Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Alpha ()
In the dc mode the levels of IC and IE due to majority carriers are related by a quantity called alpha and defined by the
following equation:
Ic
Ie
Ie = Ib I c
Beta ()
Ic
Ib
Gamma ()
Forward current gain for common collector configuration
=
Ie
Ib
Common
Base
moderate
highest
lowest less
than1
lowest
Common
Emitter
highest
moderate
moderate
Common
Collector
moderate
less than 1
highest
moderate
highest
highest
moderate
lowest
none
none
RF amp
universal
isolation
Transistor Biasing
Bias
an electrical, mechanical, or magnetic force applied to a device to establish a desired electrical or mechanical
reference level for its operation.
is a DC voltage or current that sets the operating point for amplifying the AC signal
a. Fixed Bias
is taken from a battery or power supply
b. Self Bias
The amplifier produces its own DC voltage from an IR drop across a resistor in the return circuit of the common
terminal.
Self-bias is probably the type of bias used most often because it is economical and has stabilizing effect on the
DC level of the output current.
Can be emitter stabilized or collector stabilized
c. Voltage-Divider Bias
The most stable type of circuit biasing
d. Signal Bias
a. Active Region
Base-emitter junction is forward biased and the collector-base junction is reverse biased.
Transistors active operation as an amplifier
b. Saturation Region
both junctions are forward biased
switch on operation for the transistor
c. Cut off Region
both junctions are reverse biased
switch off operation for the transistor
Loadline and Q-point
Loadline is a straight line drawn on the collector curves between the cut-off and saturation points of the
transistor
Q-point (Quiescent Point) is the operating point of the transistor with the time varying sources out of the circuit
Review Question:
Given the circuit below, draw the DC loadline
H-Parameters:
1. hi - short circuit input impedance
hi
Vi
; (Vo = 0)
Ii
Vi
(Ii = 0)
Vo
Io
( Vo = 0)
Ii
Io
(Ii = 0)
Vo
VGS
IDSS 1
VGS(off )
ID =
JFET/D-MOSFET transfer characteristics
Can be n-channel or p-channel
JFET Symbols
Operation of JFET
JFET is always operated with the gate-source PN junction reversed biased
Reverse biasing of the gate-source junction with negative voltage produces a depletion region along the PN
junction which extends into the n-channel and thus increases its resistance by restricting the channel width as
shown in the preceding figure.
1. Fixed Bias
a separate power source.
2. Self Bias
3. Source Bias
4. Voltage Divider
Depletion Mode
Negative gate to source voltage is applied
n channel is depleted of some electrons hence decreasing channel conductivity
Enhancement Mode
II. AMPLIFIERS
Electronic devices capable of amplification or increasing the amplitude of power, current or voltage at its output
Circuits designed to increase the amplitude or level of an electronic signal.
Used as boosters
Classifications of Amplifiers:
1. According to Function
a.Voltage Amplifier
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class AB
Efficiency
50%
78.5%
100%
Between A
&B
Conduction
Angle
360
180
Below
180
Slightly
greater
than 180
Distortion
Low
High
extreme
moderate
Bias
(base emitter)
Linear
portion
Above
cut-off
Below
cut-off
cut-off
output
output
input
output
output
output
4. According to Frequency
a. DC Amplifier
Amplifies DC signal(zero frequency)
b. Audio Amplifier
Amplifies signal whose frequency is within the audio range(20 Hz-20KHz)
c. RF Amplifier
Amplifies signal whose frequency is within the radio frequency range
d. IF Amplifier
Amplifies signal whose frequency is in between the carrier and the modulating frequency
e. Video Amplifier
A wide-band amplifier that amplifies video signal
Video signal refers to the frequency range of the picture information which arises from the television scanning
process
5. According to the Signal being amplified
a. Small Signal Amplifiers
Amplifier that utilizes only the very linear portion of the active device
b. Large Signal Amplifiers
Amplifier that utilizes almost the full rated output power of the active device
6. According to Method of Coupling
a. Direct Coupling
Amplifiers connected or coupled without any passive component in between.
b. Capacitive Coupling
Amplifiers are connected or coupled by the used of capacitor termed as coupling-capacitor
c. Inductive Coupling
Amplifiers are connected or coupled by the use of inductor or transformer
d. Transformer Coupling
Most often, inductor is not used as coupling device instead transformer is used
7. Power Amplifiers
a. Push-Pull Amplifiers
Amplifier with two similar circuits operating in phase opposition.
