, starting in 2008, as much as 140 MHz of IMT2000 FDD expansion spectrum will be
allocated 27
28.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N in Europe; 2500-2570 MHz for uplink and 26202690 MHz for downlink. Additionally up to 50 MHz (2570 MHz-2620 MHz) will be
allocated as an unpaired TDD band. As a globally common band plan, this spectrum band
will also enable economies of scale and global roaming. It is likely that LTE will be
deployed in the FDD portion of this band due to its benefits as compared to HSPA/ HSPA+.
In addition, this band is the only one of 2 bands that offers the unique opportunity for the
deploymentof LTE in maximum spectrum bandwidth by providing channels of up to 20
MHz. In that sense, it is largely expected that current mobile operators will try and secure
the maximum 20 MHz allocation to provide themwith the ability to support future mobile
broadband capacity requirement. Other Candidate Bands GSM 1800: Interest from
Americas, Asia Pac and some countries in EMEA, especially for the refarming of existing
GSM spectrum. UMTS Core Band 2.1 GHz: This is the core 3-3.5G band for EMEA,
AsiaPac & LAC with deployments of networks in over 150 countries. Most operators were
awarded 2, 3 and in some limited instances 4 x 5 MHz carriers in this spectrum band. Most
operators have so far only used one band, but with mobile data growth and subscriber
migration to UMTS/HSPA, it is yet unclear if and how many carriers will be available in that
band for LTE services in 2010 - 2012. 28
29.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N PCS 1900: Alternative to core band, which is not
available in EMEA. Service providers may refarm this spectrum after the new 700 MHz and
AWS spectrum is consumed. Cellular 850: Refarm this spectrum after the new 700 MHz and
AWS spectrum is consumed. Very popular alternative in former Warsaw pact countries that
have joined NATO. Future Spectrum Requirements ITU (ITU-R M.2078) projects overall
spectrum requirements for the future development of IMT-2000 and for IMT-Advanced. The
results assert that additional spectrum demand of between 500 MHz and 1 GHz will be
needed in all ITU Regions by 2020. This report expresses traffic growth factors of 2 to 3 by
2010 for Europe compared to today. It is clear that existing bands will not be enough for
IMT services approximately after the year 2015 and additional bands are needed. In order to
deliver a true broadband experience, large blocks of spectrum will need to be identified and
allocated. One of the goals of WRC-07 was to identify additional, harmonized, worldwide
spectrum, to enable global roaming services while bringing economies of scale to vendors.
In this regard, WRC-07 identified the 450-470 MHz and 2300-2400 MHz bands for IMT
(which includes both IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced) on a global basis. In addition, WRC-07
identified portions or all of 698-862 MHz and 3400-3600 MHz. The identification and use
of these bands varies from region-to-region and country-to-country as detailed in 29
30.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N below. The Final Acts from WRC-07 provide full
details on these identifications. WC-07 made positive steps towards making spectrum
available for future LTE deployments. In particular, WRC-07 began the process of migrating
broadcast spectrum in the 698- 806 MHz band to mobile applications. The next steps will be
working with individual countries to ensure spectrum is recovered and licensed for mobile

systems at a national or regional level around the world. In addition, achieving an

