SUBSTITUTION TABLES

TABLE 1 : PRESENT TENSE

( to show what always happens in the picture )

He

buys

pens.

She

sells

magazines.

Dien

keeps

coins.

The boy

loves

candy.

The woman

collects

stamps.

We

buy

chocolates.

They

sell

sweets.

Dien and Zack

keep

biscuits.

The boys

love

noodles.

The women

collect

recipes.

TABLE 2 : PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

( to show what is happening in the picture )

He

buying some pens.

She

collecting stamps.

Dien

is

keeping coins.

The boy

reading magazines.

My father

washing the car.

We

eating chocolates.

They

buying noodles.

Dien and Zack

are

selling sweets.

The boys

eating noodles.

My parents

making biscuit.

TABLE 3 : PAST TENSE

( to show what happened in the picture )

He

walked to school.

She

painted the gate.

Dien

washed the car.

cleaned the windows.

You

bought the cake.

We

ate the mangoes.

They

carried the chairs.

The boy

swept the leaves.

TABLE 4 : PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

( to show what was happening in the picture )

He

walking to school.

She

painting the gate.

Dien

was

washing the car.

The boy

cleaning the windows.

My father

buying the cake.

eating the mangoes.

We

carrying the chairs.

They
Dien and Zack

were

sweeping the leaves.

The boys
My parents

TABLE 5 : THERE IS / ARE

( to show that people / thing exist )
There

a birthday cake.
a bird in the cage.
is
was

a birthday party.
an accident.
a shop beside the market.
a man buying cake.

are

some children in the park.

were

many students in the class.

a few girls playing netball.

two girls mopping the floor.

a lot of people in the market.

TABLE 6 : ADJECTIVE
( to describe people / subject )

He
She
Dien
The boy

tall.
is

old.

was

thin.
young.

My father

handsome.
hardworking.

You

beautiful.

We
They
Dien and Zack

strong.
are

brave.

were

poor.
fat.

The boys
My parents
TABLE 7 : ADJECTIVE
( to describe feelings )

sad.

He

happy.

She
Amir

am

excited.

is

delighted.

was

disappointed.

The girl

frightened.

My uncle

hungry.
bored.

You

are

We

were

They
Ayu and Amir
The children

tired.

My parents
TABLE 8 : ADJECTIVE
( to describe places / things )
The park
The shop
The beach
The cinema

large.
is
was

clean.
empty.
crowded.

The supermarket

spacious.

The pens

new.

The shoes
The clothes
The curtains

are
were

The fried chicken

dirty.
cheap.
expensive.
delicious.

TABLE 8 : ADVERB
( to describe verb )

walking slowly. (to school)

He

singing sweetly. (on the

stage)

She
Dien

is

The student

writing neatly. (on the

blackboard)
sleeping soundly. (in the
room)

The baby

sitting quietly.
We

talking loudly. (in the class.)

They
Dien and Zack
The students
My parents
.

are

dancing gracefully. (on the

stage.)

TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

V+S/ V

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

is / are V + ing

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

= play = played

V+ ed / C / No C

= swim = swam

PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

= cut = cut

was / were V + ing

STEP BY STEP CONSTRUCTING SENTENCES.

FIRST TECHNIQUE
i)

Refer to the Substitution Tables to make sentences.

ii)

Write as many simple sentences as possible.

iii)

Then, join two or three sentences to form compound or complex sentences.

Example:1. The

girls hobby is rearing fish.

2. She keeps many types of fish.

3. She keeps the fish in an aquarium.
4. The fish are very colourful.
5. She feeds them with water-plants.
1. The girls hobby is rearing fish so she keeps many types of fish in an
aquarium.
2. She keeps many types of fish in an aquarium.
3. The fish are very colourful and she feeds them with water-plant.
1. This is a crowded beach.
2. There are many people at the beach.
3. There is a tree in the picture.
4. The father is eating a sandwich.

5. The mother is feeding the little boy.

1. There are many people at the crowded beach.
2. The mother is feeding the little boy under the tree.
3. The father is eating a sandwich while the mother is feeding the
little boy.
SECOND TECHNIQUE
i)

Refer to the Substitution Tables to make a sentence.

ii) Use the original sentence stem to expand. (to make a longer sentence)
iii) Add details;- adjective, adverb, 5W1H , quantifiers, location, time.
Example:1. The boy is reading a book.
The boy is reading a book at the table.
The boy is reading a book and he is sitting comfortably at the table.
The handsome boy who is reading a book sits comfortably at the
round table.

2. The pupils are sitting.

The pupils are sitting on the chairs.
The pupils are sitting on the chairs in the classroom. (where)
The smart pupils are sitting quietly on the chairs in the spacious
classroom.
The smart pupils are sitting quietly on the chairs in the spacious
classroom and copying the notes on the whiteboard.
3. The pupils are listening to their teacher.
The pupils are listening to their teacher because they want to

understand the subject (why) very well. (how)

4. The teacher writes on the whiteboard.
The teacher writes neatly on the whiteboard in front of the class
(where) using a white chalk. (how)

* Use adjectives in front of the nouns and adverbs after the verbs.

Types Of Sentences
Simple Sentences. ( 1s 1i )
Compound Sentences. ( 1s 2i / 2s 2i )
Complex Sentences. (1s 1i 1a)
Example:-

Salina wears a baju kurung.

Salina is my next door neighbour.
Salina, who wears a baju kurung, is my next door neighbour.
Salina wears a baju kurung and Salina is my next door neighbour.
Amirs pet has a furry tail.

 It is very playful and tame.

Amirs pet, which has a furry tail, is very playful and tame.

Simple Sentences.
Baha is painting a hibiscus.
Baha is painting a beautiful hibiscus on the wall.

Compound Sentences.
Baha is holding a brush and painting a hibiscus.

Baha is holding a brush and painting a big beautiful hibiscus on the wall.

Complex Sentences.
Baha who is holding a brush is painting a hibiscus.

Baha who is holding a brush is painting a

on the wall.

big beautiful

hibiscus creatively

Sample sentences
Subject / verb / object
is / are ( what , where, when, how )
has / have
action verb
Amin walks to school.
Amin walks slowly to school every morning. (how,
where, when)
Siti dances on the stage.

 Siti dances gracefully on the stage every night. (how,

where, when)
The students study in the library.
The students always study in their big school library.
(how, where)

The boy is reading a book.

The boy is reading a book at the table. (what, where)