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March 2015
World Trends and Technology for Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
Asia/Pacific
update
Seismic
vessel survey
Managed
pressure
drilling
Coiled tubing
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Month After Month.
Year After Year.

Only the committed and information-hungry have gained
the experience to help you survive over 60 years of
cyclical storms in themarine/offshore industry.
E STA B LI S HE D I N 1 95 4
The frst choice for readers, the right choice for advertisers.
Technological expertise, dedication, and a wealth of knowledge gained in over 60 years makes Offshore
magazine the information source forthe marine /offshore oil & gasindustry.
With the offshore industry experiencing strong growth, many publications are claiming to be a reliable
provider of industry information. Yet to be a stable information source, a publication must be willing to
weather all of the storms in order to consistently present credible editorial content.
For over 60 years, Offshore magazine has never wavered from being theinformation source for the
marine/offshore industry, in both the good times . . . and the bad.
Offshore magazine provides more coverage of the worlds major offshore oil and gas producing regions
than any other competitive publication. Timely updates are always accessible through print and digital
magazines, global events, eNewsletters, maps, posters and online. For reliable, informative industry
trends, analysis and insight into the evolving nature of the industry itself, there is still only onechoice . . .
World Trends and Technology for Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
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You Have Enough Things to Worry About
Dont let your wellhead be one of them!

DRIL-QUIP is committed to providing the most dependable subsea wellhead systems in the
industry. To enhance our system approach, we developed 3-D fnite element analysis (FEA)
methodology that accurately predicts strength capacities. We designed and built a
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our advanced FEA design verifcation in accordance with API Technical Report 1PER15K-1
recommendations. Our subsea wellhead systems are compliant to the latest editions of API
17D and API 6A (PR2). DRIL-QUIPS BigBore II-H subsea wellhead casing hanger and seal
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Setting the standards for safe, reliable subsea wellhead systems enables DRIL-QUIP to
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International Edition
Volume 75, Number 3
March 2015
CONTENTS
Celebrating 60 Years of Trends, Tools, and Technology
42
GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS

Seismic companies steel themselves
for a challenging year ............................................................. 46
This years annual global seismic vessels survey was undertaken during one of the greatest periods of uncertainty the oil and gas industry
has seen in recent years. Seismic budgets generally correlate with
exploration and production budgets; in the current climate, the latter
may not see a significant share of company budgets. The current fear is
that the hesitancy or inability on the part of exploration and production
companies to fund or commit to robust exploratory programs will affect
money allocated for related seismic surveying.
2015 Worldwide Seismic Vessel Survey ................................. 52

Get the latest comprehensive listing of the capabilities and features of
the worldwide seismic vessel feet.
ASIA/PACIFIC
Malaysia, the Philippines open
more offshore acreage for exploration ................................... 34
46
Thirteen blocks and 11 petroleum areas are open for bids under the
current Malaysian and Philippines licensing rounds. Most of the acreage is offshore and contains a range of proven and untested plays in
different settings. Six of the blocks have not been offered before. Zebra
Data Sciences in the UK is promoting both programs globally on behalf
of Petronas and The Philippines Department of Energy.
Opus Offshore introduces new

midwater Tiger rig series to Asia/Pacific ............................... 38
Opus Offshore is a newly established offshore drilling services provider that has committed to use newbuild and fit-for-purpose vessels,
specifically the Tiger drillships, with the aspiration to be a full-fledged
drilling contractor that both owns and operates assets. Recently,
Offshore met with Graham Buchan, business development manager, to
discuss the companys vision, goals, and strategic plan.
Mono column platform provides valuable real estate ........... 42

At a time when most offshore companies are rapidly trying to streamline operations and shed extraneous costs, Blue Capital Pte. Ltd. (Singapore) chairman and CEO Brian Chang collaborated with rig designer
Peter William Nimmo to develop the mobile mono column platform, a
design Chang refers to as back to basics. Simply put, the MCP prototype is designed to monetize fields in less than 500 ft (152 m) of water
as quickly as possible, Chang says.
Offshore (ISSN 0030-0608) is published 12 times a year, monthly by PennWell, 1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112. Periodicals class postage paid at Tulsa, OK, and additional offices.
Copyright 2015 by PennWell. (Registered in U.S. Patent Trademark Office.) All rights reserved. Permission, however, is granted for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Phone (978) 750-8400, Fax (978) 646-8600 to photocopy articles for a base fee of $1 per copy of the article plus 35 per page.
Payment should be sent directly to the CCC. Requests for bulk orders should be addressed to the Editor. Subscription prices: US $123.00 per year, Canada/Mexico $ 145.00 per year, All other
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countries $17.00 per issue (Airmail delivery: $26.00). Back issues are available upon request. POSTMASTER send form 3579 to Offshore, P.O. Box 3264, Northbrook, IL 60065-3264. To
receive this magazine in digital format, go to www.offshoresubscribe.com.
RHELIANT PLUS
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An enhanced gel structure reduces gel strength progression, lowering wellbore stresses.
The result is excellent hole cleaning, reduced operating costs through improved tripping
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In a high-inclination well in the offshore elds of Sakhalin, Russia, a at rheology was
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Mark of M-I L.L.C.
Volume 75, Number 3
March 2015
CONTENTS
Celebrating 60 Years of Trends, Tools, and Technology
DRILLING & COMPLETION

Asia/Pacific spurs demand
for integrated deepwater MPD systems ................................. 58
Growing Asia/Pacific demand for managed pressure drilling (MPD)
services along with the associated long lead times for outfitting rigs
has spurred industry efforts to integrate MPD systems through retrofitting or with shipyard newbuilds. Three Weatherford MPD drilling
applications in the region illustrate the evolution of the technology
toward achieving a fully integrated capability on board dynamically
positioned vessels.
58
PRODUCTION OPERATIONS
Intelligent CT finds, fixes water
production problem offshore Brazil ........................................ 62
Fighting the decline curve in offshore wells can be challenging. Scaling, near wellbore compaction, sand buildup, and water breakthrough
can all contribute to rapid drop-offs in hydrocarbon production. Coiled
tubing operations have been used since the 1960s to combat a range of
wellbore challenges, combining bottomhole assemblies and chemicals
to achieve the ultimate goal: increased and optimized production.
SUBSEA
Industry moves subsea processing
toward standardization, consistency...................................... 64
This issue of Offshore contains the 2015 Worldwide Survey of Subsea
Processing Systems poster, the eighth installment of this industry
resource, a joint effort between INTECSEA and Offshore magazine. The
primary aims of this poster are to chronicle the development and the
developers of these systems, and to document the continued commitment of oil companies to the application of these technologies on a
global basis.
PIPELINES & FLOWLINES

Multi-phase meter advances
improve flow assurance mitigation ........................................ 66
Multi-phase flow meters offer a distinct advantage since they can be
used to characterize flow regimes at the wellhead and quickly detect
slugging, which is the most difficult flow to measure. Some meters also
have the added benefit of tomography-type capabilities to characterize
the flow regimes and improve the accuracy of flow measurement. To
better manage subsea and other flow assurance challenges, the industry is increasingly recognizing the benefits of multi-phase meters.
4 Offshore March 2015 www.offshore-mag.com
62
TOUGH ECONOMICS
CAN INSPIRE
We hear you.
New economic realities challenge you to do more with
less. Our challenge is to help you do exactly that.
2015 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Explore how were working to address todays

challenges at thenewweatherford.com.
Drilling & Formation Evaluation
Well Construction
Completion & Stimulation
Production
Volume 75, Number 3
March 2015
COVER: Facing the same uncertainty permeating most aspects of the

industry, the seismic vessel market
is currently experiencing a slowdown
due to the recent plunge in oil prices.
One of the newer seismic survey
vessels is the 14-streamer Polarcus
Adira, shown here traversing the
waters of a fjord in Norway during its
delivery from Norways Ulstein verft
yard, where it was built in 2012. The
photographer captured the image
outfitted in scuba gear and lying in
wait in the water. Polarcus super-high
ice-class 3D/4D seismic vessel is of
the Ulstein SX134 design. Along with
all of the Dubai-headquartered companys seismic fleet, Polarcus Adira
earned a rating of 1 according to DNV
GLs Triple E (Environmental, & Energy
Efficiency) scheme. With a maximum
speed of 16 knots, the double-hulled
vessel features diesel-electric propulsion. Polarcus Adira recently marked its
first entrance into the US when it served in the deepwater GoM in 4Q 2014.
(Photo courtesy Vasco Pinhol/ Polarcus)
14
D E P A R T M E N T S
Online .................................................... 8
Comment ............................................. 10
Data ..................................................... 12
Global E&P .......................................... 14
Offshore Europe .................................. 20
Gulf of Mexico ..................................... 22
Subsea Systems ................................. 24
Vessels, Rigs, & Surface Systems ...... 26

Drilling & Production .......................... 28
Geosciences ........................................ 30
Offshore Automation Solutions .......... 32
Business Briefs ................................... 69
Advertisers Index............................... 71
Beyond the Horizon ............................ 72
PennWell
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New on demand webcast

Standardization of Offshore Production Systems
Aimed at reducing cost and schedule of its projects, Petrobras decided to

promote the standardization of its offshore production systems. Based on
a radical change in design philosophy, standards units have been designed
and proved to be applicable to a wide range of crudes. This strategy has been
successful. Projects are reaching shorter schedules with higher local content.
This success led to a contract of eight similar units in Brazil, for use in presalt
deepwater areas. By acquiring standard equipment and modules, the company
has effectively promoted competitiveness, cost reduction, and reduced schedules in its supply chain.
Giovani Cavalcanti Nunes, Petrobras corporate manager - Process Technologies, presents the EPC strategy and an update on the construction of the
eight units as well as an overview of future opportunities.
http://www.offshore-mag.com/webcasts/offshore/2015/03/
standardization-of-offshore-production-systems.html
Frac Smarter with Hydrocarbon Tracers
Water, oil and gas phase tracers applied during the hydraulic stimulation
can tell you how your wellbore is producing. Learn how Tracercos Reservoir
Technology can enable you to measure actual oil and gas production per stage;
determine clean out efficiency of frac water from each stage; detect fracture
communications to offset wellbores; confirm toe flow to verify release of all
frac plugs; and add controlled release tracers for monitoring up to several
years.
http://www.offshore-mag.com/webcasts/offshore/2014/12/
frac-smarter-with-hydrocarbon-tracers.html
New maps, posters, and surveys

2015 Worldwide Seismic Vessel Survey
2015 Worldwide Survey of Subsea Processing: Separation, Compression,
and Pumping Systems
2015 Top 10 Offshore Drilling Contractors
2015 Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Discoveries
2015 Gulf of Mexico Map
http://www.offshore-mag.com/surveys.html
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David Paganie Houston
Major project sanction breaks trend

In the face of industry-wide cost cutting, project deferrals, and waning sector confidence, Statoil and partners sanctioning of the $31-billion Johan Sverdrup project in the
Norwegian Sea proves that there are attractive investment opportunities in this market.
Though capital-intensive, the key selling point is value.
The Johan Sverdrup field is considered by its investors and analysts alike to be worldclass. Results of the 22 appraisal wells and subsequent production tests are well documented, including the main wellbore 16/2-17S that found a gross 82-m (269-ft), 28 API
oil column in Jurassic sandstones and flowed 6,000 b/d of oil with very little pressure
drop. Wood Mackenzie values the field at $11.2 billion with a Brent oil price breakeven
of $41/bbl (NPV10) and a 23% internal rate of return.
Sanctioning of Johan Sverdrup

is not likely to spur a string
of project FIDs, but it is encouraging
Moreover, the 2.35-Bbbl oil field is expected to provide 10% of Statoils global oil production by 2020, 25% of Norwegian production by 2025, and $40 billion of value for the
Norwegian government. Indeed a milestone for Statoil, its partners, and Norway, but
equally important is the impact it will have on the supply chain. Statoil estimates that the
development of Phase 1 will require 51,000 man-years, 34,000 of which are expected to
be delivered by the supply chain. Further, an average year is estimated to require 2,700
man-years in the operating phase and 3,400 man-years during full field development.
The project partners submitted their plan for development and operation of Phase 1 to
Norways Ministry of Petroleum & Energy this past February. Phase 1 facilities will include four bridge-linked platforms and three subsea water injection templates, with first
production expected by the end of 2019. The long-term goal is a recovery rate of 70%,
taking into account advances in technology for increased oil recovery in future phases.
The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate believes that the method of injecting polymers
could be used to boost recovery from the field.
In addition, the partners will submit two plans for installation and operation for pipeline transportation and the development of a power from shore solution. Norways parliament (Storting) has decided that the field will be developed with power from shore,
and that an area solution for the other fields on the Southern Utsira High region must
be in place by start-up of Phase 2 in 2022.
The project partners are Statoil (40%), Lundin Norway (22%), Petoro (18%), Det norske oljeselskap (12%), and Maersk Oil (8%).
Sanctioning of Johan Sverdrup is not likely to spur a string of project FIDs, but it
is encouraging, and it proves that there are attractive investment opportunities at any
point in a cycle.
contact Rhonda Brown at Foster

Printing Service, the official reprint
provider for Offshore.
Meanwhile, I am delighted to introduce the newest member of the

Offshore editorial team, Sarah Parker Musarra. She joins as editor
tasked with writing the monthly subsea column, authoring original feature articles, editing outside submissions, and posting content online.
Sarah can be reached at smusarra@pennwell.com.
Musarra
Call Rhonda at
866.879.9144 ext. 194
or pennwellreprints@
fosterprinting.com
To respond to articles in Offshore, or to offer articles for publication,

contact the editor by email (davidp@pennwell.com).

The Subsea Production Alliance is designing integrated in-well and seabed production solutions
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Subsea
Production
Alliance
G L O B A L D ATA
Worldwide day rates
Average
Maximum
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$151,000
$486,211
$487,209
$497,481
$499,970
$497,589
$501,550
$503,958
$499,648
$504,933
$509,674
$507,891
$503,528
$681,000
$735,000
$735,000
$735,000
$735,000
$735,000
$735,000
$735,000
$735,000
$735,000
$735,000
$735,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$30,000
$129,724
$130,406
$131,132
$132,339
$135,395
$135,650
$138,272
$141,079
$142,715
$143,244
$144,248
$145,156
$361,000
$361,000
$361,000
$365,000
$365,000
$365,000
$389,000
$389,000
$389,000
$389,000
$389,000
$389,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$145,000
$389,495
$383,112
$388,155
$391,272
$394,167
$395,458
$393,079
$388,049
$389,973
$393,377
$391,732
$399,754
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
$659,098
February 2013 January 2015

Contracted fleet utilization
Total fleet
Contracted
Working
100
No. of rigs
1,000
900
90
800
80
700
70
600
60
500
b
Fe
13
M
ay
13
g
Au
13
v
No
13
b
Fe
14
M
ay
14
g
Au
14
v
No
14
Fleet utilization rate %
Drillship
2014 Feb
2014 Mar
2014 Apr
2014 May
2014 June
2014 July
2014 Aug
2014 Sept
2014 Oct
2014 Nov
2014 Dec
2015 Jan
Jackup
2014 Feb
2014 Mar
2014 Apr
2014 May
2014 June
2014 July
2014 Aug
2014 Sept
2014 Oct
2014 Nov
2014 Dec
2015 Jan
Semi
2014 Feb
2014 Mar
2014 Apr
2014 May
2014 June
2014 July
2014 Aug
2014 Sept
2014 Oct
2014 Nov
2014 Dec
2015 Jan
Worldwide offshore rig count & utilization rate
Minimum
Source: IHS
Year/Month
50
Regional capex share (%) offshore Asia/Pacifc 2010-2019
Source: Rigzone.com
This month, Infield Systems looks at offshore capex

distribution offshore for Asia/Pacific up to 2019. The
region is characterized by emerging economies, with
increasing energy demands, which could lead to an
increase in offshore oil and gas activity. Offshore capex
demand within the region could increase by 36% in
comparison to the last five years, with Southeast Asia
anticipated to account for 54% of this demand. Malaysia
and Indonesia could continue to play pivotal roles in
offshore growth in the region, with both countries needing to secure their growing energy demands as well as
continuing to supply their overseas export obligations.
Malaysian national oil company Petronas is currently
forecast to account for the largest share of Southeast
Asian capex (20%), with Malaysia being the mainstay of
its investment.
Activity in Australasia is likely to continue to be
dominated by Australia, which is a net exporter of energy.
Source: Infield Systems Market Modeling & Forecasting Database
The countrys ideal geographic location to the energy-hungry Asian markets will help drive its continued
offshore investment and support future growth for its LNG exports. Woodside- and Chevron-operated
projects are anticipated to be responsible for the largest proportion of the countrys offshore capex
demand, together accounting for 39% of the Australias expenditure requirement.
East Asia is dominated by Chinas offshore activity. However, the country is projected to experience
lower levels of offshore expenditure in comparison to the historic period, stemming from a potential decline in future offshore field developments. This could have a potential impact on CNOOC, which is a major
contributor toward offshore activity in the country. South Asian capex demand is expected to continue to
be largely driven by India, with activity in the country anticipated to increase; influenced by its need to supply its growing energy demand. ONGC could have the highest capex demand in the country (61%), with its
developments in the offshore Krishna-Godavari basin and the Mumbai offshore area potentially attracting
significant investment over the upcoming period.
George Griffiths, Research Analyst, Infield Systems
Ulti-Max GT
for faster connections
This weld-on casing connector for 2022" diameters ensures a gas-tight

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GE Oil & Gas Ulti-Max GT has been qualied beyond ISO 13679: 2011 CAL I-E
(with gas) making it the safer, faster, more reliable connector you need to make
a bigger difference on deck.
geoilandgas.com
GLOBAL E&P
Deepwater drilling set

for growth, analyst claims
More than 170 ultra-deepwater rigs were active in January according to analyst Douglas-Westwood, only slightly down on the
corresponding total for early 2014. Average day rates rose by more
than $15,000 to $485,465, mainly as a result of contracts signed before the oil price dip. Many more wells could be drilled this year if
the price recovers to $50-$70/bbl, the analyst adds, with the number
of deepwater wells potentially rising by 32% by 2020.
North Atlantic
Statoil handed back four of its exploration licenses offshore
Greenland although it has retained block 6, which has a longer
deadline for drilling. The company based its decision on analysis of
production potential and the costs of operating in the area.
Brazil
Petrobras says it has saved around $1 billion since the start of its
Well Cost Reduction Program (PRC-Poco) in 2013. This takes in various initiatives including use of simpler, lower-cost vessels to replace
drilling rigs for certain activities; simplifying designs for multiple
sets of wells; and raising the efficiency and availability of the companys fleet of floating rigs for constructing and maintaining wells.
Consultant Petrodata reports that Petrobras also now operates
more floating production platforms than any competitor worldwide.
In December it operated 110 facilities off Brazil, including 45 floating platforms, 15 semisubmersibles, and one non-storage production vessel, the P-53. Collectively these platforms produced on average 2 MMb/d of oil and 51 MMcm/d of gas.
The semisub Olinda Star

has been operating in the
Santos basin offshore
Brazil. (Photo courtesy
Karoon Gas)
Jeremy Beckman London
m (2,893 ft) of water, to a TD of 3,093 m (10,147 ft). Samples contained gas, but the quality and volume was sub-commercial and
within thin, non-exploitable layers. The company said it planned no
further activity in the area.
Petroleum Consultant ERC Equipoise has upgraded prospective

resources in African Petroleums (AP) four licenses offshore Liberia and Cte dIvoire. The latest audit took into account eight newly
identified Turonian and Cenomanian prospects and information
from other nearby drilling campaigns in 2014, notably Totals CI514 oil discovery last April. ERC has increased by 33% the resource
potential at APs Liberian LB-08 and LB-09 concessions to 5.854 Bbbl
(unrisked and risked). At Cte dIvoire licenses CI-513 and CI-509,
the resource has risen 118% to 2.586 Bbbl.
Eni and partners Vitol and GNPC have signed an agreement to

deliver the Offshore Cape Three Points project in Ghana. This will
be a deepwater development, 60 km (37 mi) from the coast, with
peak production of 80,000 boe/d. First oil is slated for 2017, followed
by first gas one year later. Two Yinson subsidiaries will supply and
operate an FPSO for a firm period of 15 years, under a contract valued at up to $2.54 billion.
Lekoil has opted to develop the Otakipo field offshore Nigeria in

two phases following a revision of the proved and possible resources by AGR TRACS International. Phase 1, targeting a potential 23
MMbbl, will involve recompletions of two wells and installation of a
6,000-b/d capacity early production system. The program could get
under way by mid-year. Phase 2 calls for incremental development of
the rest of the field via a central processing facility and seven wells.
The field is in the eastern Niger Delta region.
Angolas government has extended the exploration period for

deepwater block 15/06 where Eni recently started production from
the West Hub complex. The East Hub, currently under development, is expected to come onstream in 2017. Eni requested more
time for a three-year program that includes three exploration wells
and 1,000 sq km (386 sq mi) of new 3D seismic. The extension also
applies to an area adjacent to the block that contains the 100-MMbbl
Reco-Reco oil discovery.
Black Sea/Caspian Sea
The semisubmersible Olinda Star was due to side track the recently drilled Kangaroo-2 appraisal well in block S-M-1165 in the
Santos basin. According to operator Karoon Gas, drilling confirmed
a 250-m (820-ft) gross oil column in Paleocene and Maastrichtian
reservoirs, with tests suggesting a vertical production well could deliver up to 8,000 b/d. Karoon planned two side tracks targeting the
same reservoirs at downdip and updip locations along with potential
hydrocarbons in the Campanian. The results will assist assessment
of the Kangaroo fields commerciality.
West Africa
Repsol has completed an exploratory well 60 km (37 mi) from
Lanzarote and Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. The drillship
Rowan Renaissance drilled the well over a two-month period in 882
Gazprom was due to call for tenders for front-end engineering

and design (FEED) for a new gas pipeline across the Black Sea to
Turkey. The company said 660 km (410 mi) of the route, which will
have four pipeline strings, will be within the corridor of the shelved
South Stream project.
Currently the goal is to land first gas in Turkey in December
2016, with the first strings 15.75-bcm capacity reserved exclusively
for Turkish customers.
Wood Mackenzie expects Caspian Sea operators to favor low-cost

exploration this year, although there will be some higher-impact
activity. One instance is the newly signed shallow-water Absheron
contract area in the Azeri sector where BP and SOCAR are due to
acquire 2D seismic.
The analyst also foresees gas production from BPs Shah Deniz
field off Azerbaijan climbing to 1,040 MMcf/d following debottlenecking of the onshore Sangachal plant, while replacement of the
leaking pipeline serving the Kashagan field should get under way in
the Kazakh offshore sector.
In the Iranian part of the Caspian Sea, North Drilling Co. has
spudded a second appraisal well on the 2-Bbbl Sardar-e- Jangal discovery. Wells drilled to date could reportedly deliver 2-5,000 b/d.
GLOBAL E&P
North Africa
Eni subsidiary IEOC has signed agreements for two offshore blocks in Egypts
deepwater in the Mediterranean Sea. Both
are west of the Shorouk block that the company acquired last year. The newly-awarded
North Leil and Karawan concessions cover
a total area of 9,670 sq km (3,733 sq mi). BP
will partner with IEOC in Karawan.
Russia
Gazpromneft Sakhalin has been granted

sub-soil rights to two license blocks off
northern Russia. One is the potentially
hydrocarbon-rich Severo-Zapadniy (northeast) block in the Pechora Sea, close to
the companys producing Prirazlomnoye
field, in water depths close to 200 m (656
ft). The Heysovskiy block is 1,000 km (621
mi) offshore in the Barents Sea, in water
depths ranging from 200-500 m (656-1,640
ft). Northern parts of this virtually unexplored block are ice-bound most of the year
the limited data available includes 8,300
km (5,157 mi) of 2D seismic.
ExxonMobil has produced first oil from

the Arkutun-Dagi field in the Sakhalin-1 concession, 25 km (15.5 mi) off the northeast
The newly-onstream Arkutun-Dagi platform. (Photo courtesy Rosneft)
coast of Sakhalin Island. The giant Berkut

platform can handle production of 90,000
b/d at peak. Partner Rosneft says this is the
worlds most powerful drilling platform, capable of horizontal well displacements of 7
km (4.3 mi).
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topsides for the central processing platform
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the tight-slot floatover method for Petronas

subsidiary PC Muriah. McDermotts scope
included construction and installation of the
CPP jacket and topsides, a wellhead platform,
and a 1.7-mi (2.7-km) 10-in. infield flowline in
water depths of up to 230 ft (70 m). The gas
will likely head to the Tambak Lorok power
plant in Semarang, central Java.
Woodside Petroleum aims to drill an exploratory well this fall offshore South Korea
on block 8/6 1N in the deepwater Ulleung
basin off the east coast. The block partners
have been interpreting data from a 3D seismic survey over the concession.
Australasia
ConocoPhillips latest appraisal well proved

more gas in the Barossa discovery offshore
Australias Northern Territory, according to
partner Santos. Barossa-3, the second of a threewell campaign, was drilled in the Bonaparte
basin, 300 km (186 mi) north of Darwin and
9 km (5.6 mi) from the discovery well. Logs
confirmed 104 m (341 ft) net pay over the
Jurassic Elang formation sands, and analysis
indicated an 18-19% carbon dioxide content.
Santos said the gas could supply the Darwin
LNG scheme. The partners have since spud-
ded a further appraisal well.

