TEMA 1

Tipos de textos especializados:

- Texto general o no especializado: se da en una interaccin social no marcada, por lo
que no se relaciona con un campo profesional concreto.
- Texto especializado: sera the kind of language use associated with highly specialized
communication in a wide variety of subject areas. Se dividira en:
o Lenguaje acadmico, propio de la comunicacin establecida entre un profesional y
una institucin o persona relacionada con su profesin que se considera de
prestigio. El grado de conocimiento compartido con el destinatario es mximo.
o Lenguaje profesional. El emisor es un experto, y el receptor otro experto o futuro
experto, es por tanto el que usan profesionales de un mismo campo. Se da un
grado alto de conocimiento compartido, aunque no es tan especializado como el
acadmico. A su vez puede ser:
Biunvoco, tpico de la comunicain entre expertos, pro lo que el
emisor y el receptor presentan una equiparacin de especificidad
discursiva. Se denomna biunvoco porque la especificidad
discursiva circula en ambos sentidos.
Unvoco, o texto didctico, propio de la comunicacin entre un
profesional y un estudiante. Tiene carcter pedaggico.
- Texto divulgativo, o de transicin: tpico de una situacin comunicativa en la que el
emisor es un experto o semi-experto, un estudiante, y el receptor un pblico general.
Los lenguajes de especialidad se caracterizan por tres tipos de condiciones:
- Pragmticas: usuarios (interlocutores) y situacin socio-comunicativa.
- Temticas: modo de conceptualizacin y tratamiento que recibe el tema.
- Lingsticas: rasgos morfosintcticos y textuales.
El vocabulario de los textos de especialidad en general pueden ser de tres tipos:
- Trminos especficos (TE), que se usan slo en un dominio de conocimiento, con un
significado altamente concreto y un nico referente conceptual.
- Trminos no especficos (TNE) de una nica disciplina, que son comunes a varios campos
del saber.
- Vocabulario general (VG): palabras de la lengua general que no pertencen a ninguna
disciplina cientfica.
Terminologizacin: cuando se produce un trasvase de trminos de la lengua comn a los LESP.
Parmetros principales que determinan el comportamiento terminolgico ( o no terminolgico) de
las unidades lxicas:
- El grado de precisin semntica.
- El comportamiento lingstico.
- El nmero de usuarios.
LESP LG
- Prdida de precisin del significado.
- Aumento en el nmero de usuarios.
- Posibilidad de un comportamiento lingstico distinto.
LG LESP
- Incremento en la precisin del significado.
- Menor grupo de usuarios, son ms definidos.
- Comportamiento lingstico diferente.
LESP 1 LESP 2
- Se mantiene la precisin semntica, pero puede producirse un cambio de
significado.
- El grupo de usuarios cambia.
- Comportamiento lingstico diferente.
MEANING
Respondent
Petitioner
Solicitor
Advocate
Attorney
Hearing
QC
Court

demandado
Demandante
Abogado
abogado
Abogado
Audiencia/vista
Queens Councel
Tribunal

T
E

TNE

VG

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

(order for) costs

Mortgage
Chattels
Decree nisi
Divorce
Evidence
Judgment
Case
Witness
Affidavit
Assets
Earnings
Property
Crossexamination
Income
Compensation
(Bank)
statement
(Family) division
Deficit
Surplus
Boom
Crisis
Interest rate
Measures
Investors
Solvency
Recession
Unemployment
Bail out
Rescue
Estimate
Debt
Credit
Output
Taxes
Figure
Cash
Recapitalize

X
Hipoteca
Bienes muebles,
enseres

X
(costs)
X

X
X

Divorcio
Prueba
Sentencia, fallo
Caso
Testigo
Declaracin jurada
Activos, bien mueble
Ganancias
Propiedad,
pertenencias
Interrogatorio

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Ingresos
Compensacin
Extracto bancario
Deficit
Excedente,
superhbit

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Tipo de inters
Medidas
Inversores
Solvencia
Recesin
Desempleado
Pagar la fianza a
alguien
Rescatar
Estimar
Deuda
Crdito
Resultado, salida
Impuestos
Cifra, cantidad
Efectivo
Recapitalizar

