Chapter I

Introduction
1.1 Background
Sensory organs have a special receptors that allow to smell, taste, see, hear and maintain
equilibrium or balance. Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous
system is used to help maintain homeostatis.
Reseptor for the general senses are scattered throught the body and are relative simple in
structure.
Reseptors for the spesial sense smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium are anatomically
distinc from one another and are concentrated in specific location in the head.
In this chapter we will examine the structure and function of olfactory sense that is nose as a
smell receptors
1.2 Purpose
To know about anatomy of nose
To know about physiology of nose

Chapter II
Literature Review

A. Anatomy of Nose
1. External Nose

The external nose is the portion of the nose visible on the face and consist a supporting
framework of bone and hyalin cartilage covered of muscle and skin and lined by mucous
membranes.
- Bony part : frontal bones, nasal bones and maxille bones
- Cartilaginous part
a. upper lateral cartilage
b. lower lateral cartilage (alar cartilage)
c. septal cartilage
d. accessory cartilage

The external nose is a triangular pyramid projecting from the face with its roof above and
the base directed downwards. It has bony and cartilaginous framework. The6 upper bony
part of the dorsum of the nose is called the bridge. The rounded lower borders are called
alae nasi. Anterior Nares are situated in the base of the nose and face downwards. They
are separated by the columella. Bony framework is formed by the following bones:
(1) The nasal bones.
(2) The nasal processes of the frontal bone
(3) The frontal processes of the maxilla.

Cartilaginous Framework is formed by small cartilages and the quadrilateral septal

cartilage. Blood supply is by Facial and Ophthalmic arteries and the veins. Lymphatic
Drainage passes to the pre-auricular and sub-mandibular lymph nodes.
2. Nasal Cavity
Nasal cavity is a large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the
nasal bone and superior to oral cavity. The nasal Septum divides the nose into 2 nasal
cavities. These two nasal cavities lie below the cranial cavity, above the oral cavity and
between the

3. Anatomy of Nose as a Olfaction : Sense of Smell

The nose contain 10 million to 100 milion receptors for the sense of smell or olfaction,
contained within a region called the olfactory epithellium. The olfactory epithellium
occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity, covering the inferior surface the cribriform
plate and extending along the superior nasal chonca.
The olfactory epithellium consist of 3 kind of cell :

Olfactory Receptors
The first order neurons of the olfactory pathway. The part of olfactory receptors
that respond to inhaled chemical are the olfactory hairs, cilia that project from the
dendrit.
Supporting Cell
Columnar epithael cell of the mucous membrane lining the nose
Basal Cell
Stem cells located between the bases of the supporting cell

B. Physiology of Nasal Cavity

The nose is the organ of smell, with receptors from Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) located in the
upper areas. This organ can be devided into an external portion and an internal portion called
the nasal cavity. For the upper section of external nose is consists of bony framework of the
external nose which are frontal bone, nasal bone, and maxilla and hyaline cartilage covered
with muscle and skin and lined by a mucous membrane. And for the lower section of external
nose is consists of cartilaginous framework which are lateral nasal cartilages inferior to the
nasal bones, septal nasal cartilage which forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum, and
alar cartilages which form a portion of the walls of the nostrils. Because two third of the
lower section of external nose is composed of cartilage, its allowing some movement for the
nose. On the undersurface of the external nose are two openings called the external nares or
nostrils (singular: naris).
The interior structures of the external nose have three functions:
1. Warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air.
2. Detecting olfactory stimuli.
3. Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambers.
Resonance refers to modifying a sound by vibration.
The nasal cavity is a large space in the anterior of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone
and superior to the oral cavity; it is lined with muscle and mucous membrane. Anteriorly, the
nasal cavity merges with the external nose, and posteriorly it communicates with the pharynx

through two opening called the internal nares or choanae. Ducts from the paranasal sinuses
(which drain mucus) and the nasolacrimal ducts (which drain tears) also open into the nasal
cavity. Skull bones containing the paranasal sinuses are the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and
maxillae. Besides producing mucus, the paranasal sinuses are to provide resonance during
speak or sing and to decrease the weight of the skull. The lateral walls of the internal nose are
formed by the ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones. The
ethmoid bone also forms the roof. The palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae,
which together constitue the hard palate, form the floor of the internal nose.

Physiology of Olfaction
Olfaction distinguish among and classify primary sensation of smell. Genetic evidence now
suggest the existance of hundreds of primary odors. Our ability to recognize about 10.000
different odors probably depends on patterns of activity in the brain that arise from
activation of many different combination of olfactory receptors.
Some of the axons of the olfactory tract project to the primary olfactory area of the
cerebral cortex ; located at the inferior and medial surface of the temporal lobe, the primary
olfactory rea is where concious awareness of smell begins. Olfactory sensation are the only
sensation that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsis in the thalamus. Other axon of
the olfactory tract project to the limbic system and hypothalamus these connection account
for our emotional and memory response to odors.
Examples include sexual excitement on smeeling a certain parfume, nausea on smelling a
food that oncemade you violently ill, or an odor-evoked memory of a childhood experience.

Chapter III

Conclusion
3.1 Conclusion
The external portion of the nose is made of cartilageand skin and is lined with a mucous
membrane . opening to the exterior are the external nares. The nasal cavity is divided by
by a septum. The anterior portion of the cavity is called the vestibule. The nose warm,
moisten and filters air and function in olfaction (smell) and speech.
Nasal cavity as a receptors in smell have

References
Tortora,Gerrad J & Derrickson Bryan. (2011). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Asia :
Willey
Sobotta, Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 2

Nursing of Sensory Perception

Anatomy and Physiology of Nose

Marissa Ulkhair

1311311089

Sindy Rahmawati

1311311004

Cindy Kurnia Nengcy

1311311093

Jamilaturrasyidah Efendi

1311312018

Undergraduate Nursing Program

Faculty of Nursing
Andalas University
2015