Week 13 Solutions - ENB222

9-88

A simple ideal Brayton cycle operates with air with minimum and maximum temperatures
of 27 C and 727 C. It is designed so that the maximum cycle pressure is 2000 kP a and
the minimum cycle pressure is 100 kP a. Determine the net work produced per unit mass of
air each time this cycle is executed and the cycles thermal efficiency. Use constant specific
heats at room temperature.

From Table A-2

cp = 1.005 kJ kg 1 K 1 , k = 1.4
Known information,
T1 = 300 K, P1 = 100 kP a
P2 = 2000 kP a
T3 = 1000 K, P3 = 2000 kP a
P4 = 100 kP a
Finding T2 and T4 , both are isentropic processes,
T2 = T1

P2
P1

T4 = T3

P4
P3

 k1
k

 k1
k

= 300

= 1000

2000
100

 0.4

100
2000

1.4

= 706.1 K

 0.4
1.4

= 424.9 K

Using an Energy Balance,

ein eout = e
From 2 to 3,
qin = h3 h2 = cp (T3 T2 ) = 1.005(1000 706.1) = 295.4 kJ/kg
From 4 to 1
qout = h1 h4 = cp (T1 T4 ) = 1.005(300 424.9) = 125.5 kJ/kg
Therefore the net work is,
wnet = qin qout = 295.4 125.5 = 169.9 kJ/kg
and the thermal efficiency of this cycle is,
th =

wnet
qin

169.9
295.4

= 0.575

9-92

Air is used as the working fluid in a simple ideal Brayton cycle that has a pressure ratio
of 12, compressor inlet temperature of 300 K, and a turbine inlet temperature of 1000 K.
Determine the required mass flow rate of air for a net power output of 70 M W , assuming
both the compressor and the turbine have an isentropic efficiency of (a) 100 percent and (b)
85 percent. Assume constant specific heats at room temperature.

From Table A-2

cp = 1.005 kJ kg 1 K 1 , k = 1.4
Known information,
T1 = 300 K
T3 = 1000 K
P2
P1

P3
P4

= 12

Finding T2s and T4s , both are isentropic processes,

T2s = T1

P2
P1

T4s = T3

P4
P3

 k1
k

 k1
k

0.4

= 300 (12) 1.4 = 610.2 K

= 1000

1
12

 0.4
1.4

= 491.7 K

Finding the work in/out and the heat in/out

IN
ws,C,in = h2s h1 = cp (T2s T1 ) = 1.005(610.2 300) = 311.75 kJ/kg
qin = h3 h2s = cp (T3 T2s ) = 1.005(1000 610.2) = 391.75 kJ/kg
OUT
ws,T,out = h3 h4s = cp (T3 T4s ) = 1.005(1000 491.7) = 510.84 kJ/kg
qout = h4s h1 = cp (T4s T1 ) = 1.005(491.7 300) = 192.66 kJ/kg
Mass flow rate,
m
=

net,out
W
ws,net,out

ws,net,out = ws,T,out ws,C,in = 510.84 311.75 = 199.1 kJ/kg

or
ws,net,out = qin qout = 391.75 192.66 = 199.1 kJ/kg
m
=

70000
199.1

= 352 kg/s

(b) The net work output is determined to be (at 85%)

wa,net,out = wa,T,out wa,C,in = T ws,T,out

ws,C,in
C

Therefore, the mass flow rate is,

m
a=

net,out
W
wa,net,out

70000
67.5

= 1037 kg/s

= 0.85 510.84

311.75
0.85

= 67.5 kJ/kg

10-14

The turbine of a steam power plant operating on a simple ideal Rankine cycle produces 500
kW of power when the boiler is operated at 3.5 M P a, the condenser at 40 kP a, and the
temperature at the turbine entrance is 650 C. Determine the rate of heat supple in the
boiler, the rate of heat rejection in the condenser, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Point 1 at 40 kP a,
Table A-5
h1 = 317.62 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.001026 m3 /kg
Between points 1 and 2,
win = h2 h1 ,
therefore, h2 = h1 +win = h1 +v1 (P2 P1 ) = 317.62+0.001026(350040) = 321.17 kJ/kg
Information at point 3,
P3 = 3500 kP a, T3 = 650 C Table A-6
h3 = 3678.9+3909.3
= 3794.1 kJ/kg
2
s3 = 7.4357+7.6855
=
7.5606 kJ/kg K
2
Point 4, between 3 and 4 is a constant entropy process,
s4 = s3 = 7.5606 kJ/kg K, and P4 = 40 kP a