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

ORDENADOS POR CATEGORA

Tcnicos: solicitor, advocate, attorney, QC, court, order for costs, chattels, decree nisi, witness,
affidavit, cross-examination, family division, interest rate, solvency, recession, bail out,
recapitalize.
Subtcnicos: respondent, petitioner, costs, mortgage, assets, earnings, property, income, bank
statement, surplus, credit, output, taxes, figure.
Vocabulario General: hearing, divorce, evidence, judgment, case, compensation, boom, crisis,
measures, investors, unemployment, rescue, estimate, debt, cash.
Los trminos (no palabras) de los lenguajes de especialidad pueden ser de dos tipos:
- Trminos especializados o tcnicos, que son unidades lxicas () cuyos significados
estn definidos de forma unvoca dentro de una teora (Cabr).
- Trminos sub-tcnicos (semitcnicos segn Alcaraz), que son unidades lxicas del lenguaje
comn que han adquirido uno o varios nuevos significados dentro del campo del saber.

Mecanismos lingsticos de impersonalizacin del texto: pasivas, sujetos inanimados, uso

de la segunda y tercera persona del plural, uso de estructuras como there+ be (theres a lot to
do), etc
Ejemplos de elementos lxicos de origen greco-latino: cohabitation, citation, monetary,
education, matrimonial
Back-formation of noun compounds: convertirlos a una parfrasis con preposicin /
conjuncin.
- tax return: return of tax
- bank interest: interest of the bank
- bank balances: balances from the bank
- holiday house: house for holidays
- travel agent: agent for travelling
- dizzying growth: growth that is dizzying
- euro zone: zone of the euro
- interest rates: rates of interest
- homeownership: ownership of homes
- resulting recession: recession that has resulted
- unemployment rate: rate of unemployment
- austerity measures: measures of austerity
- center-left government: government which is at the center-left
- deficit reduction targets: targets of reduction of deficit
- public sector servants: servants to the public sector
- real state lender: lender for real states
- rescue funds: funds for rescue
- government estimates: estimates by the government
- debt burden: burden of debt
- credit line: line of credit
- budget targets: targets of budget
- emergency financing: financing in an emergency
- rescue pleas: pleas for rescue

TEMA 2 Y 3
Definiciones:
- STATUTE LAW: body of principles and rules of law contained in written codes.
- CIVIL LAW: law concerning the private rights of individuals.
- CRIMINAL LAW: law concerned with the punishment of offenders.
- COMMON LAW: law derived from custom and from precedent rather than from written,
codified statutes.
- DIVISION: each of the parts of a court, depending on its jurisdiction.
- PRECEDENT: previous case or legal decision, taken as a guide for future cases.
- PASS: to become approved by a legislature or body empowered to sanction or reject.
- ENACT: to establish by legal and authoritative act; specifically: to make a bill into law.
- OFFENCE, CRIME: illegal act.
- THE JUDICIARY, THE BENCH: the judges of a country, seen as a group.
- JUDGMENT: decision by a judge civil proceedings.
- SENTENCE: punishment imposed on a person after a criminal trial.
- JURISDICTION: area and matters over which a court has legal authority.
- SUMMONS: court order requiring someone to appear in court on a certain day to give
evidence.
Practising doublets:
- the criteria for determining whether or not a person fits and PROPER should be established
in conformity with national law.
- Now, therefore, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements herein
contained and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which
are hereby acknowledge and CONFESSED, the parties hereto agree as follows ()
- Any amendment to a protocol applicable between two partner countries of the pan-EuroMediterranean zone implies identical amendments to each and EVERY protocol applicable
within the zone.
- If the FTC concludes that is has reason(s) to believe Section 5 has been violated, it may
resolve the matter by seeking an administrative cease and DESIST order prohibiting the

challenged practices or by filing a complaint in a federal district court, which if succesful

could result in a federal court order to same effect.
I, Elvis Presley, a residen citizen of Shelby County, Tennessee, being of sound and
DISPOSING mind and MEMORY, do hereby make, publish and declare this instrument to be
may last will and TESTAMENT, hereby revoking any and all wills and codicils by me at any
time heretofore made.
By the agreement, the First Respondent appointed the Second Petitioner as his sole and
EXCLUSIVE agent inter alia to manage and market the services and day to day affairs of
the First Respondent in respect of media, advertisement and related activities.
Any provision contrary to the principle of equal treatment which are included in collective
agreements, individual contracts of employment, internal rules of undertakings or in rules
governing the independent occupations and professions shall be, or may be declared, NULL
and void or may be amended.
I certify that, to the best of my KNOWLEDGE and belief, this is a full, true and corrept
report.