internationally harmonized band plan for use of the spectrum is also important. 30
31.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N NETWORK EVOLUTION In parallel with its
advanced new radio interface, realising the full potential of LTE requires an evolution from
todays hybrid packet/circuit switched networks to a simplified, all-IP (Internet Protocol)
environment. From an operators point of view, the pay-off is reduced delivery costs for rich,
blended applications combining voice, video and data services plus simplified interworking
with other fixed and wireless networks. By creating new value-added service possibilities,
LTE promises long-term revenue stability and growth for around two hundred mobile
operators that are already firmly committed to the UMTS/HSPA family of 3G systems. Just
as 31
32.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N importantly, it provides a powerful tool to attract
customers who are provided with an increasing number of technology options for broadband
connectivity on the move. Based on the UMTS/HSPA family of standards, LTE will enhance
the capabilities of current cellular network technologies to satisfy the needs of a highly
demanding customer accustomed to fixed broadband services. As such, it unifies the voiceoriented environment of todays mobile networks with the data-centric service possibilities
of the fixed Internet. Another key goal of the project is the harmonious coexistence of LTE
systems alongside legacy circuit switched networks. This will allow operators to introduce
LTEs all-IP concept progressively, retaining the value and preserving the ROI of their
existing voice-based service platforms while benefiting from the performance boost that
LTE delivers for data services. 3GPP proposed migrating towards an all-IP core network as
early as Release 4, hinting at what would become a prominent feature of later UMTS/HSPA
releases and ultimately LTE. The concept of Long Term Evolution for todays 3G/UMTS
standard was discussed in detail in 2004, when a RAN (Radio Access Network) 32
33.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Evolution Workshop in Toronto accepted
contributions from more than 40 operators, manufacturers and research institutes (including
3GPP members as well as non-member organisations). Contributors offered a range of views
and proposals on the evolution of the UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network). Following the Toronto workshop, in December 2004, 3GPP launched a feasibility
study in order to develop a framework for the evolution of the 3GPP radioaccess
technology towards a high-data-rate, low-latency and packet- optimised radio -access
technology. In other words, the study would map out specifications for a radio access
network (RAN) capable of supporting the broadband Internet user experience we already
enjoy in todays fixed networks with the addition of full mobility to enable exciting new
service possibilities. Today, specifications for LTE are encapsulated in 3GPP Release 8, the
newest set of standards that defines the technical evolution of 3GPP mobile network
systems. Release 8 succeeds the previous iteration of 3G standards Release 7 that
includes specifications for HSPA+, the missing link between HSPA and LTE. Defined in
3GPP Releases 7 and 8, HSPA+ allows the introduction of a simpler, flat, IP-oriented
network architecture while bypassing many of the legacy equipment requirements of
UMTS/HSPA. 33
34.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Peak data rates with HSPA+ are 28 Mbit/s on the
downlink and 11.5 Mbit/s on the uplink using 2x2 MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)
antenna techniques and 16QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). However, HSPA+ can
further boost data rates up to 42 Mbit/s on the downlink and 23 Mbit/s on the uplink using
2x2MIMO and 64QAM, a combination that is part of Release 8. As such, HSPA+ slots
neatly between the already impressive performance of HSPA (with its theoretical downlink
performance of up to 14.4 Mbit/s) and LTE that promises rates of 300 Mbit/s in the
downlink and 75 Mbit/s in the uplink forevery 20 MHz of paired spectrum. 34

35.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N SERVICES Through a combination of very high