Elsewhere in the basin, the first of two
new subsea production wells has been completed for the Bayu-Undan Phase 3 development and drilling of the second is under way.
Both will be tied into the existing platform
facilities, Santos said, with first gas to follow
later this year.
The Polarcus Asima has started a large

3D multi-client seismic acquisition campaign offshore Western Australia. The area
covered includes last years unexpected
Phoenix oil discovery, operated by Apache
Corp. According to Carnarvon Petroleum,
the Phoenix joint venture partners will license data from around 5,100 sq km (1,969
sq mi) covered by the survey. They plan to
use it to assess future drilling prospects in
the Phoenix areas primary Jurassic and Triassic reservoirs.
Origin Energys Speculant-1 exploration

well in the Otway basin has encountered
potentially commercial gas. The well was
drilled 3 km (1.8 mi) offshore the southern
Victoria coastline, 30 km (18.6 mi) southeast
of Warrnambool. The gas is in Waarre formation reservoirs.
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Cooper Energy has agreed to acquire a

50% stake from Santos in the VIC/RL3 permit offshore southeast Australia and the
associated onshore Orbost gas plant. The
$27.5-million transaction is pending regulatory approval.
The concession includes the undeveloped
Sole gas field, 65 km (40.4 mi) from the
plant, which connects to the Eastern Gas
pipeline serving markets in Victoria and
New South Wales. Pre-FEED for Sole is expected to be completed next month, with the
subsequent full FEED likely to stretch into
1Q 2016, followed by a final investment decision. The partners aim to start gas supplies
from late 2018 or early 2019.
New Zealand Oil & Gas and Pan Pacific

Petroleum have raised their assessment of
recoverable oil in the Tui area in the offshore Taranaki basin by 2.4 MMbbl. This
comprises 1.9 MMbbl from the Pateke-4H
accumulation and 0.5 MMbbl from other
Tui area fields following field life extension
reviews. The Pateke-4H well should be tied
into the FPSO Umuroa soon, coming onstream during 2Q. AWE is operator of the
Tui joint venture.
OFFSHORE EUROPE
UK open to further tax changes

Britains government has agreed to a further consultation on a
basin-wide UK offshore investment allowance in an attempt to soften
the impact of the lower oil price. Chancellor George Osborne first
announced the allowance last December and is expected to reveal
additional measures in his annual budget statement this month.
Industry association Oil & Gas UK said the new arrangement
should be accessible to all UK sector oil and gas investors, and
should be designed to assist all types of activity that maximize recovery of the UKs hydrocarbon reserves while also extending the
North Seas productive lifespan. And tax relief needs to be enacted
as soon as possible, added CEO Malcolm Webb. With a significant
amount of UK oil and gas production not even covering costs at a
$50 oil price, he said, the industry cannot carry the burden of a tax
rate between 60% and 80%.
Two reports suggest UK field development at least is in reasonable
shape. Last year capex across the sector reached $19 billion, according to analyst Wood Mackenzie. Almost one-third of the total was allocated to the Clair, Golden Eagle, Laggan, Mariner, and Schiehallion
projects, with only Golden Eagle coming onstream at the tail-end of
the year. UK production also stabilized after years of steep decline and
could even rise in the short term, the analyst claimed.
Hannon Westwood estimated that UK fields produced collectively
600 MMboe last year, up from 520 MMboe, with ConocoPhillips Jasmine ramping up and BPs Rhum gas/condensate field re-starting following a suspension imposed against Iranian partner IEOC. However,
the total of 25 exploration and appraisal wells spudded in UK waters
last year was the lowest since 1970, Hannon Westwood added.
Exploration will top the list of UK offshore budget cuts if the situation continues, according to Wood Mackenzie. Additionally, the
$3.2-billion expenditure planned for pre-sanction development projects in the sector could be at risk, while the pressures on producing
fields with high operating costs could potentially lead to shut-ins.
Jeremy Beckman London
Areas (APA) 2014 Round.

The 23rd round acreage comprises 57 blocks and part-blocks,
and includes 34 blocks in the southeastern Barents Sea, a region
previously off-limits due to a dispute with Russia over the maritime
boundary (recently resolved). This is also Norways first new area
opened for exploration since 1994. However, due to environmental
considerations the window for exploration drilling will be restricted
in areas close to the observed ice edge, which new data suggest
runs north of the southeastern Barents Sea.
Under APA 2014, the Ministry has awarded 43 companies a total
of 54 new production licenses, of which four are in the Barents Sea,
16 in the Norwegian Sea, and 34 in the North Sea. Seventeen represent additional acreage to existing licenses, while five are divided
stratigraphically. Sissel Eriksen, the NPDs exploration director, said
interest was greatest in areas that had brought recent discoveries,
i.e. the central Norwegian North Sea and the Norwegian Sea, location of last years Pil and Bue oil finds operated by VNG.
Cost squeeze could bring benefits, NPD claims

Norway also faces a period of readjustment following the recent
downturn, but this could have positive consequences, according to the
latest review by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD). The
drop in prices could lead the industry to implement significant cost
cuts, said director general Bente Nyland. This is needed, although
over the short term this could translate into a lower activity level.
Last year, four new fields came onstream offshore Norway and
there were 56 exploratory well spuds across the sector, the third
highest ever. These led to 22 discoveries with combined reserves of
110 MMcm of oil/condensate and 25-75 bcm of gas. Oil production
rose last year for the first time since 2000 to 87.8 MMcm, 3% above
the total for 2013, mainly due to new wells producing above expectations. Field regularity also improved, and there were instances of increased drilling on mature fields, notably at Snorre in the North Sea.
However, investments in petroleum activities across the shelf
look set to dip by 15% this year from the $22.26 billion committed
in 2014, and NPD forecasts a further decline of 8% to 2017, followed
by a slight uptick in 2018. The association also estimates that 55%
of Norways oil and gas resources are yet to be produced, and this
should provide the basis for sustained activity over the years ahead.
Norway opens southeastern

Barents Sea for licensing
Next month marks the 50th anniversary of petroleum activities on
the Norwegian shelf. On April 13, 1965, the government made available 278 blocks in the North Sea under the countrys first licensing
round. This year, the Petroleum and Energy Ministry has initiated
the countrys 23rd licensing round, focused largely on the Barents
Sea, and has offered new licenses under the Awards in Pre-defined
Location of West Franklin in the UK North Sea. (Map courtesy Total)
West Franklin Phase 2 finally goes onstream

Total has started gas/condensate production from the West Franklin Phase 2 project in the UK central North Sea. The West Franklin
field, discovered in 2003, has reportedly the most extreme high-pressure/high-temperature conditions for any producing field on the UK
continental shelf with a reservoir pressure of 1,100 bar (15,954 psi)
and temperatures up to 190C (374F). Total began Phase 1 production in 2007 via two wells drilled from the Franklin field platform.
According to field analyst BritBoss, the Phase 2 start-up had been
scheduled for late 2013, but had to be put back after drilling was disrupted following a gas leak at the Elgin field in spring 2012. This led
to a suspension of operations at the Elgin/Franklin complex.
For the 640-million ($962-million) Phase 2 program, the company commissioned Rosetti and Saipem in Italy to construct a new
12-slot wellhead platform. Production, which will eventually reach
40,000 boe/d, heads through two 6.2-km (3.8-mi) pipelines integrated into a 30-in. bundle to the Elgin wellhead platform for subsequent
delivery to the PUQ processing platform.
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GULF OF MEXICO
Lower prices begin to tell,

but Gulf E&P remains strong
Lower oil prices are beginning to have an
impact on E&P activities in the Gulf of Mexico, most tellingly in the form of lower rig
counts, but work is proceeding on a number
of fronts, and there is still significant drilling and production work taking place in the
region.
According to RigDatas report of Feb. 16,
2015, total mobile rig utilization was 52.3%,
with 58 of 111 rigs under contract or committed for work. Utilization of the marketed
rig fleet, which excludes cold stacked and
other rigs that are here but not marketed
in the US Gulf, increased to 73.4% over the
week starting Feb. 9, with 58 of 79 units under contract.
By way of comparison, RigData noted that
on Feb. 17, 2014, total mobile rig utilization
in the GoM was 66.4%, with 71 of 107 rigs
under contract or committed for work.
Back to the present, the firm noted that
as of Feb. 16, 2015, utilization of the jackup
fleet remained unchanged over the Feb.
9-16 week at 30%, with 15 of 50 units under
contract. Marketed rig utilization increased
from Feb. 9 to Feb. 16 to 57.7%, with 15 of 26
units under contract.
Floating rig utilization remained unchanged over that week at 70.5%, with 43 of
61 units under contract. Marketed utilization
stayed consistent during that same time at
81.1%, with 43 of 53 units under contract or
committed for work.
Total platform rig fleet utilization held
steady over the Feb. 9-16 week at 63.4%,
with 26 of 41 units under contract. Marketed
utilization remained unchanged during that
same time at 76.5%, with 26 of 34 units under
contract or committed for work.
Other metrics indicate the toll that lower
oil prices have had, but also show attractiveness of the Gulf as an oil-producing province.
Evercore ISIs US Drilling Permit Monthly,
issued in mid-February, indicated that a total of 18 new permits were issued for the US
Gulf of Mexico in January, which compares
to 31 in December and is down from 29 a
year ago. The majority of the permits issued
were for sidetracks into existing wells, while
only four permits were issued for brand new
wells two midwater and two shallow water.
This is down from 10 new well permits issued a year ago, as a total of 133 new well
permits were issued all last year up 3%
year-over-year led by a 67% increase in the
number of new deepwater permits issued.
Despite the significant increase in ultradeepwater newbuild floaters entering the
region, the oilfield services tracking firm
says that the majority are likely working on
deepwater development projects, since the
development of the Lower Tertiary has yet
The ENSCO 8503 semisubmersible drilling

rig is currently working
for LLOG in the US
Gulf of Mexico and will
commence operations
with Stone Energy in the
second quarter of 2015.
Ensco says that this
deepwater rig holds the
record for the deepest
well drilled in this basin.
(Photo courtesy Ensco)
to truly begin. The firm says that it continues to believe that the Gulf of Mexico will
be the only bright spot for deepwater activity
in 2015.
And, some types of drilling activity are
expected to accelerate in 2015. Imran Khan,
GoM analyst with Wood Mackenzie, says
that development drilling will increase in
2015 as compared to 2014, and says that this
growth will be driven in large part to previously sanctioned projects, which take years
to develop. But he adds that in this new price
climate, exploration drilling will plateau
and possibly even decrease, as compared to
last year.
Projects scheduled to come online this
year and next include Chevrons Big Foot,
Deep Gulf Energy IIs Kodiak, Noble Energys Big Bend, and Anadarkos Heidelberg
project. These projects include several new
fields that will require additional development drilling. For example, in the Heidelberg field, the project partners plan to initially drill six development wells as part of
the program. Overall, Wood Mac predicts a
23% growth in GoM production in 2015, in
barrels of oil equivalent.
And, Khan adds that even in this low-price
climate, offshore operators can still make
a profit. His firm estimates that operators
break even points are lower than prices are
now, at $40/bbl (priced in Brent crude), and
even lower for subsea tiebacks, at $20/bbl.
While significant areas of oil and gas drilling have slowed down considerably with low
oil prices, the Gulf of Mexico is expected to
be a busy place this year and next. Operators
and developers have invested billions of dollars in projects that need to be completed,
while billions more have been invested to
secure leases that need to be drilled before
they expire. Since it takes producers years
to recoup money spent due to the long lead
times of offshore projects, slowing down will

only delay returns on already-spent capital.
BP, Chevron,
ConocoPhillips team up
Another sign of the Gulfs strength as an
E&P region came in late January, when BP
announced that it had formed a new ownership and operating model with Chevron and
ConocoPhillips. The goal is to focus on moving two significant BP Paleogene discoveries closer to development and provide expanded exploration access in the emerging
geologic trend in the deepwater GoM.
Under the agreements, BP will sell to
Chevron approximately half of its current
equity interests in the Gila and Tiber fields.
Prior to the transactions, BP had a 62% working interest in Tiber, with Petrobras owning
20% and ConocoPhillips holding 18%.
BP, Chevron, and ConocoPhillips also have
agreed to joint ownership interests in exploration blocks east of Gila known as Gibson, where
the companies plan to drill later this year. In Gila,
BP previously held 65% equity and ConocoPhillips held 35%. In Gibson, ownership in the sixlease area varied based on lease, with Chevron,
BP and ConocoPhillips all holding stakes.
As a result of the agreements, the three
companies will have the same working interests across Gila and Gibson and any future
centralized production facility. Chevron will
hold 36% interest, BP will hold 34%, and ConocoPhillips will hold 30%. In Tiber, BP and
Chevron will each hold equity interest of 31%,
Petrobras 20%, and ConocoPhillips 18%.
Chevron will operate Tiber, Gila and Gibson, building on its recent success in starting
up the Jack/St. Malo oil production platform
in the Paleogene/Lower Tertiary on time and
on budget. Operatorship is expected to be
transferred after BP finishes drilling appraisal
wells at Gila and Tiber.
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2015 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 40430 02/2015
SUBSEA SYSTEMS
Sarah Parker Musarra Houston
operations. Headquartered in Houston, Clarus service offerings

will include data management, risk-based integrity assessment,
anomaly management, fitness for service, subsea condition monitoring, key performance indicators, and corrosion analysis. The initial
subsea equipment specialty focus will grow to include integrity of all
in-water equipment, including hull and moorings.
Aker Solutions wins again at Johan Sverdrup
Manifold for the Byla field. (Photo courtesy Det norske)
Byla field goes onstream

Production has commenced from the Det norske oljeselskap-operated Byla field. Located in production license 340 in the northern
North Sea, the field is tied back to the existing infrastructure at the
Alvheim field.
Discovered in 2009, Byla was developed through a subsea solution comprised of two horizontal production wells and one water injection well. The expected peak production rate is more than 20,000
boe/d when both wells are in production. It is the fourth producing
field tied back to Alvheim and its Alvheim FPSO, which was achieved
through a 28-km (17-mi) pipeline. Recoverable reserves from the
field are estimated at 23 MMboe, with Alvheim capable of processing
150,000 b/d.
Aker Solutions will provide engineering, procurement, and management assistance (EPMA) services for five years at the Statoiloperated Johan Sverdrup development in the Norwegian North Sea.
Valued at NOK 4.5 billion ($5.8 million), the EPMA work is part
of a 10-year framework accord announced in December 2013 and
comes after Statoil decided to exercise an option. The assignment
will last through 2019 and covers work in the developments first
phase. Aker Solutions delivered the front-end engineering and design work for the developments first phase in 2014, consisting of
four platforms linked by bridges.
The field, the largest offshore oil find in Norway in 30 years, is
estimated to hold 1.8 to 2.9 Bboe.
Shown is the Bourbon HS vehicle, which just completed factory testing.

(Photo courtesy Meagan Douglas / FMC Technologies)
Bourbon grows ROV fleet
A rendering of the Stampede project. (Photo courtesy Hess Corp.)
Bourbon has commissioned three Heavy Duty Work (HD Work)

ROVs from FMC Technologies Schilling Robotics. Capable of operating at depths of up to 3,000 m (9,842 ft), these HD Work ROVs will
be fitted with manipulator arms, dynamic positioning, high-definition camera, sonar, and software. Additionally, the 150-hp units can
carry up to 3,000 kg (6,614 lb) of special measurement or intervention tools. Bourbon says three more ROVs will be added to its fleet
by the end of 2015.
Oceaneering snags Stampede contract

Oceaneering International Inc. has secured a contract to supply the
umbilicals and umbilical distribution hardware for the Hess Corp.-operated Stampede project in the Green Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico.
The order is for electro-hydraulic, steel tube umbilicals, totaling
around 14.3 km (8.9 mi) in length, umbilical termination assemblies,
hydraulic and chemical distribution units, electrical distribution units,
flying leads, and junction plates. Oceaneering plans to manufacture the
umbilicals at its plant in Panama City, Florida, and to manufacture the
distribution hardware at its facilities in Houston. Umbilical production is
expected to commence in 2Q 2014, with delivery scheduled for mid-2016.
Hess sanctioned Stampede, located in about 3,500 ft (1066 m) of
water, in October 2014. First production is slated for 2018.
2H Offshore spins off

subsea integrity unit to form Clarus
Clarus Subsea Integrity Inc., a subsea engineering firm created
from 2H Offshores subsea integrity business segment, has started
OneSubsea announces
Jack/St. Malo involvement
OneSubsea, a Cameron and Schlumberger company, supplied the
subsea production and processing systems for Chevron Corp.s Jack
and St. Malo fields.
The Jack and St. Malo fields are located about 280 mi (450 km) south
of New Orleans in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico within 25 mi (40 km) of
each other in water around 7,000 ft (2,100 m) deep. The project is comprised of three subsea centers tied back to a floating hub production facility with a capacity of 170,000 b/d of oil and 42.4 MMcf/d of natural gas.
OneSubsea, through one of its predecessors, was awarded the subsea production systems contract in 2010. The scope included the delivery of 12 15,000-psi subsea wellhead trees, production controls, four
manifolds and associated connection systems, engineering and project
management.
First oil was achieved from Jack/St. Malo in December 2014, with
combined production expected to peak at 23,000 boe.
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VESSELS, RIGS, & SURFACE SYSTEMS
FPSO awards 2003-2019 with Petrobras proportion. (Data courtesy Energy Maritime Associates)
FPSO awarded per year (best case)
26
26
In its2015-2019 Floating Production Sys24

tems Outlook Report, Energy Maritime Associates (EMA) analyzed activity in 2014,
22
21
recent industry trends, and conducted a
20
20
sentiment survey in order to develop a detailed forecast for each type of floating pro18
duction system: FPSO, FLNG, FSRU, TLP,
16
spar, semi, and FSO.
The report found that 30 contracts were
14
awarded, worth more than $18 billion:
12 11
10 FPSOs, eight FSOs, five FSRUs, four
10
9
FLNGs, two MOPUs, and one production
barge. Exmar and Golar placed specula8
tive FLNG orders in December, despite
6
6
the steep decline in oil and gas prices.
Singaporean yards received the largest
4
3
number of contracts, with eight awards in
2 1
1
2014. Korean yards had four, and Chinese
0
yards had three.
2003 2004 2005 2006
Furthermore, 27 units were delivered:
11 FPSOs, nine FSOs, four FSRUs, one
semi, one spar, and one MOPU, with 13 of these units for Southeast
Asia. Only three units were delivered to Brazil, as compared to 11
in 2013.
Nine units were decommissioned: four FSOs, two FPSOs, two
MOPUs, and one production semi. Three of these units, all FSOs,
were immediately scrapped, while two have been redeployed, and
the remaining four units are available for lease or sale.
The survey also noted that up to 188 orders between 105-188 FPS
are expected over the next five years with a total capital cost between $80.2 and $157.4 billion. Most likely, the forecast is 142 orders
costing $118.5 billion. Due to lower oil price expectations, EMA reduced its forecast for oil processing units. However, given the apparent ability to finance small/mid-size LNG related projects,EMA increased the number of FLNG and FSRU orders, which are expected
to account for 25% of the capex over the next five years. FPSOs will
still be the largest category with 45% of the expected orders and 60%
of the capex. Units for Brazil and Africa will account for $48 billion of
expenditure, followed by $30 billion in Australia and Southeast Asia,
and $25 billion in the Gulf of Mexico and Northern Europe. Significant growth is expected toward the end of the decade in Mexico as
international companies enter the market.
Many speculate that a slowdown and restructuring will continue
in 2015. Respondents of the survey were much less optimistic in
EMAs annualFloating Production Industry Survey,with 25% somewhat or highly pessimistic about the outlook for the coming year.
Respondents also expected less tendering and contract execution
activity in 2015. This year is expected to be a time of internal reassessments and review. In December 2014, citing market conditions, SBM announced a corporate restructuring and lay-off of
1,200 staff and Bumi Armadas CEO resigned.
After a pause in 2015, contracting activity is expected to increase
in 2016, to levels even exceeding in 2014. This is the view in EMAs
2015-2019 forecast as well as from respondents in its annual survey.
A rebound in orders was seen after the last two downturns in 2004/5
and 2009/10, EMA noted.
There is broad consensus that 2015 will be a slow year, with fewer new floating production systems awarded, according to EMAs
Managing Director David Boggs.
A big question is when Petrobras will begin placing orders again.
Currently, most contractors have a reasonable order book, but this
26
24
Forecasted, best case # FPSO awarded

Forecasted, Petrobras best case
Historical, best case # FPSO awarded
Historical, Petrobras best case
22
20
18
16
14
14
14
12
12
12
16
13
13
13
14
12
11
10
8
7
5
8
6
4
2
Petrobras share
Floating production
industry pause in 2015,
likely rebound in 2016
4
2
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
4
2
0
is starting to decline as oil companies defer awards, while waiting

for development costs and oil prices to bottom. Although there may
not be much project activity in 2015, we expect a great deal of corporate restructuring, including M&A and asset sales. Assuming oil
prices begin to recover in the second half of 2015, we expect a surge
of new orders in 2016.
Cambla to debut vessel

operations software
Cambla says it plans to release its Schedule Animation Tool software that provides a visual representation of a vessels actual location and planned activities. This makes it easier to understand simultaneous operations (SIMOPs), construction sequences, and to
plan global subsea and marine operations.The software can identify
when vessels are required to be near other vessels or installations.
In addition, it can generate a list of relevant SIMOPs or close approach risk assessments required to be carried out in advance.
More rigs head to Dubai shipyard

Drydocks World is accommodating a record ninedrilling rigsat
its Dubai shipyard. The rigs are from various parts of the world, and
four more are scheduled to arrive soon.
Drydocks World has expanded its operation by establishing a
dedicated division to focus on rig projects to meet client requirements. Last year the companys rig and ship repair revenues rose by
9%, allowing it to surpass its projected profit target for 2014.
Maersk takes delivery of third

ultra-harsh environment jackup
Maersk Drilling has taken delivery of its third ultra-harsh environment jackup,Maersk Integrator, from the Keppel FELS shipyard
in Singapore ahead of schedule. The rig will start development drilling forStatoilon theGina Krog fieldin the Norwegian North Sea
in late February. The rig is the third of four newbuild ultra-harsh
environment jackupsto enter Maersk Drillings rig fleet in 2014-16.
The four rigs represent a total investment of $2.6 billion. The fourth
will be delivered from the Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering (DSME) shipyard in South Korea in 2016. With a leg length
of 206.8 m (678 ft) the rigs are designed for year-round operation in
the North Sea, in water depths up to 150 m (492 ft).
THERE'S
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ON THIS
Image courtesy of Dockwise

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DRILLING & PRODUCTION
Dick Ghiselin Houston
Looking for solutions in a low oil price environment

One of the chief benefits of age is experience.
People learn valuable lessons throughout their
lifetimes that they can apply later to resolve future challenges. Right now, the industry is looking for ways to survive the current low oil price
environment. Choices include scaling back operations, reducing personnel, and possible M&A
activity. The cost is not only lost human capital
but also lost business opportunity as well.
This is the dilemma faced by service and
supply providers in particular. If they reduce
headcount to be able to cover their present
workload, they have no opportunity to grow by
capturing share because they do not have the
resources to handle more work if they get it.
For the service and supply sector to grow, the
sum of their resources must necessarily exceed
the sum of the available work.
Capital-intensive enterprises suffer most.
Companies with large manufacturing plants,
shipyards, extensive frac fleets, or drilling
units have large debt that must be serviced.
The piper must be paid even though the asset is stacked. Companies with highly-skilled
technical staff risk losing their competitive
edge through ill-advised lay-offs.
Operators have protected themselves somewhat by hedging their forecasts with artificially
low wellhead prices. When oil was trading above
$120/bbl, some companies were preparing exploration and development plans based on $80/
bbl oil. This works for a while, but at $45/bbl,
many plans must be shelved.
Intense pressure is mounting for the service and supply sector to cut prices. In some
cases, there may be room to do so, but a large
sector of the business is already at low-margin.
Companies may be hard-pressed to cut prices
to the levels demanded by their clients. A solution proposed in an earlier column is for the
service sector to reduce its costs by adopting
condition-based maintenance (CBM). Proven
to save millions, a properly-run CBM program
can maintain equipment at peak efficiency at
a fraction of the cost of time-based systems.
Thinking outside the box has enabled several
companies to save considerable amounts of
money. One tactic, also proposed in an earlier
column, is to perform rig maintenance abovedeck using rope-access instead of costly,
awkward scaffolding. Companies skilled at
rope-access hire experienced mountaineers
or cliff-climbers to reach pieces of structure
or equipment that require maintenance but
are elevated in the derrick. One worker with
such skills can do work previously requiring a
dozen or more, not to mention hiring the scaffolding and trying to work around it.
Many large service companies offer integrated
project management services to address the accountability issue. They are given a project, a set
of objectives and standards, and told to complete
The Espirito Santo FPSO, located in the Shelloperated Parque das Conchas project off Brazil.
The operator used expensive drilling methods
with big pay-off. (Photo courtesy Shell)
the work on time and on budget, hiring or buying any services or equipment needed to fill in any
gaps. Chain of accountability is one measurable
value that saves significant amounts of money and
personal headaches with this practice.
Operators need to cut costs as well. Shell
used an innovative technique to drill development wells on its Parque das Conchas (BC-10)
project offshore Brazil. They were able to drill
in 7,400 ft (2,250 m) of water using a third-generation semisubmersible drilling unit, the Global Santa Fes Arctic 1, a rig normally rated for
a maximum of 3,100 ft (945 m) of water. They
accomplished this by using pre-set moorings
and a dry BOP stack. Considerable money was
saved by adapting conditions to be able to use
this drilling unit.
Sometimes operators need to spend mon-
ey to save money. In the Parque das Conchas

project, The company opted to drill with a
more expensive real-time rotary steerable
system but one that enabled them to geosteer
into reservoir sweet spots and maximize reservoir contact. The added production potential more than justified the extra costs.
Again, one of the chief benefits of age is
experience. People learn valuable lessons
throughout their lifetimes that they can apply later to resolve future challenges. Having survived four major downcycles, this
author suggests the industry look outside
the box for solutions. Continuing to do the
same things that were profitable at $120/bbl
oil will bankrupt companies at $45/bbl oil.
Make sure you get what you want at the end
of the day.
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winning nish. At Newpark Drilling Fluids, its our people that make the diference. From lab to rig,
we train and equip our crews to deliver service that drives success well after well.
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GEOSCIENCES
Gene Kliewer Houston
Survey announcements
Searcher Seismic and project partner BGP have announced the
2015 GroupSeis campaign over the North West Shelf, Western Australia. The campaign includes the acquisition of three individual
broadband seismic surveys with further additions being negotiated
for the final 2015 time slots. The current surveys include the 437-sq
km (169-sq mi) Quoll 3D seismic survey in the Bonaparte basin, the
500-km (311-mi) Dunnart 2D seismic survey (which includes coverage of the Jansz gas discovery), and the 146-sq km (56-sq mi) Numbat 3D seismic survey, both of which are in the Carnarvon basin.
Dolphin Group ASA has won a 3D seismic contract including fasttrack data processing by an undisclosed major oil company for a
project offshore Africa. A Dolphin high-capacity 3D vessel will commence operation on the three- to four-month project during 2Q 2015.
BGP Arabia Co. Ltd. has contracted Magseis for a pilot survey for
Saudi Aramco in the Red Sea.
Exploration results
Petrobras has confirmed that its Sergipe basin Farfan appraisal
well has encountered a new, shallower 68-m (223-ft) thick light oil
bearing reservoir. Broadband processing and AVO analysis indicates potential at shallower depths where broadband processing
can help image these oil bearing reservoirs and extrapolate the play
throughout the basin in combination with available AVO studies.
Elsewhere offshore Brazil, Spectrum has reprocessed long offset 2D taken in the Sergipe basin. The data was processed through
both conventional and broadband techniques including proprietary
pre-migration deghosting and post-migration/post-stack bandwidth
extension phases which enhanced the imaging. The application of
these two technologies has resulted in seismic data with a vertical
resolution as fine as 5 m to 10 m (16 ft to 33 ft).
KrisEnergy Ltd. says the Binh Minh 2 vessel has completed a
3,146-km (1,955-mi) 2D seismic acquisition program in the SS-11
INPEX Norge AS has selected subsurface consultancy First Geo to provide exploration teams and services for exploration on the Norwegian
continental shelf (NCS). First Geo part of Oslo-listed Akastor ASA
will provide full exploration teams and data hosting services for INPEX
Norge AS. First Geos geologists will be based at INPEXs office in Oslo,
Norway, and provide seismic interpretation services and support to the
companys in-house exploration team. The contrct runs to the end of
2015. First Geo has developed its own data center for interpretation of
seismic data, geology and reservoir modeling. The company provides
geological and geophysical interpretation, petrophysics, reservoir
modeling and simulation, petroleum engineering, and wellsite geology
services. It also conducts regional hydrocarbon prospectivity studies
and offers a complete earth velocity model for seismic depth conversion without disruptions. (Photo courtesy First Geo)
exploration block offshore Bangladesh. The 22-day program was

conducted by CGG Services SA. Block SS-11 covers 4,475 sq km
(1,728 sq mi) in the Bay of Bengal over the Bengal Fan. The majority
of the block lies in shallow waters of up to 200 m (656 ft). It will also
help fix locations for a planned 3D seismic program. Santos Sangu
Field Ltd. is the operator of SS-11 with 45%. KrisEnergy (Asia) Ltd.,
a wholly-owned subsidiary of the KrisEnergy group of companies,
holds 45% and Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration & Production Co.
Ltd. has a 10% working interest.
Exploration license activity
Spectrum has commenced a 12,000-km (7,456-mi) multi-client 2D seismic

survey offshore Brazils Pelotas basin. The new acquisition program will
infill both of Spectrums 7,500-km (4,660-mi) survey acquired in 2013 and
12,000 km of data reprocessed in 2014. It is anticipated that the area will
be included in the next licensing round, expected in late 2015. The data
is being collected by the vessel BGP Challenger and will be processed
in Spectrums processing center in Houston. PreSTM and PreSDM data
will be available in 3Q 2015. Spectrum says analysis of the existing open
seismic grid in the Pelotas basin reveals details on the depositional
systems. Numerous extensive clastic units are identified with good trapping and reservoir potential. This is combined with evidence of direct
hydrocarbon indicators and seeps. (Photo courtesy Spectrum)
Tullow Oil says the Greenland authorities have granted a two-year

extension to offshore block 9 (Tooq license), in which the company
has a 40% interest. 3D seismic has led to identification of a potentially
material oil prospect. The extension means a drill-or-drop decision for
the license has now been deferred until December 2016.
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp. (JOGMEC) will provide
equity financing to INPEX Offshore North West Sabah for deepwater block S offshore Sabah, Malaysia. The JOGMEC funding will
cover as much as 50% of INPEXs exploration spending on the project. INPEX is the operator with 50% participating interest. Santos
Sabah Block S Ltd. holds 25% and Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd holds
the remaining 25%.
Mitsui Oil Exploration Co. Ltd. has succeeded in a joint bid in the
Myanmar Offshore Bidding Round 2013 for three deepwater blocks
located offshore Myanmar, namely blocks AD-9, AD-11, and MD-5.
MOECO will assume a 10% participating interest in each block and
subsidiaries of MOECO and Shell have signed production-sharing
contracts with the Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise to formalize
these bid wins. Block participation in block AD-9 is Shell Myanmar
Energy Pte. Ltd. as operator with 90%, MOECO Oil & Gas Asia Pte
Ltd. holds 10%. The same division holds for the other two blocks as
well.
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O F F S H O R E A U T O M AT I O N S O L U T I O N S
Industrial internet solutions increase operational efficiencies, lower costs