Correct preposition:
- witness FOR the prosecution
- witness FOR the defence
- judgement FOR (in favour of ) the claimant
- judgement AGAINST (contrary to) the defendant
Definiciones:
- OFFENDER: a person who commits a crime.
- CAUTIONS: when a police officer warns someone that he will be charged with a crime and
that what he says may be used in evidence, he cautions the suspect.
- SENTENCE: legal punishment given by a court to a convicted person.
- ALIBI: when an accused person says that he was somewhere else when an act was
committed you say he has an alibi.
- VERDICT: decision returned by a jury.
- ACQUITAL: act of setting a person free because he has been found not guilty.
- CONVICTION: finding that a person accused of a crime is guilty.
- PLEA: a defendants reply to a charge put to him.
- EXAMINATION: formal questioning in court.
- When you are representing the defendant in court you say that you are FOR the defendant.
- A decision that has to be followed is called BINDING decision.
- When theres more that one judge sitting together they sit in BENCH/ IN A PANEL / EN
BANC.
- When a case is heard with no public it is heard IN CHAMBERS / IN CAMERA / IN PRIVATE / IN
CLOSED COURT.
- When a case is heard with public it is heard IN OPEN COURT / IN CURIA.
- A lawyer who is in active service is called PRACTISING lawyer.
- A legar term to say intentionally is WILFULLY.
- When a court supports the decision of a lower court: to UPHOLD.
- When a court does not support the decision of a lower court: to REVERSE / OVERTURN.
- The opposite of a minor crime is a SERIOUS crime.
- Another way of saying temporary measures is PROVISIONAL measures.
- The delivery of court documents is called the SERVICE.
- When an Act starts to be applied it ENTERS into FORCE.
- SIs (Statutory Instruments) have the same standing as Acts, that is they have FORCE of
law.
- When judges have to give the reasons for their decisions it is called a REASONED
judgment.
- The necessary level of proof is called the STANDARD OF PROOF of proof; in civil cases it is
the BALANCE of PROBABILITIES whereas in criminal cases it is BEYOND ANY REASONABLE
DOUBT.
- If someone is accused of three offences he is CHARGED WITH those offences.
Inversion (inversin gramatical) can be used instead of certain kind of if-clause: Had I
known it before / Should you need any help...
In inversion, the verb phrase or the operator comes before the subject. Verbs that are not modals
or to be / to have carry the operator before the verb, as in a question.
- We cannot accept animals under any circumstances ( empiece la oracin con Under no
circumstances)

o Under no circumstances can we accept animals.

John had never felt so upset. (empiece la oracin por Never)
o Never had John felt so upset.
If I had known that she likes fish, I would have bought some. (empiece por Had)
o Had I known that she likes fish, I would have bought some.
There are no circumstances under which audience members may consume alcohol.
(empiece Under no circumstances)
o Under no circumstances audience members may consume alcohol.
The gang didnt know the police had them under surveillance. (empiece por Little)
o Little did the gang know that the police had them under surveillance.
If I had known my lessons better, I wouldnt have failed the exam. (empiece por Had)
o Had I known my lesson better, I wouldnt have failed the exam.
If she were rich, she would buy a new house. (empiece por Were)
o Were she rich, she would buy a new house.
He is hardly aware of his rights. (empiece por Hardly)
o Hardly is he aware of his rights.
The arresting officer must on no account violate the suspects rights. (empiece por On no
account)
o On no account must the arresting office violate the suspects rights.
The State has rarely provided legal aid. (empiece por Rarely)
o Rarely has the State provided legal aid.
There has seldom been so much protest against a Commission proposal. (empiece por
Seldom)
o Seldom has there been so much protest against a Commission proposal.
The British will never support the creation of a European Public Prosecutor. (empiece por
Never)
o Never will the British support the creation of a European Public Prosecutor.
He little realizes the importance of the evidence. (empiece por Little)
o Little does he realize the importance of the evidence.

NOTA: cuando es presente hay que poner delante del sujeto DO / DOES, y cuando es pasado DID.
The subjunctive in English. It is used after verbs such as ask, advise, command, demand,
insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest, urge, should.
It is used in sentences such as:
- it is important that
- it is essential / imperative / vital that
- it is crucial that
- it is urgent that
- it is a good / bad idea that
The verb of the subjunctive is in infinite, and before we have to write that. Examples:
NOTA: lo que hay entre ( ) te lo dan para hacer la oracin.
-

He demanded THAT SHE GIVE (she, give) the statement to him.

