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Incropera & DeWitt

Introduction

1.2 1.4

HEAT TRANSFER
Heat Transfer
Determines heat transfer rate for given temperature
gradients and given equipment, or determines equipment
needed to obtain required heat transfer rate.
Thermodynamics determines magnitude of Q&
Heat Transfer - how to design for Q&

J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Introduction

Incropera & DeWitt

Heat Transfer Topics


Conduction
- thermal circuits
- general conduction equation
- cylindrical
- fins

Heat Exchangers
Numerical Solutions for conduction

Convection
- similarity
- analytical
- natural convection

Radiation
- between bodies
- spectrum
- environmental

Unsteady-State conduction

J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Introduction
Examples of Heat Transfer
Power Stations -

- furnace - radiation, convection and conduction


- condensers, cooling towers
- nuclear reactors - cooling fluid may be gas or liquid

Engines
- car radiator (convector)
- water jacket around head
- oil flow through bearings
- fins for air-cooled engines
- gas turbines - blade cooling

J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Introduction
Examples of Heat Transfer
Solar
- collectors - radiation absorption

Electrical/Electronic
- transformer fluid
- generators - H2 cooled
- computer chip heat sinks

Bio
- air-conditioner
- refrigerator
- evaporators
- condensers

Sun - Earth
plants - transpiration
animals - transpiration, convection
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

L1

Lecture 1
Conduction
- thermal circuits
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Three Modes of Heat Transfer

1.2.1 2.1 2.2

Conduction - mainly in solids (convection in fluids)


FOURIERS LAW

T
Q& x = kA
x
[W] = [W/mK] [m2] [K/m]

A
Q& x

k is thermal conductivity [W/mK]


Silver
Copper
Steel

415
380
45

Wood
Polystyrene
Air

0.17
0.025
0.026

x
k is a property of the material
A is cross-sectional area
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Three Modes of Heat Transfer

1.2.2

Convection - between surface and moving fluid


Examples - pipes, walls, wings, fins.
NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING

Tw

Q&

Q& = hA(Tw T )

Thermal
boundary
layer

[W] = [W/m2K][m2][K]

Fluid flow

Q& is conduction and convection through boundary layer next to wall.


Tw is wall temperature
T is in fluid far away
A is surface area
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Three Modes of Heat Transfer

1.2.2

h is the convective heat transfer coefficient


- function of
laminar or turbulent flow
V , , k , ....
Typical values of h
Natural convection in air
Forced convection in air
Forced convection in water
Boiling water
Condensing steam

Fluid dynamics, not just fluid


properties, therefore, cannot
predict precisely.

[W/m2 K]
5
50
10 500
100 15000
2500 25000
5000 105
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Three Modes of Heat Transfer

1.2.3

Radiation - no medium
STEFAN-BOLTZMAN LAW

Q& = A T 4

Q&

[W] = [W/m2K4] [m2] [ ] [K4]

is the Stefan-Boltzman constant 5.67 108 W/m2K4


A is surface area at T (K)

J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Three Modes of Heat Transfer

1.2.3

is emissivity - a surface property of the material and its finish.


0 < 1
= 1 is perfect radiator
Typical (dimensionless)
Polished Aluminium
Black Paint
Skin

0.04
0.98
0.95

NOTE: Radiation rays have direction; two-way radiation


between surfaces.
T
T
1

Net heat transfer rate

Q& = Q&1 Q& 2

Q&1

Q& 2

J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Plane Wall Conduction

3.1.1 - 3.1.3

Thermal Circuits
Composite Wall

Q& = hA A(T1 T2 )
= kA A

= kB A

T1

(T2 T3 )

T2

x A

T3

hA

(T3 T4 )

T4

fluid

x B

= hB A(T4 T5 )

kA

kB

xA

xB

fluid

T5
hB

J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Plane Wall Conduction

3.1.1 - 3.1.3

Thermal Circuits
Rearrange and add;
intermediate Ts drop out,

Q& =

(T1 T5 )

1
1
x
x
+ A+ B +
AhA Ak A Ak B AhB

E
& and E T .
, where I Q
R
1
for Convection: R =
Ah

Analogous with Ohms Law, I =


for Conduction: R =

Q&

T1

x
Ak

T3

T2
R1

R2

T5

T4

R3

R4

THERMAL CIRCUIT
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Plane Wall Conduction

3.1.1 - 3.1.3

Thermal Circuits
R [K/W] is for actual cross-sectional area.
note: R decreases as A increases!
Per unit area: R" = RA [m2K/W]
(R" = 3 m2K/W means
T = 3C for 1W per square metre)

multilayer with rivets


R2 R3 R4
R1a

Parallel and Series Paths


R1a
TA

R2

R1b

R3

R4

R6a
R6b

R5

R6a

TA
R5

R1b

R6b

TB

TB
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Plane Wall Conduction

3.1.4

Contact Resistance between two surfaces.

RC =

1
hC A

where hC (W/m2K) is the contact coefficient.


Depends on surface and loading and fluid between.
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient or Conductance U (W/m2K)

Q& = UAT
Since

T
Q& =
Rtotal

U=

1
Rtotal A
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

Incropera & DeWitt

Plane Wall Conduction

Ex. 3.1, 3.2

Ex. 3.2. Chip 10mm square dissipates 104 W/m2.


Will it operate below maximum allowable 85C?
Aluminium base is 8mm thick and epoxy is 0.02mm
thick.
All areas are the same so can work with 1m2.
Qc = Q1 + Q2

Qc =

Q1

air T = 25C
h=100W/m2K
chip
epoxy
aluminium

Tc T
Tc T
+
Rc + L / k + 1 / h
1/ h

1/hA
Qc

Tc
Rc
L/kA

Using contact resistance Rc = 0.9104 m2K/W for epoxy (neglect k


for very thin layer) and kaluminium = 238W/mK

1/hA
Q2

Solve for Tc
104 = (Tc 25) [ 100 + 1/ (0.9104 + 0.008/238 + 1/100) ]
Tc = 25 + 50.3 = 75.3 C

is within limit.
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney

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