Tim Shea
ARC Advisory Group

While significant hurdles must still be
overcome, operating companies and oilfield
service companies alike should not dismiss
the performance improvements promised by
emerging industrial internet of things (IIoT)
solutions. The potential operational and business process improvements and cost reductions that can be unleashed through enhanced
instrumentation, connectivity, and analytics in
upstream oil and gas promise to be more than
sufficient to overcome the obstacles.
The industry is already seeing the beginnings of a complete transformation as the
digital oilfield becomes a reality and the IIoT
emerges to find its place in production. But
even though the technical possibilities are
becoming clear, real movement in this direction will depend on business benefits and
business cases coming into clear focus. With
the economics of the industry under significant pressure, now is a good time to consider
new solutions with the potential to improve
performance and drive down costs.
Along with Arctic operations, subsea oil
and gas represents one of the final frontiers for owner-operators, independent E&P
companies, drilling contractors, and oilfield
service providers seeking new sources of
hydrocarbons to extract.
Industry data show there were almost 10,000
operational offshore platforms and another
2,000 platforms that could be developed in the
coming years. The same sources indicate that
there are more than 4,500 operational subsea
wells and another approximately 6,400 wells
that could be developed in the coming years.
Many of these offshore and subsea wells are
operating with much larger volumes than those
in onshore applications as the larger volumes
are needed to justify the typically hundreds of
millions of dollars of cost per well. ARC believes
that offshore platform operations can benefit
significantly from IIoT-enabled solutions as the
number of projects leveraging tiebacks is growing along with the need for increased collaboration, petro-technical data integration (PTDI),
and operational visibility.
Mobilizing assets
and materials
Many specialized equipment and offshore
vessels are required to make a subsea well or
field (composed of multiple subsea wells with
tiebacks) fully operational. In many cases, companies rely on a number of different vessels
including OSVs, PSVs, FPSOs, pipelay vessels,
and FLNGs to either help deliver the required
equipment or recover and process the hydrocarbons extracted from the ocean floor. Given
the large number of different stakeholders involved (owner-operators, drilling contractors,

vessel providers, oilfield service suppliers, and
other third-party contractors), the logistics, collaboration, communication, and informationsharing challenges can be immense. The resulting inefficiencies raise the project costs for
all involved.
Drilling and completion

Employing subsea equipment such as BOPs,
pumps, compressors, separators, and/or multiphase flow meters at water depths of 10,000 ft
(3,280 m) or more subjects the equipment to
extreme pressures and temperatures, necessitating special materials and design to operate
reliability for years without human intervention. Specialized connected subsea equipment,
communications, and analytics can enhance operational visibility, agility, and flexibility to help
make the subsea factory of the future a reality
today.
In one example, GE Oil & Gas has been
able to leverage its BOP program that will help
make offshore oil and gas exploration and development viable in 20,000-psi (20-ksi) subsea
formations. Key features of the new 20-ksi BOP
system include:
Upgraded ram and annular BOPs designed
for the specific demands of containing highpressure/high-temperature reservoirs
A BOP control system, based on missioncritical GE Power & Water systems, designed to provide maximum system uptime
BOP Advisor software designed to provide
real-time performance and maintenance
data to significantly reduce unscheduled
BOP maintenance requirements.
The new 20-ksi BOPs will be manufactured at
GE Oil & Gas Drilling Systems facilities in Houston. According to the company, its new BOP
system uses its latest communications software
solutions to allow real-time remote monitoring of
equipment status and performance, thus promising new degrees of reliability and performance.
Most upstream oil and gas operations must

operate with disparate and often widely distributed assets by different groups (reservoir
engineers, production engineers, etc.), each
with their own agendas, types of data (structured, unstructured, reservoir data, drilling
data, production data, etc.), and means of accessing and analyzing their respective data.
Often, a lack of collaboration between these
groups and inability to access data in a timely manner can increase nonproductive time,
reduce efficiencies, delay time to first oil
and/or lower than desired production rates.
IIoT-enabled solutions can increase operational visibility and collaboration among
personnel by enabling real-time data to be
transformed into actionable information that
can be shared across groups and across assets (wells, vessels, etc.) to help optimize
production, improve operational efficiency,
and increase profitability.
Transportation and storage

IIoT-enabled subsea pipelines can be equipped with sensors and predictive analytics to
monitor pipeline integrity in real time for leaks
or detect corrosion or pending structural defects that may require repair or replacement.
Subsea factories of the future will be designed
to operate with self-contained subsea storage
facilities that will also benefit from IIoT-connected sensors and instrumentation to detect
potential problems before they can negatively
impact safety or environment.
One of the biggest causes of nonproductive
time is people not being able to find the right
data, inability to integrate different data types
(WITSML, PRODML, RESQML, MICROML,
etc.) and data structures, and the complete lack
of collaboration among operational groups (reservoir/seismic, drilling, production, operations
vs IT, etc.). Assuming increased standardization and data type and communications network interoperability, IIoT can be an empowering solution that helps make the holy grails of
petro-technical data integration and smart oil
fields practical realities.
Uptime and reliability

Reliability is one of the most critical requirements for equipment used in subsea processing and production. Subsea assets are expected to operate maintenance free for years. In
many cases, the vessels being deployed may
be on site over the subsea well for decades.
Multi-phase flow metering solutions need to
be designed to operate for years prior to being retrieved for repair and maintenance. Solutions with embedded intelligence for self-calibration and/or remote diagnostics and repair
capabilities can help enable the equipment to
continue to operate for extended periods of
time, minimizing lost production.
Conclusion
Currently, the global oil and gas industry is
experiencing an unusually volatile period with
oil prices plunging more than 50% in six months.
ARC believes that there has never been a better
time for the oil and gas industry to consider targeted investments in IIoT technologies.
While it is likely that some marginal production will not remain viable at these prices,
IIoT-enabled collaboration between previously
siloed groups and IIoT-enabled intelligence
and predictive analytics for key decision makers can go a long way toward reducing costs
and maximizing production.
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ASIA/PACIFIC
Malaysia, the Philippines open more

offshore acreage for exploration
Jeremy Beckman
Editor, Europe
hirteen blocks and 11 petroleum areas are open for bids under the current Malaysian and Philippines licensing rounds.
Most of the acreage is offshore and contains a range of proven
and untested plays in different settings. Six of the blocks have
not been offered before.
Zebra Data Sciences in the UK is promoting both programs globally on behalf of Petronas and The Philippines Department of Energy (DoE). The company previously worked with Petronas on its
2014 Round and 2013 Small Fields Round, and with the DoE on its
preceding 4th Energy Contracting Round (PECR4).
For the current Exploration in Malaysia Opportunities 2015
Round, Zebra prepared the data all supplied by Petronas in Petrel
project format for the remote data interpretation room and also
reformatted the data to be available in the Virtual Data Room (VDR)
and IHS Kingdom format. The data-sets include extensive 2D seismic over all the blocks and 3D data coverage in most of the deepwater blocks, and well data in all cases apart from two of the deepwater
blocks offshore Sabah, both to date undrilled.
The two largest concessions on offer are in shallow water (50-70
m/164-229 ft) in the Straits of Malacca off western Malaysia. PM320
and PM321 cover a total area of 38,064 sq km (14,696 sq mi). Wells
drilled in the Straits have delivered gas discoveries and oil shows,
suggesting the presence of an active petroleum system. In PM320,
multiple source rocks have been identified including marine shale
Type II, with proven reservoir in late Pliocene sandstone and middle
Miocene carbonate. The recent Kebaya-1 well also suggests potential for a fractured basement (granite) play.
In PM321, the source rock is similar to the Central Sumatra basin
which is mainly lacustrine shale. Seismic and well data indicate reservoir potential from the lower to upper coastal plains to shallow marine Oligocene-Miocene clastics, extending throughout the block,
with sand sequences in some cases more than 50 m (164 ft) thick.
Seven blocks are available offshore Sarawak, again in shallow water (50-100 m/164-328 ft). Two, SK304A and SK304B, are on offer
for the first time, although the acreage has been drilled previously.
There are proven gas fields a short distance north of both blocks.
Proven source rocks in the area are early-middle Miocene carbonaceous shales, with potential also in lacustrine shales deposited in the
half graben structure.
Blocks SK405A, 405B, 405C, and 405E are among the smallest in
the current round, ranging in size from 1,462-2,305 sq km (564-890
sq mi). They are well covered by 2D seismic and by 3D data in three
cases and include a total of 12 wells. In all cases the main reservoirs
are upper Oligocene to lower Miocene clastics. SK410A, where four
wells have been drilled, has potential in middle-upper Miocene reefal and platform build-up carbonates.
The three blocks available offshore Sabah extend over water
depths ranging from 1,000-2,800 m (3,280-9,184 ft). Four wells have
been drilled on DW2K, in an area characterized by numerous turbidite deepwater fans, with drilling results indicating major reservoirs
in the Kamunsu and Kinarut formations. The Kikeh production
Blocks offered under the current Malaysia offshore/onshore round. (Maps

courtesy Zebra Data Sciences)
complex is 30 km (18.6 mi) to the south. No wells have been drilled

on blocks DWW and DWX, although both are relatively close to the
Buluh and Rotan discoveries. In both blocks there are potential oil
and gas-prone source rocks, including rich syn-rift shales.
According to Zebra, the data room will remain open for interested
parties until March 31.
West Luzon plays

The Philippines DoE recently extended the bidding process for
PECR5, comprising 11 petroleum areas, until June 30, 2015. Zebra
and UK consultancy Count Geophysics collaborated to compile all
available digital data, paper seismic sections and logs from these
areas that were held in the Manila data repository. They scanned,
digitized, edited, and enhanced the existing paper data to create
the current data packages. Interested parties can view the resultant
database online prior to purchasing these packages in the Zebra-
ASIA/PACIFIC
The Philippines PECR5 blocks.
administered EZData Room. The DoE is offering seven-year exploration terms, extendable by a further three years.
Areas 8-11 are four contiguous offshore
blocks in the West Luzon basin, all on offer for
the first time. They range in size from 4,5204,880 sq km (1,745-1,884 sq mi), and span
water depths from 25-4,600 m (82-15,092 ft).
No wells have been drilled on the acreage
so there is no proven petroleum system, although there is extensive sedimentary thickness. Analysis to date suggests potential plays
or source rocks at Oligocene-Miocene level.
Of the other blocks, two were relinquished
recently Area 5 (formerly SC-60) by Shell
and Area 1 by Pearl. Two wells have been
drilled on Area 5, on the north flank of the
East Palawan basin. One of these, Dumaran-1, had significant oil and gas shows. Area
1 (Ragay) is a shallow-water block in the central South East Luzon basin. Previous license
holder Pearl acquired 3D seismic during
2009-10. This has been reprocessed, throw-
Unique Business Networking
ing up several large prospects and leads, with

identified play types including inversion and
tilted block structures, reefal build-ups, and
isolated pinnacle reefs.
Among the other blocks offered is Area 7
within the Recto Bank basin, adjacent to the
prolific Northwest Palawan basin. Although
no wells have been drilled in this large deepwater tract, 16 offset wells are provided in the
package, including on the Sampaguita gas
discovery where appraisal drilling is scheduled for 2016. Area 6 is an undrilled frontier
area on the southeast flank of the Sulu basin.
One well, Ilog-1, has been drilled on Area
3 with gas shows. The concession is in the
southern Iloilo basin offshore Panay Island,
525 km (326 mi) southeast of Manila. It is
thought to contain significant potential for oil
and gas, although water depths beyond 200
m (656 ft) remain unexplored.
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ASIA/PACIFIC
Opus Offshore introduces new midwater

Tiger rig series to Asia/Pacific
Robin Dupre
Sr. Technology Editor
pus Offshore is a newly established offshore drilling services provider that has committed to using newbuild and
fit-for-purpose vessels, specifically the Tiger drillships, with
the aspiration to be a full-fledged drilling contractor that both
owns and operates assets.
The companys three founding members, coupled with investments
from the Reignwood Group, have positioned Opus Offshore to enter a
niche market that has been largely ignored, thus far, in the Asia/Pacific
region and globally. The companys mission was to fill an existing gap
in the market by providing midwater drillships with new and updated
equipment. Opus Offshore created the Tiger rig series in a concerted
effort to include only the technologies that are truly required to drill a
well, rather than expensive additions, the company states.
Recently, Offshore met with Graham Buchan, business development
manager, to discuss the companys vision, goals, and strategic plan.
Offshore: Last year, Songa Offshore sold two rigs to Opus while
forming a joint venture drilling management company. Please discuss
this strategy and vision behind the establishment of the new company.
Buchan: Opus strives to become the preferred mid to deepwater
driller, exceeding client expectations, increasing shareholder value
and providing motivating employment. To achieve this, Opus will
deliver outstanding operations built on the foundation of quality systems and best practices and commercial astuteness.
The company will provide best in class support for supply chain management; business development; health, safety, and environment; human resources; and finance. Opportunities to grow the business in the
mid to deepwater mild environment niche will be continually sought.
Further, we noticed that midwater rigs were all getting older, while
most companies were focusing on deepwater, ultra-deepwater rigs
and jackups. We decided to enter this market niche, specifically focusing on building midwater drillships with new and updated equipment.
The Tiger rig series was thus born from this wager.
Additionally, due to the scarcity of rig workers, we have consciously
chosen to focus on simple to use technology, thus our simple is best
motto. Thanks to this decision, we do not have to rely on highly qualified electronic technicians or third-party contractors to make all repairs on our drillships.
Our own rig mechanics and electricians will not only be able to undertake preventive maintenance, but also to complete most repairs since the
equipment we have sourced is familiar and easy to use. Overall, having
exactly the necessary parts to function, the Tiger drillship is a fit-for-purpose rig with ideal specifications to complete midwater projects.
Finally, our drillships will have to compete against older rigs when
they enter the market, which has made capital costs a major consideration, especially since the current drilling contractors could decide
to bid their older rigs at lower prices. As such, we have to ensure our
own financial viability over the next two to three years until operators
realize the value of our product and are willing to pay for our new rigs.
Offshore: How do the Tiger rigs differ from midwater rigs on the
market today?
Buchan: The Tiger class is a conventionally moored drillship for
operations in 5,000 ft (1,520 m) water depth and have several features that most midwater rigs dont have. For instance, a high variable deck load of 18,000 tons; offline tubular handling facilities in the
derrick from 278 to 1338 in.; and also dedicated offline christmas tree
handling facilities in the moonpool.
The rig can accommodate 150 personnel with state-of-the-art cabins and dining facilities; as well as a mud handling system that handles
three different fluids at any time.
It is equipped with a Rolls Royce anti-roll system that can reduce
the roll characteristics by up to 42%.
Lastly, it houses a Cameron 18-in. -5 Ram
EVO 15,000 psi BOP with Cameron Load king
Opus Tiger 1 (short spec)
3.5 riser and Cameron multiplex control sys(Drawing courtesy Opus Offshore)
Principal Particulars
Length Overall (LOA): 170 m (559 ft)
Breadth: 32 m (105 ft)
Draft: 10.5 m (34 ft)
Moon Pool dimensions: 19.6 m x 11.8 m
(64 ft X 39 ft)
Storage Capacities
Bulk Mud: 8 x 42 m3 (11,800 ft3)
Potable Water: 1,270 m3 (7,988 bbls)
Sack Material: 10,000 sacks
Base Oil: 470 m3 (2,960 bbls)
Diesel Fuel (MDO) 2,550m3 (16,039 bbls)
Variable Load: ~18,000 metric tons
(19,841 short tons)
Liquid Mud: 4,145 bbl active &
7,900 bbl reserve
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ASIA/PACIFIC
tem conforming to the new API STD 53. Opus Tiger rigs are the only
sixth-generation moored midwater drillships on the market today.
Offshore: Will each rig be equipped with a unique motion composition system?
Buchan: Yes, each Tiger drillship has a crown mounted compensator
(CMC) that can act in either passive or active mode. The CMC is from
Drilling Technological Innovations (DTI) in Houston. In January 2012,
DTI was awarded a contract to supply fully integrated drilling motion
compensation systems for the companys Tiger 1 and Tiger 2 drillships,
with an option for a second pair.
The motion compensation package for the Tiger series includes
DTIs slim-design single wireline tensions with true 200,000-pound capacity at mid-stroke, advanced riser recoil system, full tension system
control and crown-mounted compensator.
Offshore: How will the new drillships compete against older rigs when
they enter the market? How does the company plan to stay competitive,
especially in a down cycle that the industry is currently experiencing?
Buchan: The Tiger drillships have been built for a very good cost,
under $300 million, but the equipment on board is all state-of-the-art.
With the build cost we can offset this and give our clients a one-of-akind sixth-generation drillship with offline capabilities, reliability, excellent safety systems, comfortable accommodations and office space, all
for around the same operating cost that a third- or fourth-generation
midwater mobile offshore drilling unit would cost. Our drillships can
do more tasks more efficiently than the older drillships, so we believe
the delivery of the Tiger opens a new type of contract strategy for oil
companies.
Offshore: What is your assessment of the contracting market for drillships in Asia?
We believe that Opus entry into the market will encourage longer
term contracts. Companies in the region can easily handle a long-term
contract with a new vessel such as the Tiger that has the flexibility to
operate from 300 to 5,000 ft (91 to 1,524 m) and that can be mobilized
much faster than a semisubmersible.
Offshore: What are the companys long-term goals? It has been
said that Opus will not enter the North Sea market and will focus
solely on the midwater segment. Are there plans to enter other markets and geographical areas?
Buchan: Opus long-term goals are to own and operate 8-12
MODUs in the midwater segment. We do have plans to own semisubmersibles, and they will be targeted toward North Sea, West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia.
Offshore: How did the company save on build cost?
Buchan: We saved by building the drillships in China, where they
charge for the cost to build, and dont charge by the markets current value. With that being said, the equipment installed is sourced
from every major international supplier, such as Cameron, DTI, ABB
Group, Hyundai, PH Hydraulics & Engineering, and Ingersoll Rand.
We are not adverse to spending money on operational items to keep
our rigs safe, but we do mandate that money is well spent and that procedures are done correctly the first time. Opus Offshore is very particular about maintenance, details, and ensuring a visually appealing final
product. Overall, they look good and they will operate well in a safe and
efficient manner. Our aim is to reduce the clients well delivery costs.
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ASIA/PACIFIC
Rendering of multiple MCPs

outfitted with various modules,
cooperating to produce from a
field. (Images courtesy COPL)
Mono column platform

provides valuable real estate
Editor
t a time when most offshore companies are rapidly trying to

streamline operations and shed extraneous costs, Blue Capital Pte. Ltd. (Singapore) chairman and CEO Brian Chang
collaborated with rig designer Peter William Nimmo to develop the mobile mono column platform (MCP), a design
Chang refers to as one that is back to basics.
We reassembled existing, proven technologies in a pragmatic manner to create offshore real estate, Chang said. While other rigs might
look similar to the MCP, these do not use the same components.
The MCP prototype is designed to monetize fields in less than 500
ft (152 m) of water as quickly as possible, he said.
Design
Mat-supported jackups have been an industry standard for decades; the Society of Petroleum Engineers says that a forerunner to
the traditional jackup as it is now known first appeared around the
mid-1950s. But the prototype MCP, financed through Blue Capitals
subsidiary Calm Oceans Pte. Ltd. (COPL), offers a unit vastly different than the traditional spudcan. It can operate on a soft seafloor
without punch-through risk, COPL says. Additionally, no pre-loading is required.
Supported on a single leg, the MCP jackup unit consists of a deck
box mounted on a four-chord square truss structure on a mat foundation, the latter of which can be jacked up during decommission42 Offshore March 2015 www.offshore-mag.com
ing to allow for more easy relocation. The high-payload MCP can
maintain a higher variable deck load during transit than the limited
variable deck load offered with conventional jackup units. The MCP
prototype, named Calm Ocean 101, can support a topsides payload
of 5,000 metric tons (5,511 tons) and hold wet load up to 6,500 metric
tons (7,165 tons), with future units capable of being tailored to customers needs. The unit can also be situated upon a seabed sloped
up to 2.
Uses
The Calm Ocean 101 rig is designed to provide companies valuable

offshore real estate in waters up to 500 ft (152 m), allowing them to
access and monetize the marginal fields whose potential profits might
have previously eluded them. These fields, smaller and isolated from
the main, primary field and its infrastructure, are conventionally
deemed not economically valuable or too risky to develop. Of course,
economic viability is up for discussion and liable to reset upon every
drop in oil price. However, ideal conditions for the prototype MCP
are field developments in the early stages of production, in mid-level
water depths including and especially marginal fields.
Australia, the Philippines, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia,
India, Gabon, and Congo were places Chang said the company had
looked at to deploy the MCP, noting that it was found to be suitable
in those field conditions. He called the unit very flexible, economical and financially feasible for marginal field developer, pointing out
that unlike a jacket, construction vessels are not required to install
or uninstall the MCP.
Construction vessels are expensive to hire and increase project
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ASIA/PACIFIC
Depiction of favorable conditions

for the mono column platform.
ENHANCING TECHNOLOGY THROUGH
ENGINEERING DESIGN &

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
risks, making many marginal field developments unviable. Calm

Oceans is offering to lease our MCP unit, he explained. Oil companies chartering the MCP do not have to be concerned with high
capex associated with jacket and jacket installation.
The multi-purpose prototype platform, which features a square
deck, has a maximum space of 4,225 sq m (45,478 sq ft), which the
company says is almost 60% more than the deck offerings of conventional jackup rigs. This deck can be left bare for storage space, or it can
also be customized with a number of individual or a combination of
modular facilities. These modules which include accommodation, a
multi-purpose facility, drilling and/or production, and production support allow the MCP to transition from storage space to work space.
It is this flexible, modular customization that will enable the MCP
to bring fields into production quicker and suffer from minimal
downtime, the company believes. COPL says that once oil is recovered, customers using the jacket-less MCP can skip immediately to
first oil: No jacket front-end engineering and design stage, no subsequent fabrication, mobilization, and installation.
Topsides equipment can be switched out over its 25-year design
life. Depending on complexity of the topside modules, we may be
able to uninstall/install modules offshore or send the rig back to the
yard for modifications, Chang said.
It is also scaleable. The prototype can be made to client specifications, or multiple MCPs can be deployed to one project, configured
for different activities or to scale up variable deck load capacity.
Chang, founder of Yantai Raffles (now CIMC Raffles) and Promet
(now PPL Shipyard), has acquired more than 40 years industry experience in a career that began with jackup construction pioneers
FELS (now KFELS). Nimmo, his partner on the design, spent his
early career with Bethlehem Steel Corp. and Baker Marine Engineers Inc. before providing engineering services for companies such
as Transocean Offshore and Noble-Denton, as it was known then.
Calm Ocean 101 is being built on speculation under ABS mobile
offshore unit class in China, and Chang explained that he expected
to keep construction in the current yard unless there are local content requirements from the contract.
Construction is relatively straight forward and we expect the majority of the yards to be capable of constructing the MCP. We can
supply a kit, which includes the license, basic design, jacking system
and leg materials, he said. In February, a successful jacking test
was completed.
Announced at Houstons Offshore Technology Conference
2014, the unit is scheduled for a 2Q 2015 delivery. At its OTC 2014
unveiling, it was said to be the first in a series of MCPs.
Editors note: additional reporting by Robin Dupre
offshore@nylacast.com
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Seismic companies steel themselves

for a challenging year
A view from onboard Dolphin Geophysicals newbuild
Sanco Sword, taken while
offshore Cape Town, Table
Top Mountain. (Photo courtesy Dolphin Geophysical)
his years annual global seismic vessels

survey was undertaken during one of
the greatest periods of uncertainty the
oil and gas industry has seen in recent
years. Seismic budgets are generally
corroborative to exploration and production
budgets; in the current climate, the latter may
not see a significant share of company budgets. The current fear is that the hesitancy or
inability on the part of exploration and production companies to fund or commit to robust
exploratory programs will affect money allocated for related seismic surveying. Without
new acreage acquired, new data is not necessarily needed.
With a strong sense that in 2014 the industry was dealing with capacity issues, the
drop in oil prices took away the demand
side, which makes it difficult for companies
to model pricing or vessel utility, International Association of Geophysical Contractors
(IAGC) President Ken Wells said.
Tumbling alongside oil prices is confidence
in the overall industry. The tight correlation
between the two was documented by a February DNV GL report entitled, A Balancing
Act: The outlook for the oil and gas industry
in 2015, which surveyed 367 senior international oil and gas executives from all sectors
of the industry operators, suppliers, service
companies, and regulators. In fact, DNV GL
found that the level at which oil prices and
confidence correspond is an astounding 0.96,
meaning that they are almost directly linked.
Elisabeth Trstad, CEO of DNV GL Oil
Editor
& Gas, acknowledged this strong correlation,

and related the organizations findings to the
impact the seismic markets might experience.
The dilemma faced is balancing long-term
growth or cutting back sharply to respond to
short-term pressures, Trstad said. Historically, seismic budgets are intrinsically tied
to exploration and production budgets depending on the markets, sometimes for better, sometimes for worse.
Without the confidence to proceed with exploration, budgets have been delayed in some
cases, causing a ripple affect so that seismic
contractors have entered a corresponding period of relative uncertainly. The demand side
has become an unknown factor because so
many of the oil companies have delayed their
own budget processes, Wells explained.
Examining the data
According to the information the company

submitted in Offshores 2015 Global Seismic
Vessels Survey, CNOOC-subsidiary China Oilfield Services Ltd. (COSL) put its second seismic vessel, the 12-streamer Hai Yang Shi You
721, into operation in August 2014 and plans to
roll out five new vessels over the course of 2015:
two survey vessels, one deepwater survey, one
2D seismic acquisition, and one support vessel.
Despite the augmented fleet, the companys
2015 guidance echoed in parts the more tem-
pered attitude that is gaining traction in the current seismic vessel market. COSL expressed
confidence in its international competitiveness
and market adaptability; but said that due to
slowed investment resulting from falling crude
prices and increased market competition, the
company expected a decline in 2015 revenue
and operating profit from 2014.
However, Dolphin Geophysical saw a jump
in revenues, announcing in its 4Q report that
its quarterly revenues rose nearly $92 million
over 2014. Revenues for 2014 were $440.2 million, over 2013s $246.5 million. After having expanded its fleet in 2014 with the DNV ICE-1Bclass Sanco Sword, Dolphin Geophysical will
proceed to launch its anticipated purpose-built,
high-end 3D Polar Empress during 2Q 2015. Polar Empress will be outfitted with 16 full-length
Q-Fin streamers, steering arrangements, and
source and control systems from WesternGecos Q-Marine point-receiver marine seismic
system. In its 2015 guidance, the Oslo-listed
company said it plans to splash $50- 70 million
on multi-client investments and allocate 15-20%
of its 3D vessel capacity.
However, it will divest full from the marine
2D and low-end 3D seismic markets in 2015,
noting that, in what it described as a challenging market environment, it will focus
on positioning 3D seismic vessels, seismic
processing, and sales from its multi-client
seismic data library.
Fellow survey participant Petroleum GeoServices (PGS) issued a darker 2015 guidance, noting that the current market has

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sparked delays in the landing of active tenders.