They insisted THAT HE MAKE (he, make) the skeleton argument.
The prosecutor suggested THAT EXHIBIT ON BE MADE AVAILABLE (exhibit one, make
available) to the jury.
Councel recommended THAT ANSWERS BE KEPT (answers, keep) short and simple when
giving evidence.
The parties proposed THAT AGREEMENT BE REACHED (an agreement, reach) as soon as
practicable.
It was requested THAT THE CLAIMANT BE (the claimant, be) present in the hearing.
It is essential THAT THE DEFENDANT BE (the defendant, be) available at all times.
The UN requested THAT THE GOVERNMENT CHANGE (the government, change) its policy.
The Council recommended THAT THE MINISTER RESIGN (the minister, resign).
It is crucial THAT A CAR BE WAITING (a car, be waiting) for the President when the meeting
is over.
The Council of European Union recommends THAT THE ACT BE ADOPTED (act, adopt).

TEMA 4
Preposicin correcta.

The user path contains a great deal of introductory information fo those interested IN
economics.
The ongoing euro zone crisis hampered sales of German goods, which fell BY 0.9% to
countries in the 27 EU member states and BY 3.0% to the euro zone.
Not only are rich Germans putting more of their wealth INTO fixed assets, but foreigners
see German cities as a safe haven.
Recessions are usually job killers, so they way in which the UK economy has created new
jobs AT a time when growth has been so weak has baffled the experts.
The rationale for a rising profit share is that it leads TO higher investment, which in turn
leads TO stronger growth and rising employment.
The supply-side reforms of the 1980s were in part based ON the theory that the wage
share in the 1970s was too high.
If the financial sector is responsible FOR the entire increase in the profit share over the
past three decades, that shows how dependent the economy has become on the City as a
source of growth.
At present, there is little real incentive FOR businesses to invest.
A poorly designed political compromise that cuts the deficit too quickly could push an
already weak economy INTO recession.
That is much too weak a pace of expansion to tolerate the fiscal cliffs increase IN tax rates
and spending cuts.
Although Congressional Republicans rightly object TO raising tax rates, the appear willing
to raise revenue through tax reform.
A desirable way to broaden the tax bae would be to put an overall cap on the amount of
tax reduction that each taxpayer can achieve THROUGH deductions and exclusions.
Even if the full deduction for charitable gifts is preserved and only high-value health
insurance is regarded AS a tax expenditure, the extra revenue in 2013 would be about
$150 bn.
Extra revenue of $150 bn in 2013 would be 1% of GDP, and could be too much for the
economy to swallow, particulary if combined WITH reductions in government spending and
a rise in the payroll tax.
Americas current budget negotiations should focus ON achieving a credible long-term
decline in the national debt.
The United States may be headed FOR a recession in 2013.
President Barack Obamas proposed alternative TO the fiscla cliff would substantially
increase tax rates and limit tax deductions for the top 2% of earnes.
The potential recession risk of a budget deal can be avoided BY phasing in the basebroadening that is used to raise revenue.
Trade gave a boost TO growth in the quarter, as did business investment.
We invested nearly $70 billion in R&D since the beginning of 2000, shifting research INTO
new areas and generating more than 47,000 patents.
One consequence of this business-citizenship fusion is that we can deliver its benefits AT
increasing scale.
Bad debt expense increased $47 million in 2011 primarily due TO higher receivable
balances and the current economic environment in Europe.
The timing and amount of sales and other transfers of IP may vary significantly from
period depending UPON timing of divestitures.
The companys ongoing focus ON productivity together with the relative strength of the
Software business drove strong margin performance in the fourth quarte of 2011.
Revenue growth was strongest in North America, up 8.5 % (7% adjusted FOR currency).

Form adjetives from these nouns.

NOUN
MEANING
Relation
Relacin
Minority
Minora
Nature
Naturaleza
Commerce
Comercio
Addition
Majority
Responsibilit
y
Benefit

Suma
Mayora
Responsabilid
ad
Beneficio

ADJETIVE
Relative
Minor
Natural
Commerci
al
Additional
Major
Responsibl
e
Beneficial

Money

Dinero

Monetary

MEANING
Pariente
Menor
Natural
Comercial
Adicional
Gran
Responsibl
e
Beneficios
o
Monetario

Base

Base

Basic

bsico

Form verbs from these adjectives.