The quality factor,

Table A-5,
sf = 1.0261kJ/kg K, sf g = 6.6430kJ/kg K
hf = 317.62kJ/kg, hf g = 2318.4kJ/kg
x4 =

s4 sf
sf g

7.56061.0261
6.6430

= 0.9836

h4 = hf + x4 hf g = 317.62 + 0.9836 2318.4 = 2598.0 kJ/kg

T,out = 500 kW and, W
T,out = m(h
We know that W
3 h4 )
Therefore, m
=

out
W
h3 h4

500
3794.12598.0

= 0.418 kg/s

The rates of heat addition and rejection therefore are:

Q in = m(h
3 h2 ) = 0.418 (3794.1 321.17) = 1451.68 kW
Q out = m(h
4 h1 ) = 0.418 (2598.0 317.62) = 953.20 kW
And the thermal efficiency,
th = 1

Q out
Q in

=1

953.20
1451.68

= 0.343

10-24

The net work output and the thermal efficiency for the Carnot and the simple ideal Rankine
cycles with steam as the working fluid are to be calculated and compared. Steam enters the
turbine in both bases at 10 M P a as a saturated vapor, and the condenser pressure is 20
kP a. In the Rankine cycle, the condenser exit state is saturated liquid and in the Carnot
cycle, the boiler inlet state is saturated liquid. Draw the T -s diagrams for both cycles.
For the Rankine Cycle:

Known information:
P1 = P4 = 10 kP a, P2 = P3 = 10000 kP a
Between points 1 and 2,
wp,in = v1 (P2 P1 ) constant volume
Energy Balance,
ein eout = e
wp,in = h
h2 = h1 + wp,in
h2 = h1 + v1 (P2 P1 )
From Table A-5
h1 = hf @20kP a = 251.42 kJ/kg, v1 = vf @20kP a = 0.001017 m3 /kg

h2 = 251.42 + 0.001017(10000 20) = 261.57 kJ/kg

Finding qin
qin = h3 h2
Table A-5
h3 = hg@10M P a = 2725.5 kJ/kg,
qin = 2725.5 261.57 = 2463.9 kJ/kg
qout = h1 h4
From process 3 to 4 is constant entropy, therefore
s3 = s4
From Table A-5
s3 = s4 = sg@10M P a = 5.6159 kJ/kg K
This allows the quality to be found,
Table A-5 at P4 = 20 kP a
sf = 0.8320 kJ/kg K, sf g = 7.0752 kJ/kg K
x4 =

s4 sf
sf g

5.61590.8320
7.0752

= 0.6761

Therefore, the enthalpy at point 4 can be found,

h4 = hf + x4 hf g
Table A-5
hf g = 2357.5 kJ/kg
h4 = 251.42 + 0.6761 2357.5 = 1845.3 kJ/kg
qout = h4 h1 = 1845.3 251.42 = 1594.0 kJ/kg
Therefore, the net work out is,
wnet,out = qin qout = 2463.9 1593.9 = 870.0 kJ/kg
And the efficiency,
th =

wnet
qin

870.0
2463.9

= 0.353
9

For the Carnot Cycle:

Can get information directly from point 3.

From Table A-5
At 10 M P a,
h3 = 2725.5 kJ/kg, T3 = 311.0 C
T2 = T3 , therefore using Table A-4,
At 311.0 C
h2 = 1407.8 kJ/kg, s2 = 3.3603 kJ/kg K
Constant entropy process from 1 to 2, therefore, s1 = s2 .
Table A-5 at 20 kP a
hf = 251.42 kJ/kg, hf g = 2357.5 kJ/kg
sf = 0.8320 kJ/kg K, sf g = 7.0752 kJ/kg K
Finding the quality,
x1 =

s1 sf
sf g

3.36030.8320
7.0752

= 0.3574

Therefore, h1 .
h1 = hf + x1 hf g = 251.42 + 0.3574 2357.5 = 1093.9 kJ/kg

10

finding h4
Constant entropy process from 3 to 4, therefore, s4 = s3 and same temperature at point
1, T1 = 60 C
Table A-4 at 60 C
hf = 251.18 kJ/kg, hf g = 2357.7 kJ/kg
sf = 0.8313 kJ/kg K, sf g = 7.0769 kJ/kg K
Finding the quality,
x4 =

s4 sf
sf g

5.61590.8313
7.0769

= 0.676

Therefore, h4 ,
h4 = hf + x4 hf g = 251.18 + 0.676 2357.7 = 1845.0 kJ/kg
Now the heat in and out can be found and hence the net work and thermal efficiency,
qin = h3 h2 = 2725.5 1407.8 = 1317.7 kJ/kg
qout = h4 h1 = 1845.0 1093.9 = 751.7 kJ/kg
wnet = qin qout = 1317.7 752.7 = 565.0 kJ/kg
wnet
qin

565.0
1317.7

th = 1

TL
TH

=1

th =

= 0.429

or,
60+273
311+273

= 0.429

11