Decreased bidding activity has impacted pricing and led to weaker utilization. It expects
nearly a 15-20% decline in square kilometers
acquired in 2015 over 2014, and announced
that although strong multi-client activity has
reduced its earnings volatility, 15% of its capacity will require decommissioning to balance
supply with short-term demand. PGS will postpone the deliveries of two newbuilds: Ramform Tethys and Ramform Hyperion.
Although the company elected not to participate in Offshores survey this year, one of
the biggest harbingers for concern was the
restructuring of seismic leader WesternGeco.
Parent company Schlumberger said in its
full-year 2014 earnings release that the downsizing was due to the expectation of lower
exploration spending as a result of lower commodity prices.
Schlumberger said that three older acquisition vessels with lower towing capacity and
higher operating costs will be converted to
source vessels, allowing for the termination
of two third-party leases and the retirement of
two owned source vessels. It will also record
impairment charges: $806 million.
Electromagnetic Geoservices (EMGS), on the
other hand, reported a strongly positive outlook
in both the short- and long-terms. The company
Left: The 72-m long Geolog Dmitriy Nalivkin operates primarily in the Arctic and the North Sea.
(Photo courtesy MAGE) Right: The 12-streamer Polarcus Alima. The entirety of Polarcus seismic
fleet is DNV-GL-certified Level 1 Triple-E (Environmental & Energy Efficiency), the highest level
possible in this voluntary environmental rating scheme, and was the first-ever company to earn that
rating. (Photo courtesy Polarcus)
marked $52.5 million in 4Q revenue, up from

$44.9 million in 4Q 2013. It recorded record high
multi-client sales, particularly from the Barents
Sea.
Market fluctuations
EMGS expanded into the Alaminos Canyon

area of the US Gulf of Mexico, which IAGC Ex-
ecutive Vice President Walt Rosenbush identified as one of the biggest areas for growth.
Seismic companies as well as E&P companies are looking with great hope as Mexico
opens up. There is lot of anticipation in that
area, Rosenbush said, noting that the regulations concerned with permitting and licensing are expected to be released soon.
Exhibit with Condence

at Brasil Ofshore 2015
June 23-26 | Maca, Brasil
Ka l l ma ns g ot you COVE RE D
OPPORTUNITIES
EASE
CONFIDENCE
4 North Street | Suite 800 |Waldwick, NJ 07463 USA

Ph: +1 (201) 251-2600 x. 109 | Fax: +1 (201) 251-2760
For more information contact Peter Kelley | Email: PeterK@kallman.com
www.kallman.com
COSLs Hai Yang Shi You

721 was delivered in
Shanghai in August 2014.
Parent company Chinese
National O says that it
can conduct high-density
seismic data collection
at a maximum intensity
of up to 3,000 psi. (Photo
from COSL)
He said that the Gulf of Mexico is the most

consistent market for multi-client surveying,
due to regular leasing sales held on the US
outer continental shelf. In fact, Secretary of
the Interior Sally Jewell announced the Draft
Proposed Program for 14 potential leasing
sales in eight planning areas in late January.
With Mexico open for business following the
countrys historic energy reforms, Rosenbush
said that he facilitated a December 2014 workshop in Mexico City with IAGC member companies and Mexicos regulatory bodies to set up
a sustainable plan for seismic investment.
We are looking for a regulatory process that
supports seismic multi-client investment and
robust exploration and production investment,
he said. You can understand initially that acquiring data in a frontier area is needed, but what
ultimately supports long- term growth are the
regulations in place to support long-term licensing and to support multi-client in the future.
Although Brazil is currently considered prime
acreage, Rosenbush said that uncertainty surrounding the next licensing round and subsequent permitting has diminished the countrys
attractiveness to seismic companies. Rosenbush
said that he did not anticipate the situation to
change in the near future, but noted that IAGC
is working with Brazilian regulators to resolve
the issues.
Our role as an association is to remove regulatory roadblocks so that companies can be
nimble, Wells agreed.
In order to support seismic data acquisition
in the active areas off Australia, New Zealand
and elsewhere in the Asia/Pacific region, exploration and production companies will need
to express interest in new data.
Next steps
Although companies might currently shift
focus from expanding their asset portfolios to
enhancing production from their existing assets, that cannot be the case forever.
Wells warned against companies waiting too
long to perform seismic, so that the demand
would exceed supply, saying: Seismic is the
way the oil and gas industry finds the oil the
world is going to need. He pointed out that
companies could even take advantage of the
lower prices and day rates defining the current
market by carrying out seismic plans now.
Arnstein Eknes, DNV GL Maritimes segment director for Special Ships expressed a
similar concern. If in great need of cutting
cost in the short term, stopping or postponing
collection of seismic data typically comes first.
However, you need good maps to be cost-effective, and there are still vast areas that have not
been mapped, Eknes said. In addition, seismic
surveys add value to a company at much lower
cost than drilling. The coming period will be
tough on the market, but access to good data is
vital for the industry in the long term.
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1 x 960, 2 x 480
1 x 960, 2 x 640, 3 x 480
Yes
Yes
Worldwide
Worldwide
1 x 5,680, 2 x 2,840
1 x 5,200 2 x 3,060
BGP Pioneer
BGP Prospector
Dong Fang Kan Tan No. 1
(BGP Surveyor)
Dong Fang Kan Tan No. 2
(BGP Researcher)
2006
2011
2007
83.7
100
65.8
19.5
24
13.8
6 x 640
12 x 640
1 x 960
Yes
Yes
Yes
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
2007
65.8
13.8
1,320 Ch
Yes
Worldwide
2 x 4,280
2 x 4,200
1 x 5,340
2 x 3,420
2 x 3,950
Streamer
configuration
(# streamers x
# channels)
Total beam (m)
Maximum towable
footprint (# cables x
length (m) x width (m))
13.8
16
Source array
configuration as
rigged (# arrays x
capacity in cu in.)
Primary region
55
64
Total length (m)
2009
2010
Year rigged or
converted
BGP Challenger
BGP Explorer
Vessel
name
Vessel availability
(Yes, No, or
Exclusive contract)
Worldwide Seismic Vessel Survey
BGP Marine, 5th Floor, E5C1, Finance Street, 3rd Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin, P.R. China 300457
1 x 12,000, 2 x 6,000
1 x 12,000, 2 x 8,000,
3 x 6,000
6 x 8,000
12 x 8,000
1 x 12,000
OBN handler
Caspian Services Group Limited, Office Building B, 7th Acreage, The Esplanade, Microdistrict 15, Aktau 13000, Kazakhstan
Coastal Bigfoot
Caspian Maria
Ibis (x2)
Plover (x6)
2007
1998
2008
1995
35
54
13
13
13
14
4
4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Caspian
Caspian
Caspian
Caspian
OBC Cable
2D towable & OBC
OBC Cable
OBC Cable
Yes
Yes
Yes
China, Asia, CIS

China, Asia, CIS
China, Asia, CIS
Yes
China, Asia, CIS
2 x 2,490
4,075
2 x 3100
2 x 4,110
2 x 3,185
3,660
SEAL 1 x 960
4 x 1,440
SEAL 1 x 960
Contact
Contact
Contact
SE Asia / Worldwide
SE Asia / Worldwide
SE Asia / Worldwide
4 x 5,000
6 x 2,920
4 strings 2,940 higher on request
1 x 1,100
4 x 6,000 x 150
1 x 11,100
12 x 960
Yes
Global
2 x 4100
Max 12 x 10000m
12 x 960
Yes
Global
2 x 4100
Max 12 x 10000m
16 x 960
Yes
Global
2 x 4100
Max 16 x 9000m
China Oilfield Services, Ltd., No.6 Dongzhimenwai Xiaojie Beijing 100027 P.R.C
Bin Hai 511
Bin Hai 517
HYSY 718
HYSY719
Dong Fang Ming Zhu
Nan Hai 502
HYSY 708
HYSY 720
HYSY707
HYSY701/702
HYSY760
HYSY751
HYSY770/771
1979
1997
2005
2008
1994
1980
81
60
78
80
79
66
13.4
15
18
18
16.5
11
3 x 360
2 x 480
6 x 480
8 x 480
4 x 480
2 x 360
Dalmorneftegeophysica (DMNG), 426, Mira Ave., Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693004, Russia

Akademik Fersman
Orient Explorer
Zephyr-I
2007
2011
2007
81.5
81.8
81.8
14.8
14.8
14.8
Dolphin Geophysical Damsgaardsveien 131 5160 Laksevaag Bergen Norway

Polar Duke
2010
106.8m
Polar Duchess
2011
106.8m
Sanco Swift
2013
96m
Sanco Sword
2014
96m
Artemis Atlantic
Artemis Arctic
Polar Marquis
1986 / 2008
1999
2000 / 2014
67.8m
74.4m
118.5m
Polar Empress
2015
112.6m
19.2m at waterline/
22m Max
19.2m at waterline/
22m Max
21.5m at waterline/
23m Max
21.5m at waterline/
23m Max
14.5m
18m
22m at waterline/
26m Max
21.5m at waterline/
25.8m Max
16 x 960
Yes
Global
2 x 4100
Max 16 x 9000m
1 x 960
8 x 960
16 x 960
Yes
Yes
Yes
Global
Global
Global
2 x 4100
2 x 4100
2 x 4100
Max 1 x 12000m
Max 8 x 6000m
Max 16 x 9000m
16 x 4000
Yes
Global
2 x 4100
Max 16 x 7000m
Shooting Vessel
Shooting Vessel
Shooting Vessel
Shooting Vessel
Node Handling Vessel
Shooting Vessel
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
North Sea
GoM
Mexico
GoM
GoM
North Sea
GoM
GoM
5,330 dual
5,330 dual
5,330 dual
5,330 dual
Node Vessel
Node Vessel
Node Vessel
5,330 dual
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
GoM
GoM
GoM
GoM Mexico
Atlantic
90-300 GI Guns
90-300 GI Guns
90-300 GI Guns
90-300 GI Guns
(Mobile)
EMGS, Stiklestadveien 1, N-7041, Trondheim, Norway

BOA Galatea
BOA Thalassa
80.35
80.35
16.4
16.4
Fairfield Industries,1111 Gillingham, Sugar Land, Texas 77478, USA

Geo Wave Commander
Fairfield New Venture
Fairfield Challenger
Fairfield Pursuit
Carolyn Chouest
Ocean Pearl
European Supporter
Pacific Explorer
2014
2004
2005
2011
2010
2014
2014
2015
93
76
67
59
73
106
105
91.4
16.5
18
14
14
16
18
22
22
2200 - Nodes
5500 - Nodes
7000 - Nodes
Fugro NV, Veurse Achterweg 10, 2264 SG, Leidschendam, The Netherlands www.fugro.com
Fugro Enterprise
Geodetic Surveyor
Fugro Americas
Miss Emma McCall
Fugro Gauss
2007
1985
2015
2003
1980/2007
52
37
59
47
69
12
9
12.5
11
13
1 x 48, 1 x 96
1 x 48, 1 x 96
1 x 48, 1 x 96
1 x 48, 1 x 96
(Mobile)
(Mobile)
Technical capability
Final primary
recording media
(type or cartridge #)
Satellite transmission
to shore (company used
and transmission
speed (baud ))
QC data
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
>10 m
>8 m
>10 m
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Inmarsat VSAT
Inmarsat C
3592
3592
VSAT
Inmarsat C,F VSAT
3592
VSAT
Inmarsat
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3590
3590
3590
VSAT
VSAT
VSAT
3592 / USB
VSAT
3592 / USB
VSAT
3592 / USB
VSAT
x
x
x
x
3590
3590
3590
3590
3590
3590
x
x
Full data
Nav data
Variable depth
Ocean bottom
cable
High density
Deepwater
Shallow
transition zone
Acquisition
capability
4C/4D
x
x
3D
x
x
2D
x
x
x
x
x
x
KU
KU
3592 / USB
VSAT
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3592 / USB
3592 / USB
3592 / USB
VSAT
VSAT
VSAT
3592 / USB
VSAT
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3590
3590
3590
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Hard Drive
Hard Drive
Hard Drive
Hard Drive
(Mobile)
x
x
x
x
x
3592
3592
Seismic
x
x
x
x
x
Onboard processing
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
V-Sat
V-Sat
V-Sat
V-Sat
ESL - VSAT 512KB upload / 1 Mbit download
www.offshore-mag.com March 2015 Offshore 53
Sercel Seal 1200m / 96 channel

Yes
Egypt
4x40 or 4x20 cu in, 10 or 20 cu in mini-gun
As required
Yes
India
As required
As required
Chartered till May 2017
India
As required
1 x 144
Yes
NWECS
140
1 x 240
Yes
NWECS
140/1,000
1 x 120
Yes
EAME
140
1 x 120
Yes
NWECS
140
1 x 240
Yes
NWECS
140/1,000
Mobile (48 or 96 channel / 600m - 1,200m)
Yes
Middle East & Red Sea
Mobile (20 - 160)
1 x 240 / 6.25
Yes
APAC
128/160
1 x 120 / 12.5
Yes
APAC
80/160
As reqd
Yes
APAC
As reqd
1x Sercel Sentinel up to 1,5Km (120 ch)
Yes
Brasil
4x40 sleeve gun cluster or single 210 GIGun
(Mobile)
Yes
NWECS
(Mobile)
1 x 96
Yes
Subsaharan Africa
4x40+2x20
1 x 120
Apr-Sep
NWECS
140
Maximum towable
Source array
configuration as
rigged (# arrays x
capacity in cu in.)
Primary region
10.5
9.5
11
14
13.8
11.8
12.6
14
12.5
14
16
12.5
14
12
12
13.8
Vessel availability
(Yes, No, or
Exclusive contract)
53.7
39
48
65.2
72.5
72.6
70
65.2
53.7
65.2
60
75.4
65.65
53.7
53.7
68.8
Streamer
configuration
(# streamers x
# channels)
Total beam (m)
1988/ 2009
1983 / 2010
2011
2011
1982/1997
1970/1997
1997/2007
2010
2014
2012
2011
1994
2012
2014
2014
2004/2007
Total length (m)
Fugro Navigator
Flamboyan
Vanessa
Fugro Galaxy
Fugro Meridian
Geo Prospector
Fugro Discovery
Fugro Searcher
Fugro Proteus (DP1)
Fugro Equator
Fugro Equinox
Fugro Supporter
Fugro Brasilis
Fugro Pioneer
Fugro Frontier
MS Birkeland
Year rigged or
converted
Vessel
name
N/A
(Mobile)
1x1200
Gardline, Endeavour House, Admiralty Rd., Great Yarmouth, Norfolk NR30 3NG UK
Sea Explorer
Ocean Endeavour
Sea Proflier
Sea Surveyor
Sea Trident
Ocean Seeker
LEspoir
Tridens 1
1993/1994/2004
2004
1992
1998/1999
1984/1991/2006
1970/2000
1971/1996
1984/1991
58.8
64.4
65.7
64.4
57.9
80.7
67.5
57.9
11
11.4
11
11.4
10.2
13
10.6
10.2
1 x 120
1 x 120
1 x 120
1 x 480
1 x 120
1 x 120
1 x 120
1 x 120
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
2 x 160
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
GOM, International
GOM, International
India, International
GOM
USA
GOM
GOM
GOM
4 x 750
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
Australia Pacific
Australia Pacific
Australia Pacific
Australia Pacific
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
EAME
EAME
EAME
EAME
EAME
EAME
EAME
EAME
EAME
Australia Pacific
Australia Pacific
2 x 850
2 x 160
1 x 160 up to 1,950
2 x 160
1 x 160
1 x 160
1 x 160
Global Geophysical Services, 13927 S. Gessner Rd., Missouri City, TX 77489 USA
James H. Scott
Global Longhorn
Global Mirage
Global Vision
Global Quest
Lori B
Tiny Tune
Kiwi I
Kiwi II
Kiwi III
Cobourg
2005
2007
2008
2007
2007
2007
2005
2007
2007
2008
2008
70 ft
93.9 ft
65 ft
65 ft
65 ft
48 ft
38 ft
54 ft
49 ft
47 ft
52.5 ft
22 ft
26 ft
21 ft
21 ft
18 ft
20 ft
12 ft
16 ft
13.8 ft
16.4 ft
17.4 ft
2 x 750
Geokinetics, 1500 CityWest Blvd., Sute 800, Houston, TX 77042

GeoTiger 1
GeoTiger 2
0
GeoTiger 4
Nieuw Holland
Wild Thing
BLACK JACK
Katmandu
Bubbles
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
GeoCat
TZ-3568
TZ:3218
TZ:3215
TZ: 3222
TZ: 3221
TZ 3227
TZ 3220
TZ 3219
TZ 3216
TZ 3216
TZ 3209
2007
2010
2010
2010
1989
2008
2006
2010
2003
2001
2001
2001
2012
2012
2003
2001
2001
2001
2003
2003
2003
2006
2006
2006
2008
2008
19.9
19.9
19.9
19.9
19.8
19.8
19.8
18.3
17.4
15.8
14.8
14.8
14.8
14.8
12.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.1
5.8
5.3
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
2 x 1,200
Source
Source
Source
OBC Cable
OBC Cable
OBC Cable
Source
OBC Cable
OBC Cable
OBC Cable
OBC Cable
Full data
Final primary
recording media
and transmission
speed (baud ))
HDD
Yes
x
x
As reqd
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
As reqd
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x (Optional)
x
x
As reqd
x
x
x
x
LT04
LT04
LT04
LT04
LT04
Hard Drive
HDD / RAID
HDD / RAID
HDD / RAID
Hard Drive
Hard Disk
Hard Disk
HD
Marlink
Marlink
Marlink
Marlink
Marlink
V-Sat (2 Nos)
Marlink
KVH
Speedcast
x
Speedcast 128k
Speedcast 128k
Marlink
>10m
3490E
VSAT (256)
>10m
>10m
>10m
>10m
>10m
>10m
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3490E
3490E
3490E
3490E
3490E
3490E
VSAT (256)
VSAT (256)
VSAT (128)
VSAT (256)
VSAT (128)
Gardline 64k
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
QC data
Nav data
Variable depth
Ocean bottom
cable
High density
Deepwater
Shallow
transition zone
4C/4D
Acquisition
capability
3D
2D
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
As reqd
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Seismic
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
As reqd
x
x
x
x AUV
Onboard processing
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
TZ 3208
TZ 3205
TZ 3205
TZ 3203
TZ 3201
TZ6-2801
RIB: 2401
RIB 2402
RIB: 2403
TZ9-2304
TZ9-2302
TZ9-2302
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2006
2006
2006
2005
2005
2005
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
7.5
7.5
7.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
2.5
2.5
2.4
Maximum towable
Source array
configuration as
rigged (# arrays x
capacity in cu in.)
Primary region
Vessel availability
(Yes, No, or
Exclusive contract)
Streamer
configuration
(# streamers x
# channels)
Total beam (m)
Total length (m)
Vessel
name
Year rigged or
converted
Australia Pacific
Australia Pacific
Australia Pacific
Australia Pacific
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
US/Carribean
EAME
EAME
EAME
Marine Arctic Geological Expedition (MAGE)

Nikolay Trubyatchinsky
Geolog Dmitriy Nalivkin
Professor Kurentsov
1988
1985
1976
65
71.7
68.9
14
12.8
12.4
1 x 960
1 x 804
1 x 648
Contract
Contract
Contract
Arctic, Northern seas

1 x 8000
1 x 5000
1 x 4200
1 x 12,000
1 x 10,050
1 x 8,100
14.2
4 x 2,560
Yes
Worldwide
2x 4,000
4 x 6,000 x 100
South America
2 x 1,500
3 x 3,000 x 200
Worldwide inc. Antarctic
2 x 355
NAUTIC Offshore AS, Dronningen 1, 0211 Oslo, Norway

Neptune NAIAD
2008
66.3
Offshore Seismic Surveys, OSS, 13430 NW Freeway, Suite 800, Houston TX 77040
OSS Gulf Supplier
56.4
11.6
3 x 240
Yes
OGS Italy, Borgo Grotta Gigante 42c, P.O. Box 2011, 34016 Trieste, Italy
OGS Explora
71.9
12.8
1 x 96
Orogenic GeoExpro, Loyang Crescent, Loyang Offshore Supply Base, Block 217, SOPS Avenue, Box No. 5043, Singapore 508988
Genesis
1995/2006
52
11
1 x 120
TBA
Asia Pacific
Single GI Gun 90/150/210
N/A
91.5
81.1
86.2
83
86.2
86.2
86.2
102.2
102.2
106.8
86
104.2
104.2
18
16.5
39.6
39.6
39.6
39.6
39.6
40
40
19.2
16
70
70
1 x 1608
2 x 1608
12 x 1296
10 x 1128
16 x 1296
16 x 1296
16 x 1296
18 x 1296
18 x 648
10 x 1296
1 x 1608
20 x 1296
20 x 1296
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
2 x 4,130
2 x 4,130
2 x 4,135
2 x 4,130
2 x 4,130
2 x 4,130
2 x 4,130
2 x 4,130
2 x 4,130
2 x 4,135
2 x 4,135
2 x 4,130
2 x 4,130
3.6 sq km
8.9 sq km
6.34 sq km
10.7 sq km
10.7 sq km
10.7 sq km
11.6 sq km
11.6 sq km
8.1 sqkm
12.15 sqkm
12.15 sqkm
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
2 x 4,240
2 x 4,240
2 x 4,240
2 x 4,240
2 x 4,240
2 x 4,240
10 x 8100 x 100
14 x 8100 x 120
12 x 8550 x 100
12 x 8550 x 125
14 x 7200 x 120
14 x 7200 x 120
Yes
Yes
Yes
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
2x 3,000
2x 3,000
2x 3,000
4 x 5,000 x 100
4 x 6,000 x 100
N/A
4 X 640
1 x 960
1 x 960
1 x 960
1 x 960
1 x 960
1 x 960
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
2 x 3,880
2 x 3,990
2 x 3,990
2 x 3,990
2 x 3,990
1 x 7,060
1 x 7,060
4 x 8,000m x 120m
2D/Dual Array Source
2D Long offset
2D Long offset
1 x 960
4 x 480
1 x 960
1 x 960
1 x 480
2 x 800
8 x 480
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
4 x 4,200
6 x 7,874
6 x 6,444
4 x 4,820
4 x 3,000
2 x 2,280
6 x 4,240
1 x 12,000
4 x 6,000 x 100
2 x 6,000 x 100
1 x 12,000
1 x 6,000
1 x 6,000
6 x 8,100 x 150
Yes
Yes
Yes
Worldwide
Worldwide
Worldwide
2 x 3,480
2 x 3,480
2 x 5,800
2 x 6000
3 x 6000
12 x 8000
PGS Lilleakerveien 4C, N-0216 Oslo

Atlantic Explorer
Nordic Explorer
Ramform Challenger
Ramform Explorer
Ramform Valiant
Ramform Vanguard
Ramform Viking
Ramform Sovereign
Ramform Sterling
PGS Apollo
Sanco Spirit
Ramform Titan
Ramform Atlas
1994
1993
1996
1995
1998
1999
1998
2008
2009
2010
2011
2013
2014
Polarcus Almas Tower, Level 32, Jumeirah Lakes Towers, P.O. Box 283373, Dubai, U.A.E.
Polarcus Nadia
Polarcus Naila
Polarcus Asima
Polarcus Alima
Polarcus Amani
Polarcus Adira
2009
2010
2010
2011
2012
2012
89
89
92
92
92
92
19
19
21
21
21
21
10 x 648
14 x 648
12 x 684
12 x 684
14 x 576
14 x 576
REFLECT Geophysical Pte. Ltd., 8 Temasek Boulevard #17-01, Suntec Tower Three, Singapore 038988
REFLECT ARIES
ORIENT EXPLORER
PACIFIC TITAN
1993/2010
1988/1995
1982/2010
70.1
81.8
64.5
18
14.8
18.5
4 x 960
4 x 960
N/A
SeaBird Exploration PLC, World Trade Center,28th October Street,3106 Limassol, The Republic of Cyprus
Voyager Explorer
Aquila Explorer
Munin Explorer
Osprey Explorer
Harrier Explorer
Hawk Explorer
Northern Explorer
2005
2007
2007
2006
2007
2006
1987/1998/2004
67.8
71
60
81
81
66
76
16
17.5
14
16
18.3
14.5
14
Sevmorneftegeofizika (SMNG), 17, Karl Marx St., 183025 Murmansk, Russia