ADJETIV
O
Indicative
Specific
National

MEANING

VERB

MEANING

Indicativo
Especfico
Nacional

Simple
Influential
Selective
Realistic
Complex

Sencillo
Influyente
Selectivo
Realista,
razonable
Complejo

Indicate
Specify
Nationaliz
e
Simplify
Influence
Select
Realize

Special

Especial

Complicat
e
Specialize

Indicar
Especificar
Nacionaliza
r
Simplificar
influir
Seleccionar
Darse
cuenta
Complicar

Satisfacto
ry
Relative
Regular

Satisfactory

Satisfy

Especializa
r
Satisfacer

Relativo
Regular, normal

Relate
Regulate

Relacionar
Regular

Antonyms.

A high
Stregthen
Majority
Ease
(noun)
Ease (verb)
Conservati
ve
Stability

Alto
Fortaleza
Mayora
Comodidad

ANTONYM
Unemployme
nt
Unsustainabl
e
A low
Weaken
Minority
Unease

Aliviar
Conservativo

Harden
Progressive

Estabilidad

Instability

Clear
Negatively

Claro
Negativamen
te
Difcil
Caerse
Barato

Unclear
Positively

Employme
nt
Sustainable

Difficult
Dropped
Cheap

MEANING
Empleo
Sostenible

Easy
Rose
Expensive

CARTA COMERCIAL
Es el macrognero escrito en el mundo de los negocios.
Tiene una macroestructura muy estricta, formada:
- membrete
- nombre
- direccin del destinatario y la fecha
- el saludo
- re: el asunto
- cuerpo de la carta
- despedida
Tipos:
- solicitude de informacin
- contestacin a las peticiones de informacin
- presentacin de un catlogo
- realizacin / contestacin de una oferta
- solicitud de referencias
- formulacin de un pedido

MEANING
Paro
Insostenible
bajo
Debilidad
Minora
Incomodida
d
Endurecer
Progresista
Inestabilida
d
Poco claro
Positivamen
te
Fcil
Levantarse
Caro

expresin de disculpas
reclamacin

MEMO
A short note written as a reminder. Caractersticas:
- breve informe profesional
- informacin relevante
- claro y correcto
- sin formalismos
- forma de redaccin telegrfica
INGLS DE LAS FINANZAS
Caractersticas:
- dominio del lxico anglosajn
- expresividad de las imgenes ( como las metforas)
- juegos de palabras
- siglas, acrnimos
- uso de colores
- claridad comunicativa
- NO el uso del lxico de origen griego y latino
Modofricos: son los elementos lingsticos que en un enunciado nos informa de la actitud del
emisor respecto del mensaje, y que forma parte de su significado comunicativo. Exe: certainly,
perhaps, may, migh, could, etc.
Tipos:
- gramaticales: verbos auxiliares, modo, aspecto
- lxicos: adverbios
Rasgos Lxico-sintcticos del IPA
Son propios del lxico:
- Monosemia / polisemia
- Lxico de origen greco-latino.
- Neologa. Tipos:
a. Neologa Lxica: derivacin, composicin, conversin, cruce o fusin, condensacin.
b. Neologa Semntica: metfora y falsos amigos
Condiciones de textualidad:
- Intencionalidad.
- Aceptabilidad.
- Situacionalidad.
- Informatividad.
- Intertextualidad.
- Coherencia.
- Cohesin.
Plain English. Equivalent for each of the following Latin expressions.
LATIN
EXPRESSION
Actus reus
Ad hoc
Affidavit
Alias
Alibi
Bona fide
De facto
De iure / jure
Ex parte
Habeas corpus
In absentia
In camera
In flagrante delicto
Inter alia
Ipso facto

PLAIN ENGLISH
Guilty act
This, for this purpose
Sworn statement
Otherwise known as, common name
Elsewhere
In good faith
In fact
By right, by law
By/from a party without notice
Produce / bring forth the body
In the absence of
In closed court, in chambers, in private
In blazing offence, in the act of committing an offece
Among other things
By that very fact, but the fact itself

Mens rea
Obiter dicta
Per se
Prima facie
Ratio decidendi
Status quo
Viceversa

Guilty mind
Passing comments, comments by the way, opinion with no
legal force
By itself
At first sight, on the face of it
The reason, the rationable for the decision
Current state of affairs
The other way (a) round