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Fourier's Law
The constitutive equation for conduction, we have see, is Fourier's Law. It
says that the heat flux vector is a linear function of the temperature
gradient, that is :
q = k T
What we mean by the notation is the following:
q = qi ei
T =
T
e
x i i
qi = k
Lecture 2
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T
x i
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T1
q
qx = k d T
dx
T2
x
L
T1 T2
qx = k
L
The room is well heated and the temperature is uniform, so the heat low
through the windowpane is
T1 T2
Q = k
A
L
If the room temperature is 60 F and the exterior temperature is 20 F, and
k is 0.41 Btu/hr-ft2-F then
60 20
Q = 0.41
6 = 9444 Btu
0.125 / 12
hr
Questions
Lecture 2
ChE 333
d VC T T
p
1
ref
dt
= Q
dT1
kA T T
=
2
dt
VC pL 1
Note that =
VC pL
and that has units of time.
kA
Data
T2
T1 0
T1
k
A
V
L
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
air
Cpair =
20 F
60 F
45 F
0.41 BTU/ft-h-F
6 ft^2
864 ft^3
0.125 in.
0.07 lb/ft^3
0.24 BTU/lb.-F
t = ln
T1 T2
T10 T2
T1 T2
T10 T2
= e
= ln
45 20
60 20
= 0.47
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T2
T0
q
T1
qx = k d T
dx
T3
x
L3
L1
L2
T1 T2
qx = k
L
T0 T1
T1 T2
A In layer 2 Q = k 2
A
1
2
T2 T3
and in layer 3 by Q = k 3
A
3
In layer 1 Q = k 1
= T2 T3 A ; Q 2 = T1 T2 A ; Q 1 = T0 T1 A
k3
k2
k1
Q 1
+ 2 + 3 = T0 T3
A k1
k2 k3
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Let R i =
i
so then 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
R
R1 R2 R3
ki
T0 T3
Q =
A
R
This is like a problem of current flow in a series circuit.
In the single pane problem discussed in Lecture 1, we noted that the
resistance, /k, was 1/(192(0.41) = 0.254 hr-ft2 -F/Btu. Recall that for the
problem of cooling the room, was 1.75 minutes. The thermal
conductivity of air is 0.014 Btu/hr-ft-F. so that
1
= 3 = 0.0254 ; 2 =
= 0.744
k1
k3
2
k2
96 0.014
as a consequence the reciprocal of the overall resistance is 0.744 +
(0.0254) = 0.746.
Then we see that = (1.min) (0.746/0.0254) = 29.37 min
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Tr
Again consider a windowpane, but now
there is a heat transfer limitation at one
boundary described by a boundary
condition.
Ta
Ti
q x = h Tr Ti
Ti Ta
qx = k
Ti Ta = q x ; Tr Ti = 1 q x
k
h
Solving for the temperatures we get
Ti = Ta + q x + 1 q x
k
h
Solving for qx , the relation becomes q x =
+1
k h
h
h + 1
k
Ti Ta
Ti Ta
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R2
R3
R1
T0
qr = k d T
dr
T1
T2
T3
Q = k 2rL d T = constant = C
dr
Rearranging we obtain a relation for the temperature gradient
dT =
C
dr
k 2rL
which upon separation of variables is
dT =
C dr
k 2L r
T =
C ln r + a
1
k 2L
qr2 = qr2
qr3 = h(T3 - T0 )
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so that
T1 T2=
C ln R 1 ; T T =
C ln R 2
2
3
R2
R1
k 1 2L
k 2 2L
It follows that
T1 T0=
C
1 ln R 2 + 1 ln R 3 + 1
2L k 1 R 1 k 2 R 2 h
2L
Q =
1 ln R 2 + 1 ln R 3 + 1
k 1 R 1 k 2 R 2 hR 3
T1 T0
dQ
d2Q
= 0 and
< 0
dR 3
d R32
hR 3
= 1
Some algebra yields:
k2
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