Akademik Lazarev
1987/96
Akademik Nemchinov
1988/97
Akademik Shatskiy
1986/91
Geo Arctic
1988/97
Iskatel - 5
1989/97
Professor Rjabinkin 1989/1995/2007
Vyacheslav Tikhonov
2011
81.8
84
83.5
84
49.2
49.9
84.2
14.8
14.8
14.8
14.8
18.2
10.5
17
Shanghai Offshore Petroleum Bureau SINOPEC, 1225 Shangcheng Road Pu Dong, Shanghai China
Discoverer
Discoverer 2
Discoverer 6
1980
1993
2013
72
70.1
100
16.4
17.98
24
2 x 480
3 x 480
12 x 640
Final primary
recording media
and transmission
speed (baud ))
Full data
QC data
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3590, 3592
3590, 3592
3590, 3592
Inmarsat, Iridium, V-SAT, up to 512 kbit/s

3590, EHD, USB
VSAT
YES
YES
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Nav data
Variable depth
Ocean bottom
cable
High density
Deepwater
Shallow
transition zone
4C/4D
3D
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Seismic
Acquisition
capability
2D
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Onboard processing
x
x
3590
V-SAT
3490E
64k
YES
3590
VSAT
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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x
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
512K
512K
512K
512K
512K
512K
512K
512K
512K
512K
512K
512K
512K
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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x
x
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x
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
3592
VSAT (1Mbs)
VSAT (1Mbs)
VSAT (1Mbs)
VSAT (1Mbs)
VSAT (1Mbs)
VSAT (1Mbs)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3590, EHD, USB

3590, EHD, USB
x
x
x
VSAT
VSAT
VSAT
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3592/Disk
3592/Disk
3592/Disk
3592/Disk
3592/Disk
3592/Disk
3592/Disk
VSAT 384Kb
VSAT 384Kb
VSAT 384Kb
VSAT 384Kb
VSAT 384Kb
VSAT 384Kb
VSAT 384Kb
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3590
3590
3590
3592
64k
64k
64k
64k
x
x
x
x
3490E
3592, USB
9.6k
VSAT
x
x
x
x
x
x
3592
3592
3592
VSAT
VSAT
VSAT
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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x
Asia/Pacific spurs demand

for integrated deepwater MPD systems
Chad Wuest
James Riddoch
Mark McHardy
Ardia Karnugroho
Julius Ceazar L. Sosa
Scott Bremner
Julmar Shaun S. Toralde
Weatherford
eepwater drilling is quickly moving toward managed pressure drilling (MPD)

methods as a standard, rig-ready capability on floating rigs. This transition is being
driven in large part by carbonate drilling
in the Asia/Pacific region where MPD provides
the only effective means to counter extreme losses of circulation. Over the last decade, pressurized
mud cap drilling (PMCD) has made MPD a critical tool for drilling these difficult carbonate formations, especially in offshore settings.
The demand for that capability has fueled an
evolution in MPD technology that has grown
from basic closed-loop circulation system capabilities on fixed structures to full riser-integrated
systems on dynamically positioned drilling vessels. In deepwater venues more than 75 wells
have been drilled from floating rigs using MPD,
and about 80% of those have been drilled in the
Asia/Pacific region.
The MPD evolution
Growing Asia/Pacific demand for MPD services along with the associated long lead times
for outfitting rigs has spurred industry efforts
to integrate MPD systems through retrofitting
or with shipyard newbuilds. Three Weatherford MPD drilling applications in the region illustrate the evolution of the technology toward
achieving a fully integrated capability on board
dynamically positioned vessels.
Before MPD was used in Asia/Pacific deepwater applications, it was primarily employed
on a contingency basis when conventional drilling methods were ineffective. In 2003, Asia/
Pacific operators changed that focus when they
began to use MPD on a floating rig to mitigate
loss circulation problems when drilling through
carbonates. These pioneering applications are
some of the earliest uses of MPD. Its continuing success in drilling these wells has played a
pivotal role in advancing the technology and its
integration on dynamically positioned drilling
vessels.
The MPD equipment (in red) needs to be

integrated into and inter-phased with the
rigs existing systems in and around the
moonpool area. (Image courtesy Weatherford)
The high use of MPD systems and the prevalence of carbonated systems in the Asia/Pacific
region created a strong need to have MPD capabilities already in place on the rigs, instead of
waiting for a problem to occur before deployment.
MPD matured as operators gained experience
and the technology steadily advanced. Most notably, its application broadened from just tackling
the carbonates to increasing the overall efficiency
of the drilling process. Operators began to take
full advantage of the unique capabilities afforded
by a closed-loop circulating system.
In this process, the focus changed from a specific segment of the wellbore (where loss circulation was occurring) to the entire wellbore. With
the MPD system in place, there were many opportunities to increase drilling efficiency such as
real-time monitoring and managing of wellbore
pressures, early kick loss detection, ballooning
during connections, and riser gas mitigation.
Broadening the application of MPD to the entire wellbore was also important from the standpoint of fully integrating the system. Integration
meant MPD was passive in terms of conducting
conventional rig operations, but almost instantly
available when needed.
RCD technology
The hallmark of MPD technology and its key

differentiator from a conventional circulation
system that is open to the atmosphere is the rotating control device (RCD). By diverting annular flow to an automated MPD choke manifold,
the RCD effectively creates the closed-loop circulation system necessary for MPD operations.
Within this pressurized system, surface backpressure can be monitored and adjusted to respond to small pressure and flow oscillations in
the wellbore, and to vary equivalent circulation
density (ECD) instantaneously, without changing mud weight, to alter downhole pressure.
For example, the PMCD method of drilling
with severe losses uses an under-balanced sacrificial fluid for the drilling fluid, which requires
the application of annular pressure on the well
while drilling. Doing this requires little more in
terms of hardware than an RCD and the MPD
choke, which made PMCD a good starting
point for developing MPD technology.
The evolution of MPD rig integration is fundamentally the addition of new technologies
and experience to this basic PMCD application.
This process has produced an entire deepwater
MPD system that allows seamless shifting between modes of MPD, from surface monitoring
to constant bottomhole pressure and PMCD.
Early marine MPD
The mechanical core of the RCD is the bearing assembly that seals around the drill pipe
while allowing it to rotate. In early marine MPD
operations from jackups and platforms, the
bearing assembly complicated the rigs conventional operations. Installing or removing it
for full bore access or for bearing maintenance
required rig-up and rig-down of a bell nipple on
top of the BOP. There were also internal diameter restrictions that made changes problematic.
In addition, the work took place below the rig
floor where it presented risk to personnel and
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increased the opportunity for spillage.

The solution lay in the development of a
docking station RCD that allowed the bearing
assembly to be deployed through most rotary
tables. When MPD is needed, the bearing assembly is easily and quickly run into the hole
and landed in the docking station. When full
bore access to the hole is required, the bearing assembly is similarly retrieved. This innovation removed a major impediment to the
adoption of MPD and integrating it into the rig.
Adding risers to the mix

The transition from fixed to floating drilling structures introduced a marine riser system to the application of MPD technology.
Weatherford performed the first installation
of an RCD on a floating rig in 2003. This Riser Cap approach installed a high-pressure
Model 7100 RCD on top of the riser.
While the system worked well in dealing with
carbonates, it also presented complications and
limitations. Among them was the requirement
to collapse and fix the riser slip joint to accommodate the RCD riser components, which compromised the heave compensation system. The
system was also difficult to switch between MPD
and conventional operations. The RCD model
does not have an upper flange, which prevents
returns through the rig diverter system.
Critically in terms of enabling deepwater applications, the location of the MPD system at
the top of the riser above the tension ring also
presented an impediment to dynamic positioning because return flow hoses, and choke and
kill lines interfered with the tensioner systems. As a result, the system was feasible only
with a moored rig.
The key to extending MPD to a dynamically positioned vessel was positioning the RCD
system below the tension ring (BTR).
Integrating the RCD

In 2010, the SeaShield Model 7875 BTR RCD
became the industrys first RCD to be installed
on board a dynamically positioned drillship as
an integral part of the marine riser. The objective for deployment on the maiden vessel capable of DP was to drill Indonesian carbonates
using PMCD.
The success of the system in this initial application marks a significant point in the extension of MPD safety and operational enhancement into the high-risk, high-cost environment
of deepwater drilling. The development of the
Model 7875 RCD was a breakthrough in many
respects. It contributed to general acceptance
of MPD because it was the first to meet the
API16 RCD standard. It also helped integration
because it provided a standard around which
other components could be based. The most
notable advance was its integration into the riser
system below the tension ring. The step not only
removed the conflict with tensioners but also it
restored the slip joint and the connection to the

rig diverter system and made MPD transparent
to conventional drilling.
For this drillship application, the Model
7875 BTR RCD was configured as part of a
MPD riser assembly that also included the
flow spool and annular isolation device. The
RCD was positioned on top of the annular isolation device. The MPD flow spool connected
the flowlines for mud returns from the top of
the riser to the MPD manifold.
The system was installed above a termination joint and below a standard slip joint about
140 ft (43 m) below the rig floor and roughly 40
ft (12 m) below sea level. Hydraulic and electrical connections were made below the water
line via a subsea-rated hydraulic stab plate. The
entire system was installed through the rotary
table when the riser and BOP were deployed.
The MPD flow spool carrying returns is
connected to the Microflux MPD choke manifold, a 5,000-psi (345-bar) manifold equipped
with dual chokes specially designed to apply
annular surface backpressure to the wellbore.
Using this system, the upper part of the carbonate structure was drilled using MPD constant bottomhole pressure (CBHP) methodology. When losses became critical, the MPD
mode was changed to PMCD.
The MPD system allowed the well to be
drilled safely to its target depth. Since then,
the system has been used successfully to drill
more than 20 deepwater wells.
Completing the system

Experience led to refinements and additions
to the MPD riser kit. In 2013, a full MPD system
was deployed on a moored vessel for drilling Indonesias West Papua carbonate and Makassar
Straits narrow drilling window. For this initial
deployment, the MPD system was installed
above the tension ring and above sea level.
For the first time, a single service company
provided all the MPD components. From top
to bottom, the system consisted of a multi-part
slip joint, RCD, annular isolation device, and
MPD circulating spool.
The 16-well drilling program included 12
carbonate wells. Using MPD achieved a number of objectives. Safety of personnel and environmental protection was paramount in the
remote area. MPD provided riser gas mitigation that limited gas ingress and enabled circulation of small volumes of gas out of the riser.
It allowed for a synthetic based mud weight of
less than 8.5 ppg to be used to drill the reservoir and control formation ballooning.
Managing pressure at + 0.2 ppg over ECD for
connections enabled well sections to be drilled
more efficiently with less circulating time.
Dynamically positioned MPD

The success of the MPD riser system in a
moored application led quickly to its deploy-
The MPD riser system deployed on a dynamically positioned semisubmersible offshore

Malaysia. (Photo courtesy Weatherford)
ment on a dynamically positioned semisubmersible to drill carbonate (and clastic) wells

in Malaysia.
The Weatherford MPD riser system used
to drill these wells is fully integrated with the
riser below the tension ring. The main components of this riser package include an upper
adapter spool, a Model 7875 BTR RCD, annular isolation device, MPD flow spool, and a
lower adapter spool.
Almost 20 wells have been drilled from dynamically positioned floating rigs. In three of the
wells, total loss of circulation was experienced
and PMCD was used to manage the conditions.
In another of the wells, PMCD was deployed
to drill through severe circulation losses in two
hole sections. Two wells were subsequently
logged safely through the RCD system despite
of total loss of circulation.
Microflux control technology is used to
rapidly and accurately apply surface backpressure for immediate detection and control of
kicks, and determine the actual pressure profile of the wells while drilling.
In these wells, the system has detected and
limited six influxes to less than 3 bbl. MPD is
also optimizing operations during tripping, running liner, wireline logging, and perforating.
When narrow drilling windows between pore
pressure and fracture gradient are encountered,
the MPD system is used to drill with CBHP
methods. When extreme circulation losses are
encountered, the system is seamlessly transitioned to PMCD.
P R O D U C T I O N O P E R AT I O N S
Intelligent CT finds, fixes water

production problem offshore Brazil
Stuart Murphy / Tim Ramsey / Diego Blanco
Baker Hughes
ighting the decline curve in offshore wells can be challenging.

Scaling, near wellbore compaction, sand buildup, and water
breakthrough can all contribute to rapid drop-offs in hydrocarbon production. Coiled tubing (CT) operations have been
used since the 1960s to combat a range of wellbore challenges,
combining bottomhole assemblies (BHA) and chemicals to achieve
the ultimate goal: increased and optimized production.
In offshore wells with multiple producing zones, the need to deal
with water production is not uncommon. If the water-producing
zone can be identified and isolated from the rest of the production
string, reducing high water cut typically involves setting permanent
plugs. This process requires the well to go off production during the
operation, so minimizing rig time is crucial.
For decades, the CT industry lacked a reliable method for referencing conventional CT depth accurately, and surface sensors only
allowed crews to guess at what was actually happening downhole in
a dynamic CT environment. Unfortunately, using CT meant that the
operation would have to be conducted with at least a baseline level
of uncertainty, which all too often leads to inefficiencies, missteps,
delays, and increased costs.
Mitigating uncertainty
The Baker Hughes TeleCoil intelligent CT system combines realtime downhole data acquisition while simultaneously providing electrical power to the BHA. The system uses an onboard casing collar
locator to log each collar, giving the team reliable depth correlation
readings. It transmits pressure and temperature data to the surface
using an integrated sensor package. The system is unique because
it uses interchangeable BHAs that typically take only half an hour to
swap out, requiring a fraction of the time it takes to switch out reels or
to rig up a fiber-optic system. Instead of relying on delicate fiber optics, TeleCoil sensors communicate through hard wiring wrapped in a
reinforced corrosion-resistant housing. This data conveyance system
is capable of maintaining surface communication in high-vibration
environments and in spite of extreme fluid rates. The robust connection offers remote control of specialized BHAs while they are engaged
downhole, and eliminates the need for batteries.
When an operator in the Campos basin of Brazil observed significant water production in a mature offshore well, it ran some preliminary tests and determined that the water cut was increasing rapidly.
Higher water levels mean decreased oil production. The operators
request was to quickly find a solution to the water production issue.
Once on location, the team rigged up a 218-in. system conveyed on
1-in. CT. Well drifting with a positive displacement motor and mill
was completed first so that the logging tools and other BHAs would
have sufficient clearance to pass through the wellbore. Differential
pressure data from the BHA gave the technician the ability to monitor
the motors performance and prevent stalling, thereby improving efficiency. On the surface, it took just half an hour to replace the motor
and mill with the logging BHA. Real-time logging data revealed that
Operating off Brazil with the TeleCoil CT system, only half an hour was
needed to replace the motor and mill with the logging BHA.
(Photo courtesy Baker Hughes)
water was entering the wellbore in the lower production zone, and
that significant scale buildup was present in both the lower and upper
zones. The team tripped the logging BHA out and quickly mounted
a Baker Hughes Roto-Jet jetting tool for the next run. The casing collar locator enabled them to position the Roto-Jet tool in the wellbore
where the lower bridge plug would later be set, and an acid solution
was pumped through the jetting tool to remove the scale and prepare
the wellbore surface for the bridge plug. The team repeated this process above the initial location in the wellbore in preparation for adding
a secondary bridge plug to ensure full isolation.
Using the casing collar locator, the lower plug was run to the
depth where the scale had been scrubbed from the wellbore, just
above the water producing zone in the horizontal section of the well.
Pumping pressure was increased incrementally to actuate and inflate the bridge plug. When the system indicated that differential
pressure across the BHA had equalized, the team knew the plug had
set. The Roto-Jet tool was headed up again and run in hole to the upper production zone, where 700 bbl of acid were pumped to remove
scale and stimulate production. The secondary bridge plug was then
run and set as an additional barrier to ensure complete isolation of
the water producing zone below. They finished with a production
logging run to verify the success of the intervention, and handed the
rig to the operator to put it in production.
The ability to swap out BHAs alone reduced safety risks to personnel and saved an estimated 83 hours of non-productive time on
the rig. The onboard casing locator enabled the crew to remove
scale and accurately place both bridge plugs in the wellbore above
the water producing zone. Just in rig time and costs, savings on this
operation were estimated to be in the order of $1.3 million. But more
importantly, the well was quickly put back into service. Production
data over the next days and weeks indicated that the plug job and
acid stimulation operation had worked together to effectively reduce the water cut and restore oil production to acceptable levels.
INNOVATION MAT TERS

DELIVERING RESULTS BEYOND YOUR IMAGINATION
At Cudd Energy Services (CES), we use unconventional thinking to solve unconventional
challenges. When our client faced a challenge that required repetitive rig ups and rig downs,
we delivered a patent-pending, coiled tubing solution. CES eliminated costly steps, increased
operational efficiencies and improved personnel safety on the job. The possibilities are
endless with ingenuity and experience.
To learn more, visit us at www.cudd.com today.
SUBSEA
Industry moves subsea processing

toward standardization, consistency
Larry Forster
Thiago Mesquita Paes
Robert J. Baker
INTECSEA, Inc.
his issue of Offshore contains the 2015 Worldwide Survey of

Subsea Processing Systems poster, the eighth installment of
this industry resource, a joint effort between INTECSEA and
Offshore magazine. The primary aims of this poster are to
chronicle the development, and the developers of these systems, and to document the continued commitment of oil companies
to the application of these technologies on a global basis.
A users guide
From its inception, the intent of the poster has been to serve as a
guide for users of subsea processing technology, an initial entry point
into the ever-increasing body of knowledge and experience in the industry. The poster typically presents a sampling of information available to the industry; the nomenclature and concepts of the poster have
been utilized throughout industry as the basis for subsequent work.
New to the poster this year are specific references to the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale utilized in the soon-to-be-issued API
RP 17N, Recommended Practice for Reliability, Technical Risk and
Integrity Management. This recommended practice is already proving useful in developing technology road maps to facilitate rapid and
consistent technology maturation and qualification. The team hopes
to support the industrys use of this practice by adopting and promoting the common language in the technology management process.
A common pattern reflected in the poster is the continuing progress
toward standardization and consistency in product and system offerings.
This can be seen in the increased ratio of actual equipment versus conceptual systems. This years poster illustrates that the modularity and
overall packaging designs associated with subsea processing are now
consistent with subsea trees, manifolds and other well-established subsea equipment items. Additional highlights for 2015 are described below.
Technology risk reduction

One of the key indications of progress in technology evolution is
the inclusion of new technology into significant projects. Processing
technologies that reach the proven prototype stage (TRL 4-5) are
now a candidate for inclusion, or at least consideration, in deepwater
projects. Further risk reduction and maturation of the technology is
targeted within the active project execution cycle, and are increasingly synchronized with technology development timelines.
Perceived risk serves as the biggest obstacle to the use of subsea processing technology. Operators are hesitant to actively include these new
technologies in projects (despite their numerous advantages) over traditional topsides and onshore processing. One way to reduce the perceived
risk is by championing an increased understanding of these technologies
and learning how to safely manage their risks, a further benefit of the
work that has gone into API RP 17N. As further usage of the technology
increases, the risks will decrease with experience.
Conservative approaches to technology inclusion have given way
to increased willingness to embrace technology and its benefits.
The industry has recognized subsea electrical power systems as

a key enabler for subsea processing systems for a number of years.
The editors of this poster have worked each year to capture the key
concepts for subsea power transmission and distribution in increasing
water depths, and increasing distances from host facilities. Some of
the concepts for very long step-out distances (~100 mi) still remain
concepts only, with no installations planned for the near term. In 2014,
operators and manufacturers have put specific emphasis on subsea
power distribution for more moderate, yet significant step-out distances (~30 mi).
Projects now include boosting applications of sufficient size and
distance from host facilities to warrant detailed evaluation of subsea distribution equipment, in contrast to an individual cable from
topsides to each pump installed subsea. Further investigations into
subsea power distribution will involve subsea variable speed drives,
switchgears, as well as connectors and penetrators. There have been
an increasing number of subsea electrical connectors and penetrators
qualified for use, and many more beyond those shown on this years
poster are still in development.
Subsea gas compression

In previous years, subsea gas compression technology was noted as
a long-term goal for subsea processing, and as something to watch for
the future. In 2015, the future arrives with two firsts: the first subsea
compression installation at sgard, and the first wet gas compression
installation at Gullfaks. Each installation utilizes technologies from two
different manufacturers, Aker Solutions and OneSubsea.
Seawater treatment
Water treatment and injection has been identified as an up and
coming area of subsea processing. The possibility of a modular, selfcontained system to condition raw seawater for pressure maintenance
injection into reservoirs, such as the Seabox offering illustrated in the
2015 poster, is drawing the interest of the reservoir engineering community as an effective approach to waterflooding. As in the case of
subsea power distribution, operators are beginning to consider detailed evaluation of technology for seawater treatment, as compared
to the familiar, but potentially costly, topsides system alternatives.
Standardization
Each operator wants the best system they can get for their application. In some cases, operators will focus on individual component
development with a given manufacturer and work to maximize capabilities as the answer for any application going forward. In other
cases, operators speak about the importance of, and the critical need
for, standardization among components across industry, as the way
to ensure that the needed performance is available from a broad
marketplace.
This concept of standardization implies the ability to mix and
match among different manufacturers. It may also apply within the
supply of a single manufacturer the concept of building blocks
from a particular catalog to efficiently tailor a system to the unique
needs of a given application.
For online access to view and download all posters, please visit www.
offshore-mag.com/maps-posters.
Focused
on delivering integrated solutions for
your toughest ofshore challenges
worleyparsons.com
visit us at
booth
OTC 2015
5775
intecsea.com
POWERJump Flowline Booster System

and capture stranded reserves by integrating a cost-effective production
boosting system into existing subsea architecture.
Dont just
the surfac
Reimagine deepwater production at subseaproductionalliance.com.
www.genesisoilandgas.com
2015 Aker Solutions and Baker Hughes. All rights reserved. 42663 02/2015
Fig. 1: Ormen Lange Pilot with Aker Solutions UPS

Module, Circuit Breaker Module, Compressor VSD
Module, Pump VSD and Compressor Train Module
SUBSEA BOOSTING PUMP TYPES
Fig. 2: OneSubsea Multiphase Compressor

Delivery Units for Gullfaks Field
Fig. 3: FMC Technologies Conceptual 2-Train Dry

Gas Compression Station with Replaceable Modules
TYPE
Courtesy of OneSubsea
Courtesy of FMC Technologies
Fig. 6: Transport of the OneSubea Multiphase

Compressor Station for Gullfaks Field
Fig. 5: GE Conceptual Wet Gas Compression

System with standardized modules
MUDLINE HSP
HORIZONTAL H Compact hydraulic drive boosting pump for wells, caissons & mudline applications.
OR VERTICAL H Applicable for conditions of GVF < 75% (continuous) and for improved flow assurance.
Courtesy of GE
Courtesy of Aker Solutions
3
4
5
6
7
9
2
3
4
5
117
7
8
9
10
11
WORLDWIDE LOCATIONS FOR SUBSEA PUMPING, COMPRESSION, AND SEPARATION SYSTEMS (As of Feb., 2015)
Norwegian Sea
SUBSEA BOOSTING
Tordis (Separation, Boosting, WI)

Troll C. Pilot (Separation, WI)
Tyrihans (WI)
Draugen (Boosting)
Draugen - Expansion (Boosting)
Aasgard (Compression)
Gullfaks (Compression)
DEMO 2000 (Compression)
Ormen Lange (Compression)
Troll (Compression)
Peon (Compression)
Vigdis (Boosting)
Subsea Boosting
CSSP
Subsea Separation
CTCU
DMBS
Subsea Gas Compression
ESP
FFD
FPS
FPSO
Subsea Water Treatment & Injection

Subsea Power
GLCC
GLR
Miscellaneous Information/Combination of Technologies
Two Phase
Three Phase
Alternate Current
Artifical Lift
Artifical Lift Manifold
Adjustable Speed Drive
Barrels per Day
Barrels of Oil per Day
Barrels of Water per Day
Capital Expenditures
Circuit Breaker
Configurable Subsea Separation
& Pumping
Centrifugal Subsea Submersible
Pump
Cable Traction Control Unit
Deepwater Multiphase Boosting
System
Electrical Submersible Pump
Full Field Development
Floating Production System
Floating, Production, Storage,
& Offloading
Gas/Liquid Centrifugal Cyclonic
Gas Liquid Ratio
SUBSEA SEAWATER
TREATMENT &
INJECTION (3)
ELECTRIC
MOTOR
MANUFACTURERS
PUMP
MANUFACTURERS
AKER SOLUTIONS
akersolutions.com
AKER SOLUTIONS/
BAKER HUGHES (1)
akersolutions.com
bakerhughes.com
FMC TECHNOLOGIES (6)

fmctechnologies.com
GE
ge.com
GVF
Hp
HSP
HV
IOR
kW
LDDM
LDDS
MPP
MW
NF
OPEX
O/W
PCM
PCDM
Gas Volume Fraction

Horsepower
Hydraulic Submersible Pump
High Voltage
Improved (Increased) Oil Recovery
Kilowatt
Long Distance Delivery Management
Long Distance Delivery System
Multiphase Pump
Mega Watts
Natural Flow
Operational Expenditures
Oil and Water
Power Control Module
Power and Communication
Distribution Module
PFD
Process Flow Diagram
PLET
Pipeline End Termination
PLIM Pipeline Inline Manifold
PSIG
Pipeline Simulation Interest Group
PSUTA Pump Subsea Umbilical Termination
Assembly
PWRI Produced Water Reinjection
ROV
Remote Operated Vehicle
RPM
Revolutions per Minute
26
27
28
SUBSEA
WATER
INJECTION
39
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
RWI
Raw Water Injection
SCM
Subsea Control Module
SFB
Seafloor Boosting
SIORS Subsea Increased Oil Recovery System
SMUBS Shell Multiphase Underwater Boost
Station
SPEED Subsea Power Electrical Equipment
Distribution
SPP
Single Phase Pump
SS
Subsea
SSBI
Subsea Separation Boosting Injection
SSP
Subsea Processing
SUBSIS Subsea Separation and Injection
System
SUTA Subsea Umbilical Termination
Assembly
TRL
Technology Readiness Level
TUTA Topside Umbilical Termination
Assembly
VASPS Vertical Annular Separation and
Pumping System
VSD
Variable Speed Drive
WD
Water Depth
WI
Water Injection
WI XT Water Injection Christmas Tree
XT
Christmas Tree
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
CURRENT STATUS CATEGORIES

C
Q
Conceptual Project
Qualified/Testing
M
O
I,N
Awarded and in Manufacturing or Delivered