downlink (and uplink) transmission speeds, more flexible, efficient use of spectrum and
reduced packet latency, LTE promises to enhance the delivery of mobile broadband services
while adding exciting new value-added service possibilities. But what does this mean in
terms of operator revenues and subscriber growth in a market where broadband connectivity
is rapidly becoming commoditised? An overarching objective for LTE is the stabilisation
and reversal of steadily declining ARPU (Average Revenue per User) that is characteristic of
many mobile markets. A study conducted in 2007 for the UMTS Forum, compared the
services supported by todays mobile network technologies with the richer service
possibilities that LTE enables through higher downlink speeds and reduced latency for
packet- based services. 35
36.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N For consumers, this enriched user experience will be
typified by the large- scale streaming, downloading and sharing of video, music and rich
multimedia content. All these services will need significantly greater throughput to provide
adequate quality of service, particularly as users future expectations will be increased by the
growing popularity of other high- bandwidth platforms like High Definition TV
transmission. For business customers it will mean high-speed transfer of large files, highquality videoconferencing and secure nomadic access to corporate networks. Similarly, LTE
brings the characteristics of todays Web 2.0 into the mobile space for the first time.
Alongside secure e-commerce, this will span real- time peer-topeer applications like
multiplayer gaming and file sharing. In addition, the study considered a distinct set of
services that do not have clear analogies in todays fixed network environment. These
include machine to machine (M2M) applications and the large-scale exchange of
community based projects. 36
37.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N 37
38.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N LTE ADVANCED Being defined as a 3G technology
LTE does not meet the requirements for 4G also called IMT Advanced as defined by the
International Telecommunication Union such as peak data rates up to 1 Gbit/s. The ITU has
invited the submission of candidate Radio Interface Technologies (RITs) following their
requirements as mentioned in a circular letter. The mobile communication industry and
standardisation organisations have therefore started to work on 4G access technologies such
as LTE Advanced. At a workshop in April 2008 in China 3GPP agreed the plans for future
work on Long Term Evolution (LTE) a first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced has
been approved in June 2008. Besides the peak data rate 1 Gbit/s that fully supports the 4G
requirements as defined by the ITU- R, it also targets faster switching between power states
and improved performance at the cell edge. Detailed proposals are being studied within the
working groups. 38
39.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Proposed Features: Backward compatibility with LTE
and 3gpp legacy systems. Peak data rate 1 Gbps DL and 500 Mbps UL. BW about 70 MHz
in DL and 40 MHz in UL. C plane latency from Idle with IP address to Connected less than
50 ms and U plane latency shorter than 5 ms towards RAN, taking into account 30%
retransmissions (FFS). Cell edge throughput twice that of LTE. 3 times higher average user
throughput than LTE. 3 times more spectral efficient than LTE. Support of scalable BW and
spectrum aggregation. Peak spectrum efficiency 30 bps/Hz in DS and 15 bps/Hz in UL. 39
40.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Technology proposals The proposals could roughly be
categorized into: UE Dual TX antenna solutions for SU-MIMO and diversity MIMO
scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz, potentially up to 100MHz. Local area
optimization of air interface. Nomadic / Local Area network and mobility solutions. Flexible
Spectrum Usage. Cognitive Radio. Various concepts for Relay Nodes. Automatic and
autonomous network configuration and operation. Enhanced precoding and forward error

correction. Interference management and suppression. Asymmetric bandwidth assignment

for FDD. Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in uplink. UL/DL inter eNB coordinated MIMO.
As can be seen most of the proposals address the PHY layer. 40
41.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Support of larger bandwidth in LTE Advanced In 4G,
bandwidths up to 100MHz are foreseen to provide peak data rates up to 1 Gbps. In general
OFDM provides simple means to increase bandwidth by adding additional subcarrier. Since
Release 8 UE capabilities only support 20MHz bandwidth, the scheduler must consider a
mix of terminals. Due to a fragmented spectrum the available bandwidth might also be not
contiguous. To ensure backward compatibility to current LTE the control channels such as
synchronisation, broadcast or PDCCH/PUCCH might be needed per 20MHz. Some of the
main challenges for 100 MHz terminals are: Availability of RF filter for such an large
bandwidth and bandwidths of variable range Availability of Analog Digital Converter with
such a high sampling rate and quantization resolution Increased decoding complexity e.g.
for channel decoding and increased soft buffer size Minimum changes to the specifications
will be required if Resource Allocation, MIMO, Link Adaptation, HARQ etc are done per
20MHz. The scheduler must operate across the bandwidth and there will be a larger number
of transport blocks per transmission time interval. Currently the Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) schemes as defined for LTE in Release 8 are limited to operate in a fully symmetric
allocation of paired spectrum. This makes it difficult to find suitable FDD spectrum
allocations 41
42.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N and also cannot efficiently support asymmetric traffic.
For LTE Advanced more flexible bandwidth allocations are currently being considered. LTE
Advanced will be standardised in the 3GPP specification Release 10 and will be designed to
meet the 4G requirements as defined by ITU. Amongst others 4G technologies must support
various bandwidth allocations up to 100MHz and shall support peak data rates up to 1 Gbps
for stationary terminals. LTE Advanced, which is likely to be the first true 4G technology,
will be a smooth evolution of the LTE standard will be based on same principles. Work on
the requirements is already progressing in 3GPP while work on technology proposals is
expected to go on for some time within the working groups. Several changes on the physical
layer can be expected to support larger bandwidths with more flexible allocations and to
make use of further enhanced antenna technologies. Coordinated base stations with
coordinated scheduling, coordinated MIMO or interference management and suppression
will also require changes on the network architecture. 42
43.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Strategic Marketing Perspective Long Term Evolution
has been, directly or indirectly, about 14 years in the making when the cellular industry
decided to slowly, but surely, abandon the circuit switched global title/ISDN/SS7 network
(which had been around in one way or another since the beginning of the 1940s) and migrate
to an all ip framework (GSM- GPRS-3G (incl. HSPA)-SAE/LTE - 4G LTE Advanced). A
number of LTE promotional materials state that LTE gives equivalent fixed line and better
voice service. This kind of positioning does injustice to mobile communication technologies
and generates unrealistic expectations. Mobile throughput and quality will never be able to
compete with state of the art fixed and should not be positioned to. Fixed technology
propagates within a controlled environment (ex. a wire) while mobile technology
(propagation based) is always challenged by nature (propagation effects etc). If LTE
boasts 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink, fixed can 43
44.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N deliver via fiber 100Gbps symmetrical. If mobile
reaches 100 Gbps (which will require a good portion of spectrum), then fixed will top 100
Tbps. Mobile technologies should be marketed for the benefit that they add, i.e. that they
offer mobility with an adequate infrastructure to accommodate the required services with
resilience and certainty. Mobility is the key word and not Compare. LTE goes a long way in
offering mobility based broadband services. In addition, the flattened network will make it