Installed & Currently Operating
Installed & Not Currently Operating or In-Active
A
CP
Abandoned, Removed
Canceled Project
COMPRESSION
SYSTEM
PACKAGERS
POWER
CABLES
AKER SOLUTIONS
akersolutions.com
DRESSER
RAND
XXXXXXXXX
dresser-rand.com
XXXXXXXXX
CURTISS WRIGHT
curtisswright.com
FMC TECHNOLOGIES/
SULZER (6)
fmctechnologies.com
sulzer.com
FMC Technologies
fmctechnologies.com
FMC TECHNOLOGIES
fmctechnologies.com
GE
ge.com
ALCATEL
alcatel-lucent.com
GE
ge.com
GE
ge.com
MAN Diesel & Turbo

mandieselturbo.com
BRUGG
bruggcables.com
FURUKAWA
Furukawa.co.jp
DUCO
technip.com
ONESUBSEA (8)
onesubsea.com
ONESUBSEA (8)
onesubsea.com
ONESUBSEA (8)
onesubsea.com
HITACHI
hitachi.com
MITSUBISHI
mitsubishielectric.com
JDR
jdrcables.com
ONESUBSEA (8)
onesubsea.com
SAIPEM
saipem.com
TWISTER BV
twisterbv.com
HAYWARD TYLER
haywardtyler.com
ONESUBSEA (8)
onesubsea.com
LOHER (2)
automation.siemens.com
SCHLUMBERGER
slb.com
ClydeUnion (SPX)
spx.com
ONESUBSEA (8)
onesubsea.com
60
Fig. 4: Diagram of Vertically

Confgured Gas Handling ESP in a
Seabed Caisson
HELICO-A
(For G
Fig. 5: Diagram of HSP

Principle of Operation
Fig. 6: Vertically Confgured

Helico-Axial Pump & Motor
Diagram
Courtesy of ClydeUnion Pumps (SPX)

HSPs can be confgured as a
downhole pump with the power
pressure pump residing on
a platform or on the seabed.
The downhole pump can also
be vertically confgured in a
seabed caisson for boosting and
separation purposes.
Courtesy of Schlumberger
ESPs can be installed in a caisson to
gather and boost fow from multiple
wells.
Figs. 6 & 7: Courtesy of OneSubsea
Meters
Feet
Km
Miles
M3/Hr.
MBOPD
MBWPD
BAR (4)
PSI
(4)
MW
MW
% OF
VOL.
Statoil
Offshore Norway
n/a
OneSubsea
Shell
Offshore Norway
860
2,821
0.0
0.0
25,000
3776
60.0
870
12.50
58.00
n/a
Aker Solutions
Statoil
Offshore Norway
300
40.0
25.0
40,000
6,042
60.0
870
11.50
24.40
n/a
Aker Solutions
2+1 Spare +1
Subsea Wet Gas Compression
Statoil
Offshore Norway
135
443
15.5
9.7
9,600
1450
30.0
435
5.00
10.00
95%
OneSubsea
2+1 Spare
Norske Shell
Offshore Norway
860
2,821
120.0
75.0
50,000
7553
60.0
870
12.50
n/a
TBA
Statoil
Offshore Norway
340
1,116
n/a
TBA
Statoil
Offshore Norway
385
1,263
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
Statoil
Barents Sea
345
1,132
143.0
89.4
n/a
TBA
1,148
565.0
353.1
COMPRESSORS
SIEMENS INDUSTRIAL
TURBO MACHINERY
turbomachinerysolutions.com
NEXANS
nexans.com
TBD
n/a
AGIP
Italy
0.15
30-90%
A/S Norske Shell
Offshore Norway
270
886
6.0
3.7
193.0
29
53.3
773
0.75
42%
OneSubsea
1+1 Spare
Statoil
South China Sea
330
1,083
1.0
0.6
675.0
102
35.0
508
0.40
3%
OneSubsea/FMC Tech.
5+2 Spare
Hydraulic Drive MPP
BP Amoco
UK North Sea
85
277
35.2
21.9
1,100.0
166
22.0
319
0.65
64%
OneSubsea
2+1 Spare
1 x Dual MPP System
ExxonMobil
8.0
5.0
940.0
142
Phase 1 SS MPP Project
7.0
4.3
Riser lift to Seillean drillship
Gazprom
Full Field Development (FFD)
2 x Single MPP Systems
SS Tieback to Ninian South

ESP in Flowline Riser
PRYSMIAN
prysmiangroup.com
NOTES:
1. Aker Solutions and Baker Hughes have formed a Subsea
Production Alliance.
2. Loher is a Siemens company.
3. Subsea seawater injection refers to only those projects utilizing
a subsea pump to inject seawater and does not include typical
water injection using a pump on a topside facility.
Barents Sea
550
1,805
508
0.86
Equatorial Guinea
750
2,461
91
45.0
653
0.85
Espirito Santo Basin
1,400
4,593
1.4
0.9
145.0
22
140.0
2,000
0.70
Equatorial Guinea
700
2,297
14.5
9.0
2,500.0
378
40.0
580
1.20
NW Shelf, Australia
145
476
7.0
4.3
1,200.0
181
30.0
435
1.10
0-40%
UK North Sea
146
479
15.0
9.3
1,100.0
166
18.0
261
1.60
40-70%
Aker Solutions
Anadarko
US GOM
1,110
3,642
7.2
4.5
24.0
40.2
583
0.75
57%
Baker Hughes
CNR
600.0
75%
OneSubsea
2+1 Spare
75%
OneSubsea
2+1 Spare
22%
FMC Technologies
75%
OneSubsea
6+2 Spare
OneSubsea
2 MPP
1
1
1,350
4,429
4.0
2.5
120.0
18
138.0
2,002
0.90
10-40%
FMC Technologies
145
476
8.5
5.3
800.0
121
19.0
276
1.10
75%
OneSubsea
1+1 Spare
SS Tieback to Marlin TLP
Freeport McMoRan
US GOM
1,700
5,578
29.0
18.0
496.5
75
50.0
725
1.30
0-95%
Aker Solutions
2+1 Spare
Dual MPP System
NW Shelf, Australia
475
1,558
3.0
1.9
2,400.0
363
609
1.80
25-70%
OneSubsea
2+2 Spare
SBMS-500 SS Field Test
Petrobras
Campos Basin
1,900
6,234
3.1
1.9
500.0
75
60.0
870
1.20
0-100%
Curtiss-Wright/OneSubsea
Seabed ESP-MOBO, Uses BCSS (14)
Petrobras
1,350
4,429
11.0
6.8
146.0
22
138.0
2,002
1.20
10-40%
Schlumberger (REDA) (35)
Dual MPP System
Murphy Oil
Congo, W. Africa
1,338
4,390
3.0
1.9
350.0
53
41.0
595
0.85
28%
OneSubsea
2+1 Spare
MOBO BCSS (ESP) Caissons (14)
Petrobras
1,350
4,429
5.0
3.1
146.0
22
138.0
2,002
1.20
10-40%
Schlumberger (REDA) (35)
Horizontal ESP on Skid
Petrobras
Brazil
1,350
4,429
11.5
7.1
125.0
19
100.0
1,450
0.90
10-40%
FMC Technologies
Caisson/Artifical Non-Separated
Shell
Campos Basin
2,150
7,054
9.0
5.6
185.0
28
152
2,205
1.10
40%
FMC Technologies
2 additional ESP systems
Shell
Campos Basin
2,150
7,054
9.0
5.6
185.0
28
152
2,205
1.10
40%
FMC Technologies
Tieback to FPSO P-57, Uses BCSS (14)
Petrobras
1,400
4,593
8.0
5.0
1,325.0
3,000
1.20
Woodside
200
200
30-40%
Aker Solutions
15
Petrobras
US GOM
2,484
8,150
8.0
5.0
135.0
20
220.0
3,191
1.10
10%
FMC Technologies
4+2 Spare
Petrobras
Campos Basin
1,040
3,412
10.5
6.5
280.0
42
70.0
1,015
1.50
35-60%
OneSubsea
Repsol
Mediterranean
740
2,428
12.3
7.6
80.0
12
65.0
943
0.23
10%
OneSubsea
1+1 Spare
BP
UK, West of Shetland
400
1,312
4.0
2.5
2,700.0
408
26.0
377
1.80
74%
GE/OneSubsea
4+0 Spare
TOTAL
Angola, Blk 17
1,170
3,839
11.0
6.8
660.0
100
45.0
652
2.30
50%
OneSubsea
2+1 Spare
I, N
2 x Dual MPP Systems
I, N
Subsea MPP System

3 x Single SPP Systems (JSM)
Chevron
MPP Retrofit System - Tieback to Ninian
Field Expansion Project
2 x Dual HiBoost MPP stations
SS Tieback with Dual SPP Systems
Brownfield Tieback to Alima FPU
Caisson Application
C
C
M
Horizontal ESP on Skid (14)
CNR
2,134
7,000
50
175.0
2,550
3.00
10%
OneSubsea
60
133.5
1,935
3.50
49%
OneSubsea
17.0
331
6.7
4.0
400
2,927
9,600
US GOM
2,222
7,290
Petrobras
1,500
4,922
241.3
3+2 Spare
TBD
5.0
3.1
TBD
TBD
10.0
6.2
TBD
TBD
TBD
<10%
TBD
2+1 Spare
10-25%
FMC Technologies
5+1 Spare
125.0
19
100
1,450
1.20
Statoil
Offshore Norway
280
919
6.5
4.1
50.0
725
2.30
20-40%
TBA
NorskHydro AS
Offshore Norway
340
1,116
3.5
2.2
250.0
38
151.0
2,190
1.60
0%
GE/OneSubsea
CNR
North Sea
145
476
7.0
4.3
331.0
50
305.0
4,424
2.30
0%
OneSubsea
2+0 Spare
Statoil
Offshore Norway
210
689
11.0
6.8
700.0
106
77.0
1,117
2.30
0%
FMC Technologies
1+1 Spare
270
Dual SPP System
Raw Water Injection to 7 Wells
SS Sep. and Pumping Unit (SSPU)
4+2 Spare
OneSubsea
27.2
US GOM
SS Separator/Slug Catcher
OneSubsea
10-31%
7,500
Shell
Shallow Water Test Separation System
OneSubsea
20-50%
2.30
2,287
Shell
3 SPP & SS RWI Filtration Systems
97%
2.50
689
US GOM
MPP in Future Phases
OneSubsea
1.00
1,885
47.5
ExxonMobil
Single Phase HPHT Pump System
10%
305
130.0
1,710.0
4,922
3.00
21.0
91
253
600.0
2.5
2,133
3,500
106
11.2
4.0
650
Dual SPP & SS RWI Filtration System (12)
180
700.0
4.3
18.0
879
1,500
1,191.0
7.0
4,429
268
Congo, W. Africa
Subsea Boosting of existing wells
21.0
476
1,350
Santos Basin, Blk BS-4
SUBSIS (SS Sep. and WI Sys.)
13.0
145
Angola, Blk 17
Offshore Norway
Total
I, N
US GOM
UK North Sea
Total
A/S Norske Shell
QGEP (26)
I, N
Skid BCSS - Horizontal ESP on Skid

Single MPP System
I, N
42.0
SS MP High Boost Pump System
I, N
I, N
Statoil
Offshore Norway
Petrobras
Campos Basin, Brazil
400
886
31.0
19.3
583.0
88
205.0
2,973
2.70
0%
FMC Tech./Aker Solutions
2+1 Spare
4 to 9
2.5-6.0
1125
170
85
1,233
1.2
0%
OneSubsea
3+1 Spare
Offshore Abu Dhabi
24
79
UK North Sea
420
1,378
UK North Sea
80
262
Petrobras
Campos Basin
OneSubsea
Horizontal SUBSIS (SS Sep. & WI Sys.)
Hydro (Statoil)
Offshore Norway
2.2
250.0
38
1.60
0%
GE/OneSubsea
1+1 Spare
(12), Separation, Boosting, WI
Statoil
Offshore Norway
210
689
11.0
6.8
1,500.0
227
27.0
392
2.30
10-68%
FMC Technologies
1+1 Spare
Separation Caisson/Artificial Lift Manifold
Shell
Campos Basin
2,150
7,054
25.0
15.6
185.0
28
152.0
2,205
1.10
15%
FMC Technologies
Caisson Separation and Boosting
Shell
US GOM
2,438
7,999
0.0
132-264
20-40
158.8
2,303
1.20
15%
FMC Technologies
3 Gas/Liquid Vertical Separation System
Total
Angola, Blk 17
2.5
1,800.0
272
2.30
<16%
FMC Technologies
6+2 Spare
In-Line Separation
2 additional ESP systems
M
CP
395
1
1+1 Spare
1,312
BP
Texaco
Hamilton Bros
VASPS Field Test
2.30
1,296
340
1,116
800
2,625
1.7
3.5
0.0
4.0
1.1
60.0
52.0
151.0
105.0
754
2,190
1,523
0.3
Petrobras
Campos Basin
878
2,881
3.8
2.4
135.0
20
245
3,553
1.9
67%
FMC Technologies
Shell
Campos Basin
2,150
7,054
25.0
15.6
185.0
28
152.0
2,205
1.10
15%
FMC Technologies
In-Line Separation by Twister BV
Petrobras
1,700
5,579
VASPS w/Horizontal ESP
Petrobras
Campos Basin
280
919
8.0
5.0
135.0
20
21
305
0.4
<10%
FMC Technologies
PENETRATORS
GE
ge.com
DEUTSCH (5)
te.com
DIAMOULD (10)
diamould.com
DIAMOULD (10)
diamould.com
GE
ge.com
TELEDYNE ODI
odi.com
TBA
Nuovo Pignone (8)
Hess
Hess
35.0
580
UK North Sea
SIEMENS
energy.siemens.com
40.0
ONESUBSEA (8)
onesubsea.com
PARKER
parker.com
10
Petrobras
DEUTSCH (5)
te.com
8. OneSubsea is a Cameron and Schlumberger

joint venture Company.
9. Benestad is a Aker Solution company.
10. Diamould is a OneSubsea company.
11. PROLAB is a Sulzer company.
65.0
Premier Oil
BENNEX (4)
energy.siemens.com
SUMITOMO
global-sei.com
0.0
MultiManifold with 1 MPP
BAKER HUGHES
bakerhughes.com
4. Bennex is a Siemens company.

5. Deutsch is part of TE Connectivity.
6. FMC Technologies and Sulzer have formed a long-term and
exclusive collaboration agreement.
7. ASCOM is a Sulzer company.
0.0
Petrobras
Santos
Equatorial Guinea
164
Seabed ESP-MOBO, Uses BCSS (14)
I, N
XXXXX
SEACON
seaconworldwide.com
50
DRAKA
draka.com
SIEMENS
energy.siemens.com
350
BICC BERCA
biccberca.com
OCEANEERING
oceaneering.com
TBD
BENESTAD (9)
benestad.com
OKONITE
okonite.com
2.5
PUMPS or
COMPR.
Tieback to FPSO
ALSTOM
alstom.com
NSW
nsw.com
4.0
COMPANY
SMUBS Project, 1 MUTUP
I, N
GE
ge.com
984
NO. OF
PUMPS UNITS
MPP at Base of Platform
ABB
abb.com
SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC
schneider-electric.com
3.60
SYSTEM
PACKAGER
AKER SOLUTIONS
akersolutions.com
NEXANS
nexans.com
DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE
ABB
abb.com
NKT
nktcables.com
SYSTEM FLOW RATE

(@LINE CONDITIONS)
NOTES:
1. Qualification Status - See information accuracy statement below title block and note
that the qualification status categorizations shown in this table, and throughout the
poster, are based on unverified claims from equipment suppliers and field operators.
These qualification status designations are not necessarily derived using technology
readiness level (TRL) assessments per API RP 17Q or DNV-RP-A203 (see TRL Code).
2. Pumping & Boosting: The terms Pumping and Boosting are used interchangeably
throughout this poster and in the industry.
3. Unit Motor Power: Is the unit motor power for either a pump or compressor motor.
4. Differential Pressure: Differential Pressure values are for individual pumps.
5. GVF = Gas Volume Fraction at inlet of pump.
6. Cascade & Chinook - Utilizes horizontal ESPs on a skid above mudline. It is an
alternative ESP boosting configuration to caisson in the seabed. This technology
is designed to cover the low GVF and high DeltaP multiphase flow. Pump cartridge
successfully installed Q4 2013.
HV
CONNECTORS
TIEBACK
DISTANCE
SIEMENS
energy.siemens.com
TELEDYNE D.G.OBRIEN
dgo.com
SEABOX
sea-box.no
LEISTRITZ
leistritzcorp.com
50
HSP PUMPS
(For GVF < 75%)
Testing 1 train @ Nyhamna, Norway
7. King Field: Power cables are incorporated within the service umbilical.
8. Nuovo Pignone is now part of GE.
9. Lufeng 22/1: Low wellhead pressure of 100 psig at seabed dictated that artificial lift
was required. System has now been decomissioned due to field abandonment.
10. VASPS - Vertical Annular Separation and Pumping System
11. START: Month & Year indicates first month and year of operation for the SS
processing system.
12. Tordis Field: 1+1 Spare Multiphase Boosting Pumps, and 1+1 Spare Water Injection
Pumps; Tieback to Gullfaks C platform. Statoil hopes to increase oil recovery from
49% to 55%, an additional 36 MMBO, due to the world's first commercial subsea
separation, boosting, injection and solids disposal system.
13. King Field: Is a subsea tieback to the Marlin TLP. In 2012, BP sold the field to Plains
Exploration and Production. McMoran Freeport later purchased the field. Pumps
remain shut-in due to operational issues. The company is reportedly considering to
redo the boosting system.
TELEDYNE ODI
odi.com
Fig. 2: Conceptual SS HV Circuit Breaker 60 VA
TESTING
FACILITIES
AKER SOLUTIONS
akersolutions.com
AKER SOLUTIONS
akersolutions.com
AKER SOLUTIONS
akersolutions.com
BAKER HUGHES
bakerhughes.com
ALPHA THAMES
alpha-thames.co.uk
BAKER HUGHES
bakerhughes.com
FMC TECHNOLOGIES
fmctechnologies.com
GE
ge.com
FLOWSERVE
flowserve.com
NAXYS
GE
naxys.no
ge.com
FMC TECHNOLOGIES
fmctechnologies.com
GE
ge.com
14. BCSS - Centrifugal Subsea Submersible Pumps. Pumps are placed in protective
holes in the seabed, 200m from producing wells. MOBO - Modulo de Bombas
(Pumping Module)
15. Troll C Pilot: SUBSIS - The world's longest operating subsea separation system and
first subsea water injection pump system.
16. Mutineer/Exeter Projects: Manufacturers are: OneSubsea and Centrilift. There are 2
ESPs per well feeding one OneSubsea MPP per asset on seafloor.
17. Navajo Field: Is a Subsea tieback to Anadarko's Nansen spar.
18. BH Centrilift = Baker Hughes Centrilift
19. LUFENG - Closed down due to field economics, after 11 years of operation.
20. PREZIOSO - World's first deployment of an electrically driven twin screw MPP
operating on a live well. Testing occurred in 1994 and 1995 for a total of 7,850 hours
of operation at base of platform on seafloor.
21. Troll C Pilot - Separation began on Aug. 25, 2001. See OTC paper 20619, page 10 for
further details on operating experience. Note that injection pump data is only shown
in the subsea water injection section of the table.

22. CLOV - Total reports that the CLOV development will utilize seabed multiph
to boost Cravo, Lirio, Orquidea and Violeta Miocene from First Oil + 2 years
23. Parque Das Conchas (BC 10) Phase 1 - Composed of 3 reservoirs: Ostra, A
and Argonauta B-West. Argonauta O-North to be added in Phase 2.
24. Marimba VASPS - 2000 - First installation in Marimba (JIP Petrobras / EniExxonMobil, 2001 - Startup and Operation (July to Dec.) until ESP failure, 20
JIP, By-pass production, 2003 - Workover Plan, 2004 - Workover and Re-sta
8, 2004. From 2005 until 2008 VASPS operated ok until well failure.
25. Jubarte Field (Phase 2) - Phased installations starting in 2011 and to comp
in 2015. Wells were connected to the FPSO P-57. All wells will have gas-lif
backup.
26. QGEP - Queiroz Galvao Exploracao e Producao
27. Girassol Field Pumping System - for the Girassol Resources Initiatives (Gir
28. Gullfaks South Brent - According to Statoil the SS wet gas compression w
SUBSEA POWER CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT

Fig. 1: Ormen Lange Pilot SS Circuit Breaker
OTHER
SUPPORTING
SYSTEMS
CONTROL
SYSTEMS
ASDS/VSDS,
X-FORMERS
& SWITCHGEAR
UMBILICALS
AKER SOLUTIONS
akersolutions.com
ASCOM (7)
ascomseparation.com
SAIPEM
saipem.com
ITT BORNEMANN
bornemann.com
40
Statoil K-Lab Test
HV &
AC/DC POWER
BAKER HUGHES
bakerhughes.com
GE
ge.com
30
GE
ge.com
GE
ge.com
Fig.3: OneSubsea Hybrid Pump
20
GVF (%)
ESP PUMPS
(For GVF < 75%)
Figs. 2 & 3: Courtesy of OneSubsea
WATER
DEPTH
REGION/
BASINS
COURTESY OF
SUBSEA GAS
COMPRESSION
AKER SOLUTIONS
akersolutions.com
FMC TECHNOLOGIES/
DIRECT DRIVE SYSTEMS
fmctechnologies.com
HYBRID PUMPS
(For GVF < 38%)
10
OWNER/
FIELD
OPERATOR
COMMENTS
SUBSEA PROCESSING
SUBSEA
SEPARATION
SYSTEMS
FLOWSERVE
flowserve.com
FMC TECHNOLOGIES/
SULZER (6)
fmctechnologies.com
sulzer.com
24
25
AKER SOLUTIONS
akersolutions.com
FLOWSERVE
flowserve.com
ONESUBSEA (8)
onesubsea.com
23
38
COURTESY OF
CHART 1 SUBSEA SUPPLIER MATRIX (As of Feb., 2015)

SUBSEA
BOOSTING
21
22
37
Mutineer/Exeter (Boosting)
Vincent (Boosting)
SUBSEA SEPARATION
2P
3P
AC
AL
ALM
ASD
BPD
BOPD
BWPD
CAPEX
CB
COSSP
20
36
Western Australia
COURTESY OF
TABLE 6 ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS
19
32
Installed & Currently Operating

Installed & Not Currently Operating or In-Active
Abandoned, Removed
Awarded and in Manufacturing or Delivered
Qualified/Testing
Conceptual Project
Canceled Project
The poster is divided into discrete sections

and each section is marked by a background
color. The colors denote the type of technology
presented in the sections. This color code is
carried throughout the poster. Below are the
intuitive color code designations for each of the
six themes.
18
35
Azurite (Boosting)
Moho Phase 1 BIS (Boosting)
POSTER COLOR CODE KEY
17
34
Congo
Jubarte - Phase 2 (Boosting)

Golfinho (Boosting)
Jubarte - Phase 1 (Boosting)
Jubarte EWT (Boosting)
Canapu (Separation)
Atlanta (Boosting)
Parque das Baleias (Boosting)
16
33
Equatorial Guinea
15
31
Lufeng (Boosting)
Pazflor (Sep., Boosting)
CLOV (Boosting)
GirRi (Girassol) (Boosting)
BC-10 - Phase 1 (Separation, Boosting)

Espadarte (Field Trial) (Boosting)
Barracuda (Boosting)
Marimba (Separation, Boosting)
Marlim SSAO - Pilot (Separation)
Albacora L'Este (WI)
Marlim (Boosting)
Corvina (Separation, Boosting)
BC-10 - Phase 2 (Separation, Boosting)
14
30
South China Sea
Zakum (Separation)
Topacio (Boosting)
Ceiba FFD (Boosting)
Ceiba C3+C4 (Boosting)
12
13
29
Abu Dhabi
Angola
Campos Basin
PUMP
SYSTEM
PACKAGERS
(NOTE 1. SEABED & RISER ONLY, NOTE 2. EXCLUDES IN-WELL ESPs)
POSTER
2015 Offshore
Montanazo & Lubina (Boosting)

Prezioso (Boosting)
Standard
Helico-Axial
0
GVF (5) GAS

VOLUME
FRACTION
DEMO 2000
Ormen Lange Gas Compression Pilot
Aasgard - Midgard & Mikkel Fields
Gullfaks South Brent (28)
Ormen Lange Gas Compression
Troll
Peon
Snohvit
Shtokman
Prezioso (20)
Draugen Field
Lufeng 22/1 Field (9) (19)
Machar Field (ETAP Project)
Topacio Field
Ceiba C3 + C4
Jubarte EWT
Ceiba Field (FFD)
Mutineer/Exeter
Lyell (Original Install)
Navajo (17)
Jubarte Field - Phase 1
Brenda & Nicol Fields
King (7) (13)
Vincent
Marlim
Golfinho Field
Azurite Field
Golfinho Field
Espadarte (Field Trial)
Parque Das Conchas (BC 10) Phase 1 (23)
Parque Das Conchas (BC-10) Phase 2 (23)
Jubarte Field - Phase 2 (25)
Cascade & Chinook (6)
Barracuda (32)
Montanazo & Lubina
Schiehallion
CLOV (22)
Jack & St. Malo
Lyell Retrofit
GirRi (Girassol) (27)
Draugen Field
Julia
Moho Phase 1bis
Atlanta Field
Stones
Appomattox
Parque Das Baleias
Vigdis
Troll C Pilot (15) (21)
Columba E.
Tordis (WI)
Tyrihans
Albacora L'Este Field (33)
Zakum
Highlander Field (34)
Argyll
Marimba Field (24)
Troll C Pilot (15) (21)
Tordis
Perdido
Pazflor
Marlim SSAO - Pilot
Canapu
Corvina (29)
s:
Contact
Contact us:
cu.media@spx.com
spx m
.clydeunion.com
union.com
com
www.clydeunion.com
Information Accuracy: We have attempted to use correct and current, as of press time, information for the subsea processing systems and equipment described herein. No installed,
sanctioned, or pending application was intentionally excluded. We have summarized the capability and operating experience by acting as a neutral party and integrator of information.
Information has been collected from public sources, company brochures, personal interviews, phone interviews, press releases, industry magazines, vendor-supplied information, and
web sites. No guarantee is made that information is accurate or all-inclusive. Neither INTECSEA nor Offshore Magazine guarantees or assumes any responsibility or liability for any partys
use of the information presented. If any information is found to be incorrect, not current, or has been omitted, please send comments to ssp@intecsea.com.
Mediterranean
HSP
50
725
TOTAL POWER
DEMAND
Part of SPXs expansive portfolio of products serving the oil & gas industry.
industry
stry..
stry
Learn more at www.spx.com
Perdido (Separation, Boosting)

Navajo (Boosting)
King (Boosting)
Cascade & Chinook (Boosting)
Jack and St. Malo (Boosting)
Julia (Boosting)
Stones (Boosting)
Appomattox (Boosting)
100
1,450
COURTESY OF
UNIT POWER (3)
CURRENT STATUS
COUNT
PROCESSING
DISCIPLINE
SUBSEA GAS
COMPRESSION
Maximize your uptime & exibility; greatly lower OPEX

X with the SPX HSP:
High reliability - MTTF > 11 years in subsea environment
nt
True multi-phase capability; Excels in gassy, heavy crude
ude ap
applications
Unrivalled operating range from a single frame (particularly
ularly
rly at high GVF)
Minimal installation time; plug & play design
Ideally suited to downhole lift & seabed boosting
Gulf of Mexico
Hybrid
150
2,175
0 psi
HORIZONTAL H Good for handling high GVF - up to 98% GVF at suction conditions.
OR VERTICAL H Preferred technology for high viscosity fluids.
FIELD OR PROJECT
(Ordered by Start Date)
Innovative Hydraulic Submersible Pump (HSP) Technology from SPX
Columba E. (WI)
Brenda & Nicol (Boosting)
Lyell (Boosting)
Lyell Retrofit (Boosting)
Machar/ETAP (Boosting)
Highlander (Separation)
Argyll (Separation)
2,900
COMPANY
Scan
Scan
more
forfor
more
infomation
information
North Sea
Semi- &
Helico-axial
200
TABLE 1 2015 WORLDWIDE SURVEY OF SUBSEA GAS COMPRESSION, BOOSTING, WATER INJECTION, AND SEPARATION (1)(2) As of Feb. 2015
ABB: Leiv Helge and John Oyen; Advanced Separation Company BV: Mika Tienhaara; Aker Solutions: Jonah Margulis and Kate Winterton; Dresser: Dr. Jose Gilarranz;
ExxonMobil: Michael D. Olson and Kamran Gul; Flowserve: Alejandro Fratini; FMC Technologies: Rob Perry, Janardhan Davalath, Jayne Merritt, Alan Szymanski and Citlalli
Utrera; GE: Alisdair McDonald, Hans Kristian Sundt, Kristin Elgsaas; Genesis: Chuck Horn, Mike Zerkus, and Tim Lowry; ITT Bornemann: Stefan Ladig; Leistritz: Jeffery De
Vaul; MAN Diesel & Turbo North America: Adel Estafan and Phillip Schuepbach; OneSubsea: Jon Arve Svaeren, Arne Olsen, Phillip Luce, Ragnar Vikoeren and Megan Myers;
ProlabNL BV: Toine Hendriks; Repsol E & P USA: Ron Pettus; Saipem: Claude Valenchon, Stephanie Abrand and Stephane Anres; Shell: Chris Shaw; Siemens: Rachel Ketelars,
Barry Leach and Ordin Husa; Schneider Electric: Kristina Hakala; Schlumberger: Grant Harris; SEABOX AS: Torbjorn Hegdal, Eirik Dirdal; SPX: Ross Dobbie
Schiehallion (Boosting)
SPP (Centrifugal)
250
3,625
0 bar
HYBRID: OneSubseas hybrid pump

was developed and qualifed for
the Pazfor subsea separation and
boosting project. It comprises a
combination of lower helico-axial
stages and upper centrifugal
stages on the same shaft. This
confguration tolerates moderate
gas fraction and generates high
differential head to allow a wide
operating envelope.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTORS
West of Shetlands
SPP - S
TSP - T
WGC DGC HSP - H
300
4,400
Fig. 9: Aasgard SS Compression Support Structure in Transit

to Field for Installation
INTECSEA and Offshore Magazine wish to acknowledge the following companies and individuals who continue to support our efforts
to educate and inform the oil & gas industry on the status of subsea processing, and more specifically subsea pumping technologies.
Shtokman (Compression)
Snohvit (Compression)
suction conditions.
H Moderate particulate tolerance.
Fig. 2: Vertically
Confgured Hybrid Pump
& Motor Diagram
5,100
Courtesy of GE
Fig. 8: Aker Solutions Aasgard Subsea Compression Train

with 11.5 MW Compressor Module, Separator, Cooler and
Pump Module
M A G A Z I N E
Barents Sea
mudline horizontal boosting applications.
H Applicable for conditions of GVF < 75% (continuous) and for improved flow assurance.
H Applicable for higher GVF boosting applications - typical range of 30-100% GVF at
VERTICAL
Fig. 1: Vertically Confgured

Centrifugal Single Phase
Pump & Motor Diagram
Fig. 7: GE BlueC
Compressor Cross
Section
Offshore Magazine
where GVF is consistently < 38% at suction conditions.
H Widely deployed technology used for boosting in wells, caissons, flowline risers, and
HORIZONTAL
OR VERTICAL
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
(For GVF < 15%)
Courtesy of MAN Diesel & Turbo
1455 West Loop South, Suite 400

Houston, TX 77027 USA
Tel: 713-621-9720
H Combination of helico-axial and centrifugal impeller stages.

H Primary application is for use downstream of separator or in low GOR applications
MUDLINE ESP
TWIN SCREW
Larry Forster, Thiago Mesquita Paes, RJ Baker, Richard Voight, Spiridon Ionescu,
John Allen, Megan Grund, and Dwayne Duke of INTECSEA,
E. Kurt Albaugh of Repsol E & P USA, and David Davis of Offshore Magazine
Poster Assembled By: Chris Jones of XenonGroupDesign.com
Conceptual Power Images by: Sid Aguirre of C-Ray Media
E-Mail Comments, Corrections or Additions to: ssp@intecsea.com
INTECSEA, Inc.
VERTICAL
SEMI- &
HELICO-AXIAL
Fig. 4: MAN Diesel & Turbo SS Compressor

Package for Aasgard Field
350
APPLICABILITY FOR SUBSEA BOOSTING
HORIZONTAL H Highest differential pressure capability among pump types.

OR VERTICAL H Handles low Gas Volume Fraction (GVF) < 15% at suction conditions.
HYBRID
(CENTRIFUGAL &
HELICO-AXIAL)
STATUS OF THE TECHNOLOGY
15600 JFK Boulevard, Ninth Floor

Houston, TX 77032 USA
Tel: 281-987-0800
www.intecsea.com
CONFIG.
CENTRIFUGAL
MARC H 2015
GRAPH 1 GVF vs. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE - OPERATIONAL AND
TABLE 2 PUMP TYPES & APPLICATIONS
Differential Pressure (Bar/psi)
SUBSEA GAS COMPRESSION SYSTEMS
2015 WORLDWIDE SURVEY OF SUBSEA

PROCESSING: SEPARATION, COMPRESSION,
AND PUMPING SYSTEMS
ONESUBSEA (8)
onesubsea.com
SMARTMOTOR
smartmotor.no
GE
ge.com
SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC
schneider-electric.com
ITT BORNEMANN (8)

bornemann.com
ITT BORNEMANN (8)

bornemann.com
LEISTRITZ
leistritzcorp.com
ONESUBSEA
onesubsea.com
PETROBRAS ATALAIA LAB

(Brazil)
PROLAB (11)
prolabnl.com
SHELL GASMER
(Houston, TX)
STATOIL: P-LAB & K-LAB

(Norway)
SOUTHWEST RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
swri.org
SULZER (6)
sulzer.com
Fig. 3: Aker Solutions

Ormen Lange Pilot
Subsea Pump VSD
Fig. 8: GE 24 kV Switchgear Prototype

Tested in Shallow Water
Fig.11: GE
VSD for Co
Fig. 9: GE Conceptual 36 kV Distribution Module, which includes Step-down

Transformer, Switchgear with 4 Switches,
and Wet Mateable Connectors
Courtesy of Schneider Electric
Fig. 4: Siemens Conceptual Subsea Power Grid
Fig. 5
Fig. 7
Courtesy of Siemens
Fig. 5: Siemens SS Transformer

Prototype at Shallow Water Test
Fig. 6
Fig. 6: Siemens
Conceptual SS
Variable Speed Drive
Fig. 7: Siemens
Conceptual SS
Switchgear
Fig.10: GE Conceptual Subsea DC

Distribution Module
Courtesy of G
Courtesy of Siemens
Note: The Siemens Subsea Power Grid is shown in Fig. 4, with the main building blocks in Figs. 5, 6, and 7.
Courtesy of Siemens
Courtesy of Siemens
Figs. 810: C
Up to 100% increased production rate from the

industrys only subsea multiphase boosting systems
1503off_SubseaposterDIG_1 1
Delivering increased recovery requires a reliable subsea processing solution that is designed on the premise of the reservoir.
OneSubsea presents the most comprehensive suite of products providing scalable subsea processing and boosting system
solutions for all environments, including extreme conditions up to 15,000 psi and 3000 meters water depth.
AD01748OSS
operating hours.
And counting.
With more than 30 operating systems in subsea regions from the North Sea to Australia, West Africa to Brazil, OneSubsea
has a portfolio of proven, reliable boosting and pumping systems successfully increasing production rates from 30% up to
100% for operators. Visit www.onesubsea.com/pumpingsystems
Enabling Subsea Proce

Connecting Innovation
siemens.com/energy/subsea
More powerful pumps:
scratch
ce
Maximize
production now.
deeper understanding
CONCEPTUAL CAPABILITIES
GRAPH 2 HIGH LEVEL COMPARISON OF SUBSEA BOOSTING OPTIONS

Pump Types
Single Phase Pump (Centrifugal)

Twin Screw Pump
Wet Gas Compression
Dry Gas Compression
Hydraulic Submersible Pump
GVF Range (Approximate)
SPP (CENTRIFUGAL)
HYBRID (CENTRIFUGAL/
HELICO-AXIAL)
MUDLINE ESP
75%
95%
MUDLINE HSP
TSP
70
80
0%
DGC
100
90
Fig. 1A: FMC Technologies Conceptual Subsea Separation System for the Tordis Project
Fig. 2: Conceptual Illustration

of Installation of Tyrihans
Subsea Raw Seawater
Injection (SRSWI) System
Fig. 2: FMC Technologies Conceptual SS Gas/Liquid

Separation & Boosting System for Pazfor Project
Fig.3: OneSubsea Raw

Seawater Injection System
being installed
for Columbia E Field
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
100
200
Fig. 5: Aker Solutionss Conceptual DeepBooster

with Separation System Flexsep
400
Fig. 6: Saipem SpoolSep (Conceptual 3-Phase Separation

& Produced Water Reinjection System)
Figs. 4 & 5: Total-Saipem-VWS

Westgarth Conceptual and Tested
Prototype SS Sulphate Removal Unit
capable of treating 60 kbwpd
Fig. 9: Vertically Confgured SMPC Series 4 Twin

Screw Pump & Motor
Fig. 6: Subsea Water Intake

and Treatment (SWIT) Unit
Capable of Treating 40 kbwpd
Fig. 7: GE Conceptual
Subsea Seawater
Sulphate Removal
System
HORIZONTAL SEPARATOR - This type is more effcient for oil/water separation. An

example is the orange colored horizontal separator for the Tordis Project shown in Fig.
1A and Fig. 1B above. VERTICAL SEPARATOR This type is more effcient for gas/liquid
separation. The liquid keeps a fuid blanket on the pump and reduces potential pump
cavitation. An example is the Pazfor vertical separator shown in Fig. 2.
LIMITATIONS - Both types of separators have limited applicability for >10ksi and >5k ft
water depth due to material limits.
Fig. 10: ITT Bornemann Twin Screw

Cross Section Diagram
Courtesy of Saipem
Fig. 9: FMC Technologies

Vertical Access Caisson
with ESP Boosting (Gas/
Liquid Separation & Boosting System Diagram
Fig. 8: Caisson Separation/

ESP Boosting System
2. CAISSON SEPARATION
SYSTEMS (Figs. 79)
INSTALLED < 100 m
INTO SEABED
Courtesy of SEABOX AS
Courtesy of ITT Bornemann

Figs. 4 and 6 Courtesy of Saipem
3. COMPACT/DYNAMIC SEPARATION SYSTEMS (Figs. 10-13)
Courtesy of GE
Fig. 10: OneSubsea Conceptual

Two-Phase Separation System
Courtesy of Leistritz
Fig. 11: OneSubsea Conceptual

Three-Phase Separation System
Fig. 8: Integrated SS Raw Seawater Injection System Integrating SPP and Filtration
Fig 11: Vertically Confgured SMPC

Series 4 Twin Screw Pump & Motor
Fig. 12: FMC Technologies 3-Phase Separation

System with Produced WI Using In-Line
Separation Technology for the Marlim Project
Fig. 13: ExxonMobils SS Compact Separation,

Boosting and PWRI Using Proprietary/Vendor
Technologies for Gas, O/W & Sand Separation
Courtesy of ExxonMobil
Fig. 7: BCSS Seabed Equipment

SS Water Injection Tree
(WI XT)
Fig. 12: Flowserve Horizontally Confgured

Twin Screw Pump & Motor Concept
Single Phase Pump

for Water Injection
(SPP WI)
HELICO-AXIAL: OneSubseas
multiphase pump stages in a vertical
confguration. Recent testing and
successful qualifcation work, in the
HiBoost MPP Joint Industry Project,
have greatly increased differential head
capability (see Graph 2 for details).
Semi-Axial Pumps are applicable to
GVF up to 100%.
Note 1: SWIT Unit provides

disinfection and low Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) water for
either matrix or sweep fooding.

Courtesy of Flowserve
Raw Seawater Intake

& Filtration (SWIT Unit)
Figs. 10 and 11: Courtesy of OneSubsea
Courtesy of SEABOX AS
MULTIPHASE BOOSTING SYSTEM EXAMPLES (CONCEPTUAL & DELIVERED)
Courtesy of Baker Hughes
MUDLINE ESP OR HSP SYSTEM EXAMPLES
TABLE 7 OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES

This table is a sampling of recently published papers; for a comprehensive list go to www.onepetro.org.
Fig. 1: Aker Solutions MultiBooster System (BP King)
PUMP TYPE
or
COMPR. TYPE
COMPRESSOR/PUMP
MANUFACTURER
TYPE
COMPANY
START (11)
(Month-Year)
OneSubsea
Centrifugal
GE Compr/Aker Pump
2011
Centrifugal
MAN/Aker pumps
Q3/Q4, 2015
Counter Axial
OneSubsea
Q4, 2015
Centrifugal
TBA
2021
Undecided
TBA
2016
Centrifugal
TBA
2020
END or
PRESENT
TBA
Fig. 2: ESP Jumper Boosting System
Fig. 5: HSP for

Mudline Boosting

Fig. 6: GE Boosting Station
Fig. 7: GE Multiphase Boosting

System (Conceptual)
Fig. 8: Jack & St. Malo Pump

Stations in the Factory Pit for
System Integration Test (SIT)
Fig. 9: OneSubsea CLOV

Pump Station
Fig. 3: Seafoor Boosting System

Using ESPs in Caissons
Courtesy of Sulzer
Fig. 10 : OneSubsea Draugen

Pump Station Loadout
Fig. 4: Seafoor Boosting

Using ESP in caisson
1994
1995
Nov-95
15-Nov-96
12.2
OneSubsea
Jan-98
15-Jul-09
138.0
Aug-00
1-Mar-15
174.1
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea
Oct-02
1-Mar-15
148.2
ESP
Schlumberger (REDA)
Dec-02
1-Dec-06
47.9
Courtesy of GE
Courtesy of GE
SUBSEA BOOSTING PROJECTS

OTC-24934 2014 ONESUBSEA
OTC-25187 2014 FMC TECHNOLOGIES
SPE-172483 2014 NIGERIAN OIL & GAS
OTC-24217 2013 PETROBRAS
OTC-24263 2013 FRAMO
OTC-24428 2013 PETROBRAS/ONESUBSEA
SPE-164757 2013 JOH. HEINR. BORNEMANN
Increasing Recovery of Hydrocarbons

Magnet Motor Driven Pumps in the Arctic
Power Feedthrough Connectors for ESPs
SS Prod. Systems - Dev. in West Africa
Barracuda Subsea Helico-Axial MPP
Evolution of SS Boosting
SS High Boost MPP
MP Boosting in Oil and Gas
SUBSEA SEPARATION
OTC-25299 2014 EXXONMOBIL
OTC-25367 2014 EXXONMOBIL
SPE-170782 2014 EXXONMOBIL/ASCOM
IPTC-16914 2013 KERR-MCGEE & BAKER HUGHES
OTC-24359 2013 SAIPEM
SPE-166079 2013 BP & SOUTHWEST R. INST.
SPE-167334 2013 PANDIT DEENDAYAL PET. UNIV.
SS Separation - Control System Design

Qualification of SS Separation System
SS Two Stage Prod. Water De-Oiling
Downhole Oil and Water Separation
SS Gas-liq. And Water-hydro. Sep.
Comiss./Startup of SS Marlim Separ.
Evaluation of Separation in a Casing
Effective Gas-Liquid Separation
NEW MULTIPHASE BOOSTING SYSTEM

OTC-25080 2014 SHELL/TEXAS A&M
Courtesy of ClydeUnion
Pump (SPX)
SUBSEA COMPRESSION
IPTC-17649 2014 A/S NORSKE SHELL
OTC-25464 2014 AKER SOLUTIONS
OTC-25409 2014 STATOIL
SS Compression at Ormen Lange

sgard: Another Step Toward SS Process
sgard SS Compression Qualification
Operability in Design for SS Compression
POWER TRANSMISSION/DISTRIBUTION
OTC-25263 2014 GE
OTC-25278 2014 INTECSEA
SPE-171321 2014 AKER SOLUTIONS
OTC-23935 2013 DEUTSCH/SCHNEIDER
OTC-24147 2013 DET NORSKE VERITAS
OTC-24183 2013 GE
OTC-24448 2013 INTECSEA
Investigation of SS Power Dist. Systems

Modular SS DC Electrical Power System
Hybrid Split VFD/SSP Tieback
Operation of SS Electrical Power Systems
Power Distr: A System Engr. Perspective
Powering Subsea Processing
SS Electrical Power Trans. and Dist.
Devel. of a SS Elect. Power Transm.
Power System for the New Era
Modular Stacked DC Transmission
High Voltage Power Transmission
COMPANY EXPERIENCE & APPROACH TO SUBSEA PROCESSING

IPTC-17760 2014 ENI
Value of Fluid Sampling on SS Processing
ISOPE-I14236 2014 SUBSEA 7
Trends & Future of Ultra Deepwater Fields
Condition Monitoring and Maintenance
Critical Control Loops for SS Processing
Future of Elect. Controls & SS Processing
OTC-23970 2013 TECORP INT.
Design Challenges of the World
SS Proc. Systems: Future Vision
Cascade and Chinook Subsea Dev.
OTC-24307 2013 STATOIL
Steps to the Subsea Factory
Subsea Versus Topside Processing
SUBSEA RAW SEAWATER AND PRODUCED WATER INJECTION

DOT-T2S3
2014 TOTAL/SAIMPEM/VEOLIA
Springs: Subsea Tests
OTC-25325 2014 SAIPEM/WESTGARTH/TOTAL/CHEV. Low Salinity WI for Increased Oil Recovery
OTC-25465 2014 SEABOX AS
SS WT and WI for IOR and EOR
OTC-24111 2013 CHEVRON
WI in the Gulf of Mexico
OTC-24273 2013 TOTAL/SAIMPEM/VEOLIA
SPRINGS: Subsea WI Treatment
SPE-164372 2013 SAUDI ARAMCO
Prod. Water Re-Injection Sys. Optim.
SPE-165138 2013 TOTAL EP
Produced Water Re-Injection
SPE-166576 2013 SEA-BOX/AKER SUBSEA
SS Water Treatment and Injection
2022
GE
SPX ClydeUnion
OneSubsea
Fig. 1: Horizontal ESP Boosting Station
1-Mar-15
HSP
Helico-Axial
Fig. 5: FMC Technologies

SS Multiphase Pumping
Module with Sulzer Pump
2001
Twin-Screw
OneSubsea
Fig. 4: 1 of 3 Jack & St Malo

Pump Stations in the Factory
Test Pit for System Integration
Test (SIT) Immediately Prior
to Filling with Water
Fig. 3: OneSubsea - Loadout

of 1 of 6, 2.3 MW Hybrid
Pumps for Pazfor Project
MTHS
Centrifugal (SPP)
Helico-Axial
Fig. 2 FMC Technologies Conceptual Pump

Station with Multiphase Pump (Exposed)
IN-SERVICE/OPERATING
INFORMATION
Counter Axial
Centrifugal
Fig. 4: Saipem COSSP (Conceptual 2-Phase

Gas/Liquid Separation & Boosting System)
Courtesy of GE
300
TWIN SCREW PUMPS

(For GVF < 98%)
Fig. 8: Twin Screw Pump
Cross Section Diagram
Fig. 3: GE Subsea Separation and Produced Water

Reinjection System for Troll C
Fig. 1B:
Tordis
Separator
200 (Note 2)
Notes:
1. Combination of parameter values shown above is not feasible.
2. There are a number of other parameters/factors that need to be considered for any pump
selection
3. Base upon recent updates from Flowserves new SS boosting pumping system test results. COURTESY OF
AXIAL PUMPS
GVF < 95%)
Fig.7: OneSubsea Helico-Axial
Pump
SUBSEA SEPARATION SYSTEM TYPES: 1. GRAVITY SEPARATION SYSTEMS (Figs. 16)
Fig. 1: Aker Solutions

LiquidBooster Subsea Raw
Seawater Injection System
(Photo: System for Statoil
Tyrihans Subsea Raw Water
Injection Project)
175 (Note 3)
TWIN SCREW
WGC
www.MaximizeRecovery.com
SUBSEA SEAWATER TREATMENT AND INJECTION
125
100%
SEMI- & HELICO-AXIAL

TSP
Pressure Differential (Bar)
Image courtesy of Sulzer Pumps

Copyright FMC Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
COURTESY OF
Performance of a MP Electric Sub. Pump
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea
Dec-03
1-Mar-15
134.2
SUBSEA PROCESSING CONFIGURATIONS
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea (16)
Mar-05
1-Mar-15
119.3
Twin Screw
ITT Bornemann SMPC 9
Jan-06
Dec-06
11.0
Note 1: The configurations and diagrams below are examples only and do not represent specific projects. Note 2: The configurations shown below illustrate a building block approach, demonstrating mudline technologies and no ESP based configurations. The building blocks primarily use retrievable module elements within their designs. Note 3: The distances implied in the short, medium, and long distance configurations of Figs. 1, 4, and 7 are indicative only for these examples.
Actual distance limitations and system configurations for real-world fields will depend on the specific production/reservoir conditions, and on the detailed capabilities of the associated processing and power system equipment. For applications beyond 100 miles (160 Km), the system configurations are only in the conceptual stage, and are not depicted here.
ESP
Baker Hughes
Feb-07
1-Aug-07
5.5
Aug-07
5.0
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea
Apr-07
1-Mar-15
94.3
Twin-Screw
ITT Bornemann/Loher
Nov-07
15-Feb-09
15.0
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea
Aug-10
1-Mar-13
30.9
OneSubsea
Sep-10
1-Oct-13
36.5
Dec-11
Mar-13
14.5
Jul-09
1-Mar-15
67.4
1-Mar-15
50.7
0.0
Pump Station
1-Mar-15
7.0
Type 1
Baker Hughes
Oct-13
ESP
Schlumberger (REDA)
6-Dec-10
ESP
Baker Hughes
Q4 2013
Helico-Axial
ESP
OneSubsea
Jul-12
Centrifugal (SPP)
OneSubsea
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea
Aug-07
5.0
2014
OneSubsea
Q4 2015
OneSubsea
Mid-2015
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea
Delayed Start Up
Mid-2015
TBD
Mid-2016
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea
Q4 2015
ESP
TBD
TBD
TBD
Centrifugal (SPP)
OneSubsea
Aug-01
1-Mar-15
161.8
Centrifugal (SPP)
OneSubsea
May-07
1-Oct-13
76.4
Centrifugal (SPP)
Aker Solutions
29-Nov-13
Centrifugal (SPP)
OneSubsea
Q1 2013
BOET (30)
1989
ESP
Schlumberger (REDA)
Jul-01
1969
OneSubsea
Aug-01
1-Mar-15
1972
36
83.0
1-Mar-15
161.8
Helico-Axial
OneSubsea
Oct-07
ESP
Baker Hughes Centrilift
Aug-09
1-Mar-15
66.4
ESP
Mar-10
1-Mar-15
59.9
Hybrid H-A
OneSubsea
Aug-11
1-Mar-15
41.9
Centrifugal (SPP)
OneSubsea
Mar-13
1-Mar-15
23.0
ESP
ESP
hase pumps
s
Abalone
-Agip/
002 End of
art on May
plete
ft as a
SS Manifold
1-Mar-15
SYMBOL KEY
Multi Phase Mudline Boosting, Single Phase
Pumping, or Water Injection Pumping
SS Transformer
Two Phase or Three Phase Separation
Safety Disconnect/
Earthing Switch
3,048
3,048
3,048
3,048
350
350
2,000
1,100
1,100
300
3,000
1,450
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
400
2,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
Fig.14: Aker Solutions 6.6kV SS

RotoConverter Low Frequency AC
Prototype for Ultra-long Step-out Power
Transmission
Courtesy of GE
Courtesy of Aker Solutions and SmartMotor
FREQUENCY
TRL
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
4
4
4
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
4
3
VOLTAGE
PART NUMBER
15kW Penetrator
Single Phase
Three Phase
Umbilical Crossover
MECON DM 12/240
MECON WM 12/240
MECON DM 36/700
MECON DM 52/400
MECON DM 145/700
MECON WM 12/1800
MECON DM 36/700
MECON WM 36/500
SpecTRON 2
SpecTRON 5
SpecTRON 5 MKII
SpecTRON 8
SpecTRON 10
SepcTRON 10 MKII
MUTU
Deutsch P6-MD300
Deutsch P6-SW1600
Deutsch P18-SW900
Deutsch P18-SD300
Deutsch P6-3W250
MAX. CURRENT
MANUFACTURER
Benestad AS
Diamould
Diamould
Diamould
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
GE
Siemens
Siemens
Siemens
Siemens
Siemens
Siemens
Siemens
TE Connectivity
TE Connectivity
TE Connectivity
TE Connectivity
TE Connectivity
(A)
(Hz)
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
1,148
1,148
6,562
3,609
3,609
984
9,843
4,757
9,843
9,843
9,843
9,843
6,562
9,843
9,843
1,312
6,562
6,562
9,843
9,843
6/10(12)
5
4.6/8.0/9.2
4.6/8.0/9.2
6/10(12)
6/10(12)
18/30(36)
26/45(52)
76/132(145)
6/10(12)
18/30(36)
18/30(36)
1.2/2(2.4)
2.9 /5(5.8)
2.9/5(5.8)
5 /8.7 (10)
6 /10 (12)
6/10(12)
5/8.7(10)
6/10(12)
6/10(12)
18/30(36)
18/30(36)
6/10(12)
450
125
220
220
240
240
700
400
700
1,800
700
500
200
200
200
220
400
630
220
300
1,600
900
400
250
15-200
WATER
DEPTH
ITEM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
(kV)
60
60
15-100
15-200
15/200
15-200
15-200
60
100
200
200
200
200
200
200
15-70
200
15-70
200
15-200
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
Courtesy of Siemens
Fig. 4: Siemens ElecTRON

Wet-Mate Connectors
Fig. 5: Siemens DigiTRON

Wet-Mate Connectors
SS Processing Station (3P) (Three Phase + WI)
SS Processing
Station (2P)
(Two Phase)
Courtesy of GE
Fig. 6: GE MECON WM
12/1800 Wet-Mate
Connectors (see Item #10)
Courtesy of Siemens
Courtesy of Siemens
Courtesy of GE
TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL) COLOR CODE KEY
H
H
H
H
Unproven Concept
1
Prototype tested
2
TRL
Notes: 1. TRL definition per API RP 17N 2. Applicable to Tables 3 and 5
SPP
Gas
Compr.
WI SPP
Oil Flowline
WI XT
Multiphase Flowline
XT
SS Manifold
SS WI Station
XT
WI Flowline
WI
Flowline
WI XT
SUTA
PSUTA
SS Power Skid
System tested
5
Field proven
7
COURTESY OF
TABLE 5: POWER SYSTEM STEP-OUT CONFIGURATIONS
VOLTAGE &
POWER RATING
INDICATIVE
STEP-OUT
(4)
ADJUSTABLE
SPEED DRIVE
Radius (1)
Type
7
1
Capacity: 1-4 MW
Transmission: ~6kV
Distribution: ~6kV
0-15 Km
(0-9.3 Mile)
Type
7
2
Capacity: 1-4 MW
Transmission: Up to 36kV
Distr./Motor Input: ~6kV
0-60 Km
(0-37.3 Mile)
Type
4
3
Capacity: Up to 70 MW
Transmission: 36kV-145kV
Distr. Switchgear: Up to 36kV
0-160 Km
(0-100 Mile)
Type
1
4
Capacity: Up to ~100 MW
LF Transmission: Up to 145kV
>140-400 +Km
LF Dist. Switchgear: Up to 36kV (>87-248.5 +Mile)
WI XT
WI XT
Utility Umbilical
SUBSEA POWER SYSTEM TYPES AND CONFIGURATIONS

Fig. 3: GE MECON DM
36/700 Dry-Mate
Connectors (see Item #7)
H
H
H
H
H
XT
Fig. 2: Siemens SpecTRON 8

Wet-Mate Connectors
(see Item #16)
SS Processing Station (3P)
WI XT
(TYP.)
Gas Flowline
SUTA
SS Manifold
Seawater
Courtesy of Siemens
Production Umbilical
PSUTA
Fig. 1: Siemens SpecTRON 10

Wet-Mate Connectors
(see Item #17)
TYPE 3
Subsea AC Power Distribution
w/MV or HV Power Transmission
XT
XT
PSUTA
Fig 9: Long Distance Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
SUTA
SS Manifold
H
H
H
SS WI Station
TYPE 2
Multiphase Flowline
SUBSEA POWER CONNECTORS

TYPES: WET-MATE AND DRY-MATE
H
H
XT
(TYP.)
Gas Flowline
Utility Umbilical
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Utility Umbilical
(ft)
Water Injection
Single Phase
Pump
Up to ~12.5 MW,
Typically 6.6kV
SS Manifold
Fig 6: Medium Distance Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
XT
Production Flowline
TABLE 3: SUBSEA POWER CONNECTORS & PENETRATORS
essing by
n with Experience
WI XT
(TYP.)
Liquid Flowline
6.6 kV Wet Mate

Connector
(m)
6.6 kV
Direct Step Out
Pump Station
Note: This table is a sampling of the current market, and is not comprehensive.
Fig.13: Aker Solutions Aasgard Subsea

Transformer Module
SS ASD
Multiphase Line
with Subsea Transformer
HV Wet Mate Connector
Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD)
High
Resistance
SS Processing
Station
Switchgear
SS Power System
~
Booster Pump
or Compressor
XT
(TYP.)
Fig 3: Short Distance Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
Seawater Filtration/Intake
WI
Line
SUTA
Subsea
Transformer
High
Resistance
TYPE 1
Direct Step Out
TV0393 Copyright 2014 ABB. All rights reserved.
GE
SS Manifold
Up to ~3000 kW,
Typically 6.6kV
Pump Station
rRI)
will increase
Courtesy of GE
88.3
recovery from the reservoir by 22 million barrels of oil equivalent.