more manageable and less expensive to maintain. The fact that it rests (finally) on a common
architecture/protocol (ip) implies that it can eventually align its roadmaps with other ip
based systems, including an ip based fixed network (implying an eventual technical
convergence to a common core network for fixed/mobile systems). LTE does not go a long
way in opening up the network to accommodate third party initiatives, even though the IMS
subsystem will indeed provide APIs to independent approved software developers. LTE is
still very much a telecom network and not an open network as many from the other side of
the fence wouldve hoped. The fact that LTE is an IMS based network (implying SIP based
central core network control) implies limited accommodation of peer advancements and
surrogate based technologies which are emerging rapidly and accelerating the evolution at
the edge of the network. 44
45.L O N G T E R M E V O L U T I O N Summary Most operators will upgrade their packet
core network (SGSN, GGSN etc) towards the Evolved Packet Core functionality (initially
this will be a pure software upgrade but eventually, once the CS functionality is totally
removed, this will be replaced by high capacity routing mechanisms). These boxes will then
be replaced by high capacity high speed dumb ip routers and the mobility intelligence will
reside in servers. This means that voice call handling (which will be ip based) will be
nothing more than another software application and pcm based communication will be, at
least for mobile technology, a thing of the past. 45

Digitel 3G Banda Ancha Mvil. HSPA/GSM

Movistar
Movilnet CDMA 1X acceso mltiple para redes digitales (voz, datos, sealizacin)
Uno de los problemas a resolver en comunicaciones de datos es cmo repartir entre varios usuarios
el uso de un nico canal de comunicacin o medio de transmisin, para que puedan gestionarse
varias comunicaciones al mismo tiempo. Sin un mtodo de organizacin, apareceran interferencias
que podran bien resultar molestas, o bien directamente impedir la comunicacin. Este concepto se
denomina multiplexado o control de acceso al medio, segn el contexto.
Para resolverlo, CDMA emplea una tecnologa de espectro expandido y un esquema especial de
codificacin, por el que a cada transmisor se le asigna un cdigo nico, escogido de forma que sea
ortogonal respecto al del resto; el receptor capta las seales emitidas por todos los transmisores al
mismo tiempo, pero gracias al esquema de codificacin (que emplea cdigos ortogonales entre s)
puede seleccionar la seal de inters si conoce el cdigo empleado.