29. Canceled Project - Petrobras has determined Congro and Corvina are not
commercially feasible.
30. BOET - British Offshore Engineering Technology
31. Perdido - Cassion for separation is 350 feet long drilled into the seabed. Read OTC
Paper 21716.
32. Barracuda - Is the first field deployment of high boost MPP. Ref. 2013 OTC Paper
24217 for additional information about the MPP.
33. Albacora Field - Ref. 2013 OTC Paper 24167
34. Highlander Field - SS Tieback to the Tartan Field which has a SS separator/slug
catcher installed for the tie-in to the Tartan Platform
35. Petrobras changed ESP supplier from Baker Hughes to Schlumberger (REDA)
January 2015. 1 of each still has a Baker Hughes ESP as of February 2015.
Ormen Lange Fig.12: GE Ormen

ompressor
Lange VSD for Pump
WI
Line
MP Boosting
Pump
XT
(TYP.)
Gas Compression
Wet Mate
Connector
(Typ.)
SS
Transformer
Module
Electrical Flying
Lead (EFL)
0.0
1-Jul-08
Up to 36 kV
PLET
Type 3
PSUTA
Multiphase Line
23.6
Oil
Flowline
(SS Transformer Optional

depending on selected
transmission voltage)
PLET
Up to 36 kV
PSUTA
PSUTA
SUTA
Solid or Low
Resistance
Earthing
Production
Umbilical
Topsides
Subsea
Gas
Flowline
PSUTA
SS Power Skid
Subsea
Static or Dynamic
Power Umbilical
88.3
1-Mar-15
Utility
Umbilical
Purge
PLET
Static or Dynamic
Power Umbilical
Multiphase Line
SS Power Skid with Switchgear
WI SPP
TUTA
PLET
Production
Umbilical
Shoreline
Transformer
Topsides
SUTA
Topsides or Land
Subsea
Static or Dynamic
Power Umbilical
Safety Disconnect /
Earthing Switch
(For multi-circuit
umbilicals)
Liquid
Flowline
JB
Purge
Production
Umbilical
2019+
Transformer
Gas
Flowline
Utility
Umbilical
PSUTA
2018
Q2 2015
TBA
Oct-07
(2P)
PSUTA
Schlumberger (REDA)
OneSubsea
JB
ASD
(Frequency
Converter)
PSUTA
TUTA
ESP
n/a
PLET
TBD
SPP&MPP
ASD
(Frequency
Converter)
Safety Disconnect /
Earthing Switch
(For multi-circuit
umbilicals)
Utility
Umbilical
2015
TBD
Production
Flowline
Q2 2015
OneSubsea
Purge
JB
(3P)
MPP
Q4 2014
Helico-Axial
Centrifugal (SPP)
Platform
OR
Onshore
Facilities
Host Switchgear
Host
Switchgear
TUTA
2015+
Helico-Axial
Centrifugal (SPP)
(Output voltage ~36kV or higher

depending on load & distance)
SPP Oil
Mar-07
Baker Hughes
Baker Hughes
Host
Switchgear
Transformer
4.16 kV - 13.8 kV (typical)
Host
Switchgear
Baker Hughes
ESP
ESP
PENETRATOR
ESP
5.0
WET MATE
Helico-Axial
Aug-07
Host
Generation
Fig. 1: SUBSEA POWER SYSTEM STEP-OUT CONFIGURATIONS
POWER
TRANSFORMERS
NOMINAL
TRANSMISSION
FREQ.
16.7-25
Hz AC
Mar-07
50 or 60
Hz AC
Baker Hughes (35)
Fig. 8: Type 3 Electrical Diagram (see Table 5)

Onshore Facility
SS Processing
Station (3P)
Subsea
(Step Down)
ESP
Host Floating
Production Facilities
Type 2
Host
Generation
0.0
Fig. 7: Long Distance Confguration Example
Fig. 5: Type 2 Electrical Diagram (see Table 5)

Host Floating
Production
Facility
SS Processing
Station (2P)
Subsea
Leistritz
Host Floating
Production Facilities
Host Floating
Production
Facility
Topside
(Step Up)
Twin-Screw
Fig. 2: Type 1 Electrical Diagram (see Table 5) Fig. 4: Medium Distance Confguration Example
Fig. 1: Short Distance Confguration Example
Topside
Mar-07
CATEGORY
TRL
Schlumberger (REDA)
CABLE TERMINATION
ESP
COURTESY OF
H
H
H
(2)
(2)
H H
H
(3)
(3)
H H
H
(3)
(3)
Notes:
1. Indicative radius subject to system power rating. See Figure 1, Step-Out Configurations.
2. Transformer location likely after ASD to meet umbilical transmission voltage.
3. Transformer location likely before ASD to meet umbilical transmission voltage.
4. Stepout is the distance from the host facility.
5. Barracuda project with a step out of 10.5 km (6.5 Mi) is a deployed example of Type 1 Configuration.
6. Tyrihans project with a step out of 31 km (19.3 Mi) is a deployed example of Type 2 Configuration.
7. There is no deployed example of Type 3. Type 4 is currently conceptual.
Taking subsea
technology to the
next level?
ABB is a world leading innovator of subsea power and automation solutions, the
main enabler for safe and cost-effective
subsea developments at greater distances and depths.
Naturally.
ABB AS
Tel. +47 22 87 20 00
www.abb.com
3/2/15 4:07 PM
PIPELINES & FLOWLINES
Multi-phase meter advances improve

flow assurance mitigation
Emmelyn Graham
NEL
low assurance issues include the formation of hydrates, waxes,

scaling, slugging, chemical deposits, erosion, and corrosion. Failure to quickly identify and mitigate these problems can cause serious damage to equipment, and have catastrophic consequences in
terms of safety, production, and reduced revenue.
Multi-phase meter advantages

In offshore pipe systems, the flow is predominately multi-phase and
consists of a mixture of oil, gas, and water in varying proportions.
Different multi-phase flow regimes can form where the oil, gas, and
water phases are disturbed in the pipeline, depending on the flow conditions and pipe configurations. Industry is trending toward the use of
multi-phase meters due to advantages such as reduced capex and opex;
increased capability to monitor individual wells in real time; reduction
in the need for test separators and their maintenance; and minimal loss
of production through well shutdowns during tests.
Multi-phase flow regime map for horizontal flow. (Image courtesy Norwegian Society for Oil and Gas Measurement and The Norwegian Society of
Chartered Technical and Scientific Professionals)
Combatting slugging
Slugging is one of the multi-phase flow regimes that can cause major
operational problems. It causes equipment and pipeline fatigue and failure due to the fluctuating pressure, forces, and mechanical loads. In the
worst cases, this can result in potential loss of containment, which can
be difficult to identify subsea and cause significant environmental implications. Identifying and controlling slug flow can therefore improve
production rates and overall system reliability and performance. However, the conditions to generate slugging depend on the pressure, gasliquid volume fractions, velocity of fluids, and pipe configuration. Also,
the frequency of liquid slugs can significantly vary from sub-second
to an hour or more, making detection difficult. Even with single-phase
flows, pressure surges from rapid changes in fluid velocity can cause
unbalanced loads within pipeline systems, leading to fatigue.
Prediction of multi-phase flow regimes is critical for mitigating
the potential issues from the formation of slug flow, however this is
extremely difficult. While there are general flow regimes maps available, these only give an indication of likely flow structure and are
usually developed for certain conditions and cannot be extrapolated
easily. Consequently, NEL is leading a large multi-phase research
collaboration. Part of the European Metrology Research Program,
it aims to develop and validate new multi-phase flow regime maps.
The Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America (RPSEA) organization is developing and testing a subsea clamp-on multiphase meter that can be used to identify the frequency of slugging.
Part of the RPSEA project involved using NELs proprietary physical
property generator to assess thermodynamic flow assurance issues
on subsea sampling equipment design.
Subsea risks
Industry is developing deepwater wells and using longer subsea
tiebacks. These advances have made mitigating flow assurance issues
more costly and challenging due to the reduced accessibility and distances involved. Flow assurance strategies and new techniques that
can cost-effectively predict and prevent issues are essential, especially

when oil prices are so low, to ensure efficient extraction and transportation of oil to guarantee maximum recovery and revenue.
Multi-phase meters can assist with identifying and mitigating flow
assurance risks. For example, subsea multi-phase meters can immediately detect the onset of water and the quantity flowing. This
enables the rapid mitigation of hydration production and can also
be used to determine the correct dosing of expensive hydrate and
corrosion inhibitors. Some meters also incorporate salinity probes
to improve the accuracy of the meter and provide information on the
type of water present for improved reservoir management.
New multi-phase meter advances include the ability to detect
scale on the pipe wall and the measurement of the scale thickness.
This can be used to alert operators to take corrective actions or to
monitor further build-up.
In the future, tomography-type devices will form part of a suite of
tools used to guarantee subsea flow assurance. They are currently
being developed for topsides and subsea applications to determine
the flow regimes and enable more effective management and design
of production systems to reduce multi-phase flow issues.
Flow assurance challenges

Flow assurance issues can cause serious damage, impact the integrity of equipment, and reduce production. Operators are therefore keen to use tried-and-tested equipment and techniques to predict, prevent, and manage flow assurance risks. However, as many
laboratory facilities operate at low pressure and do not provide realistic conditions, validation and research and development is limited
to mimicking subsea conditions for multi-phase testing. Large-scale
high-pressure multi-phase flow facilities are essential to mimic these
subsea flow conditions to realistically test meters, tomography and
other components. This will ensure safety, reliability, and improve
confidence in flow assurance techniques and strategies.
19th International Conference on

Petroleum Data Integration, Information and Data Management
PETROLEUM DATA
INTEGRATION + INFORMATION + MANAGEMENT
May 1921, 2015
Houston Marriott Westchase Hotel

Houston, TX www.pnecconferences.com
The 2015 PNEC is a power-packed, two and a half days of technical program featuring 48 in-depth,
how-topresentations and panel discussions. Numerous opportunities to network with your peers
plus exhibitors from leading technology companies make this event one-of-a-kind. Changes in key
technologies require innovative thinking and practical solutions to implement quality, data-driven
decisions that meet enterprise-wide technical and fnancial interests when millions of invested dollars
are at risk. For 19 years this conference has been acclaimed for handling the discussion with balance.
Full Sponsors:
Owned & Produced by:
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BUSINESS BRIEFS
People
Statoil has appointed Eldar
Stre as president and CEO.
G. Steven Farris, chairman,
president and CEO of Apache
Corp., has retired. John J.
Stre
Christmann IV has been appointed president and CEO, and John Lowe
has been elected as non-executive chairman.
Petrobras CEO Maria das Graas Foster;
CFO and Chief Investor Relations Officer
Almir Guilherme Barbassa; Upstream Director Jos Miranda Formigli; Downstream
Director Jos Carlos Cosenza; Gas and
Power Director Jos Alcides Santoro; and
Engineering, Technology and Procurement
Director Jos Antnio de Figueiredo have
resigned. The company has elected Aldemir
Bendine as CEO, Ivan de Souza Monteiro
as CFO and chief investor relations officer,
Solange da Silva Guedes as Exploration and
Production Director, Jorge Celestino Ramos
as Downstream Director, Hugo Repsold
Jnior as Gas and Power Director, and Roberto Moro as Engineering, Technology and
Procurement Director.
Darcey Matthews has joined
McDermott as vice president,
investor relations.
Det norske has appointed
Elke R. Njaa as senior vice
president, company developMatthews
ment.
Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG
has hired Norman Ingram
as project director and Martin
Mair as operations director.
Cubility AS has appointed
Knut Haga as chief technology
Haga
officer.
Global Maritime Group has appointed
Peder Sortland as its first CEO.
Energy Intelligence has selected Rex W.
Tillerson, chairman and CEO of Exxon Mobil
Corp., as Petroleum Executive of the Year for
2015.
MEO Australia Ltd. has appointed Peter
Stickland to the board of directors and has
assumed the role of managing director and
CEO.
Chevron Corp. has named Jeanette L.
Ourada as corporate vice president and
comptroller effective April 1. She succeeds
Matthew J. Foehr, who will retire from
the company on March 31, after 33 years of
service. Inge G. Thulin has been elected to
Chevron Corp.s board of directors. He will
serve on the companys Board Nominating
and Governance Committee and Management
Compensation Committee.
Rod Starr has assumed the role of CEO
of Polarcus. Hege Sjo has resigned from the
companys board of directors.
Philippe Barril has joined SBM Offshore
as COO. He will be responsible for overseeing

project execution, business acquisition, and
fleet operations.
John Faraci and Arjun Murti have been
elected to the ConocoPhillips board of directors.
Paul Davison, an independent non-executive director of Energy XXI, has passed away
at the age of 61. He was a member of the companys Audit and Remuneration committees.
Knight Oil Tools has named Earl J. Blackwell as president and CEO. He succeeds
Mark Knight, who will remain chairman of
the board of directors.
Golar LNG Ltd. has hired Gar y Smith as
CEO. He succeeds Doug Arnell.
JDR has appointed David Currie as CEO.
Azonto Petroleum Ltd. has named Gregor y
Stoupnitzky as managing director.
Matt Bell has joined Ikon Science Americas as president.
iSURVEY has appointed Iain Milroy as
business development manager at its Aberdeenshire office.
UniversalPegasus International has hired
Tony Stead as business development manager in London.
Cobalt International Energy Inc. has named
Shashank V. Kar ve as executive vice president, Cameia development.

Sandvik Venture has appointed Jim Nixon as president
and a member of Sandviks
Group Executive Management.
He succeeds Tomas Nordahl.
Varel International Energy
Nixon
Services Inc. has appointed
Michael Reeves as president.
KBR has elected Umberto
della Sala to its board of directors. Linda Z. Cook has retired
from the companys board.
Reeves
InterMoor, an Acteon company, has named Cohen Guidr y
as regional manager, West Africa.
TAM International has hired Scott Myers as Middle East manager and Edward
Wharam as country manager for Indonesia
and Malaysia.
Repsol has elected J. Robinson West to its
board of directors as an independent director.
He will also be a member of the Delegate
Committee. Fernndez Pelaz has been
appointed to its board of directors as an independent director. He will also be a member of
the Audit and Control Committee.
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15
th
Anniversary
The Deepwater Operations Conference and Exhibition will continue

the tradition of excellence in addressing operational challenges
involved in developing deepwater resources. We will return to the
Moody Gardens Hotel and Convention Center on November 3 4, 2015
in Galveston, Texas.
Challenges in deepwater production are complex and command our
attention to develop solutions that are economical and long-term. The
Deepwater Operations Conference and Exhibition provides a unique
experience for attendees and exhibitors to share, learn and connect in
a forum dedicated to addressing these challenges.
November 3 - 5, 2015
Moody Gardens Hotel
& Convention Center
Galveston, TX, USA
www.deepwateroperations.com
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PRODUCED BY:
PRESENTED BY:
SUPPORTED BY:
HOSTED BY:
ADVERTISERS INDEX
SALES OFFICES
PENNWELL PETROLEUM GROUP
1455 West Loop South, Suite 400, Houston, TX 77027
PHONE +1 713 621 9720 FAX +1 713 963 6228
David Davis (Worldwide Sales Manager)
davidd@pennwell.com
Shelley Cohen (Regional Sales Manager)
shelleyc@pennwell.com
Mary Sumner (Classified Sales) marys@pennwell.com
AFGlobal..................................................... 15
afglobalcorp.com/oilandgas
ADIPEC 2015 ..............................................61
www.adipec.com
Aker Solutions ........................................... 11
www.akersolutions.com
Aramco Services Co..................................31
www.deepdives2015.com
Archer .........................................................37
archerwell.com
Kallman Worldwide, Inc. ............................48

www.kallman.com
Karmsund Maritime Offshore Supply ......40
www.kamos.no
KBC Advanced Technologies ...................45
www.kbcat.com
KBR ............................................................ C3
www.kbr.com
KOREAN AIR ..............................................35
www.koreanair.com
Baker Hughes ............................................23

www.bakerhughes.com
Bentley Systems ........................................27
www.bentley.com
Bluebeam Software, Inc. ...........................49
www.bluebeam.com
Brasil Offshore 2015 ..................................48
www.brasiloffshore.com
M-I Swaco .....................................................3

www.miswaco.com
GREATER HOUSTON AREA, TX

David Davis davidd@pennwell.com
USA CANADA
Shelley Cohen shelleyc@pennwell.com
WASHINGTON OREGON CALIFORNIA
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THE NETHERLANDS
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Prominter
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PHONE +33 (0) 1 3071 1119 FAX +33 (0) 1 3071 1119
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EURASIA
Sicking Industrial Marketing
Kurt-Schumacher-Str. 16, 59872 Freienohl, Germany
PHONE +49 (0) 2903 3385 70 FAX +49 (0) 2903 3385 82
Andreas Sicking wilhelms@pennwell.com
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SILVERA MEDIAREP
Viale Monza, 24 - 20127 Milano, Italy
PHONE +39 (02) 28 46716 FAX +39 (02) 28 93849
Ferruccio Silvera info@silvera.it
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PHONE +81 3 6721 9890 FAX +81 3 6721 9891
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SOUTHEAST ASIA AUSTRALIA
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Port Kennedy, WA, Australia 6172
PHONE +61 8 9593 4405 or +61(0) 437 700 093
FAX +61 8 9593 3732
Mike Twiss miket@pennwell.com
INDIA
Interads Ltd., A-113, Shivalik, New Delhi 110 017
PHONE +91 11 628 3018 FAX +91 11 622 8928
Rajan Sharma rajan@interadsindia.com
NIGERIA/WEST AFRICA
Flat 8, 3rd foor (Oluwatobi House)
71 Allen Ave, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
PHONE +234 805 687 2630 or +234 802 223 2864
Dele Olaoye q-she@inbox.com
C
C-Nav ..........................................................69
www.cnav.com
Cansco Dubai LLC.....................................50
www.cansco.com
Check-6.......................................................33
ChecklistCulture.com
Clover Tool Company ................................39
www.clovertool.com
CO.L.MAR S.r.L. ......................................... 16
www.colmaritalia.com
CUDD Energy Services .............................63
www.cudd.com
D
Delta SubSea................................................9
deltasubsea-rov.com
DMG Events ...............................................61
www.dmgevents.com
Dril-Quip .......................................................1
www.dril-quip.com
F
FMC Technologies .................................... C4
www.fmctechnologies.com
Frank Mohn Flatoy AS ...............................21
www.framo.com
FTO Services .................................. bellyband
www.ftoservices.com
N
Newpark Drilling Fluids .............................29
www.newparkdf.com
Nylacast ......................................................44
www.nylacast.com
O
OTC Crawfish Boil .......................................6
P
PennWell
Deep Offshore Technology
Conference & Exhibition ......................41
www.deepoffshoretechnology.com
Deepwater Operations
Conference & Exhibition ......................70
www.deepwateroperations.com
Offshore West Africa Conference
& Exhibition...........................................67
www.offshorewestafrica.com
Offshore magazine ...............................10
PennWell Books....................................16
www.PennWellBooks.com
PNEC Conferences ...............................68
www.pnecconferences.com
Polarcus......................................................47
www.polarcus.com
S
Sandvik .........................................................7
www.sandvik.com
Spir Star, Inc. .............................................. 18
www.spirstar.com
G
GE Oil & Gas .............................................. 13
geoilandgas.com
Global Maritime.......................................... 17
www.globalmaritime.com
Granherne, A KBR Company ................... C3
www.granherne.com
T
Tekfen Construction .................................. 19
www.tefkenconstruction.com.tr
Tenaris Global Services ............................25
www.tenaris.com
Tiger Offshore Rentals ..............................59
tigeroffshorerentals.com
I
INTECSEA ..................................................65
www.intecsea.com
IPLOCA .......................................................36
www.iploca.com
W
Weatherford........................................... C2, 5
weatherford.com
Wilhelm Layher GmbH & Co. KG..............51
oilandgas.layher.com
J
JD Neuhaus Group ....................................43
www.jdngroup.com
The index of page numbers is provided as a

service. The publisher does not assume any
liability for error or omission.
BEYOND THE HORIZON
North Sea looks to spur

recruitment and retention
Fifty years ago this year, the North Sea became the focal point
across the global oil and gas industry. Back then, the industry
looked to America for the skills and experience to pull hydrocarbons
out of the ground. Fast forward through these last five decades, as
well as Aberdeen being bestowed with the Oil and Gas Capital of
Europe moniker, the skills and knowledge in the North Sea has
grown exponentially and has never been in such high demand, both
domestically and internationally.
Much has been written about the sustainability of the talent pool
in the North Sea. Questions include:
What can be done to ensure the industry does not lose any of
that expertise as retirement beckons for the most experienced
in the workforce?
Will the industry be left with contract personnel who move
from company to company, taking their skills and experience
with them?
Is enough being done at grassroots level to encourage a continuous pipeline of fresh, willing, and capable bodies?
As 2015 unfolds, the gauntlet being thrown down to employers is
to maintain this momentum and not take their foot off the gas when
it comes to investing in skills despite some challenging economic
times in the months ahead.
The recent Fueling the Next Generation report commissioned
by Oil & Gas UK, OPITO, and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills showed the scale of the skills shortage is much less
than it was 12 to 18 months ago. The good news is that despite the
North Sea being a mature basin, there will be a need for 12,000 new
entrants between now and 2019.
The report also showed that the industry could lose up to 35,000
people over the next five years. While this may at first sound alarming, it needs to be taken in context.
This is a sector, like so many others, that has endured many peaks
and troughs depending on an array of variables such as prices and
other market trends. The forecast reduction in jobs stems from the
anticipated decline in capex and the number of workers expected to
retire over the same period.
Companies are well aware of how vital it is to have the next generation trained by those who have been working in the industry for
many years in order for the North Sea to remain as one of the major
regions for oil and gas activity.
The report confirmed this; businesses are putting in the effort to
ensure the in-house stream of talent for the future is working. Almost 90% have implemented training and mentoring programs with
6,000 graduates and 13,000 apprentices currently employed in the
sector.
Young people are the future and the industry must continue to
encourage and foster this talent whether it is in the workplace,
learning through modern apprenticeship schemes, or making sure
higher education institutes are designing courses to fully support
these students with the right tools for moving straight into full-time
employment.
The steady flow of skilled and passionate personnel will also come
from adult returners, military personnel leaving the armed forces,
and those wishing to start on a new career path. It is not only just
the engineers and lab-based personnel that are required, but also
lawyers, medics, accountants, and office support roles.
The industry has been working hard to attract more women into
what was once seen as very much a mans world. The number of
women in the oil and gas sector has risen to now make up 25% of the
workforce. However, the national UK average is 47%.
One area to celebrate in 2015 is the home-grown research and
development teams. This sector is constantly pushing boundaries
forward to discover new techniques and processes for developing
new enhanced oil recovery techniques.
Going forward, there will also be scope for new opportunities in
other disciplines such as the digitalization of oil fields, higher investment in technology, not to mention the increase in decommissioning
work.
The North Seas talented people are already highly sought after in
international waters with nearly 30% of workers engaged in overseas
activities. This figure is expected to keep rising, but the responsibility is on the industry to keep the quality and workmanship as alive
and kicking as the North Sea region itself.
John McDonald
UK Managing Director
OPITO
This page refects viewpoints on the political, economic, cultural, technological, and environmental issues that shape the future of the petroleum industry. Offshore
Magazine invites you to share your thoughts. Email your Beyond the Horizon manuscript to David Paganie at davidp@pennwell.com.
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