One amplifies half of the cycle and the remaining half is being amplified by the other amplifier
b. Complementary Symmetry Amplifiers
Push-pull amplifiers using complementary transistors such as pair of pnp and npn
c. Quasi-Complementary Amplifier
Push-pull amplifiers using the same transistors at the output but the driver is using complementary transistors
Compound Configurations
a. Cascade Connection
a cascade connection is a series connection with the output of one stage then applied as input to the second
stage.
The cascade connection provides a multiplication of the gain of each stage for a larger overall gain.
Av = Av1Av2Av3.. Avn
Av(dB) = 20log (Av)
b. Cascode Connection
a cascode connection has one transistor on top of (in series with) another
This arrangement is design to provide high input impedance with low voltage gain to ensure that the input Miller
capacitance is minimum.
c. Darlington Connection
The main feature of the Darlington connection is that the composite transistor acts a single unit with a current
gain that is the product of the current gains of the individual transistors.
It is a circuit meant to boost input resistance
D = 1 2
d. Feedback Pair
The feedback pair connection is a two-transistor circuit that operates like the Darlington circuit
It uses a pnp transistor driving an npn.
TEST YOURSELF 3
Review Questions
1. A PNP transistor is made of
a. silicon
b. germanium
c. carbon
d. either silicon or germanium
Answer d. either silicon or germanium
2. The transistor is usually encapsulated in
a. graphite powder
b. enamel paint
c. epoxy raisin
d. black plastic
Answer c. epoxy raisin
3. Power transistors are invariably provided with
a. solder connections
b. heat sink
c. metallic casing
d. screw bolt
Answer b. heat sink
4. The transistor specification number 2N refers to a
a. diode
b. junction transistor
c. FET with one gate
d. SCR
Answer b. junction transistor
5. Which if the following is necessary for a transistor action?
a. the base region must be very wide
b. the base region must be very narrow
c.the base region must be made from insulating materials
d. the collector region must be heavily doped
Answer b. the base region must be very narrow
6. As compared to a CB amplifier a CE amplifier has
a. low current amplification
b. higher current amplification
c.lower input resistance
d. higher input resistance
Answer b. higher current amplification
7. It is the most stable type of circuit biasing
a. self-bias
b. signal bias
c. voltage-divider bias
d. fixed bias
Answer c. voltage-divider bias
8. The quiescent state of a transistor implies
a. zero bias
b. no output
c. no distortion
d. no input signal
Answer d. no input signal
9. Each of the 2 cascaded stages has a voltage gain of 30. What is the overall gain?
a.3
b. 9
c. 30
d. 900
Answer d. 900
Solution
Gtotal = (30)(30) = 900
10. Which class of amplifiers operates with the least distortion?
a.Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D
Answer a. Class A
c.buffering
d. a, b and c
Answer d. a, b and c
19. A JFET just operates with specifically
a. the drain connected to ground
b. gate to source PN junction forward biased
c. gate connected to the source
d. gate to source PN junction reverse biased
Answer d. gate to source PN junction reverse biased
20. The main difference of a MOSFET from a JFET is that
a. JFET has PN junction
b. of the power rating
c. MOSFETS has two gates
d. MOSFETs do not have physical channel
Answer a. JFET has PN junction
21. A small signal amplifier
a. uses only a small portion of its loadline
b. always has an output signal in the mV range
c. goes into saturation once on each input cycle
d. is always a common emitter amplifier
Answer a. uses only a small portion of its loadline
22. The parameter hfe corresponds to
a. DC
b. AC
c. r e
d. r c
Answer b. AC
23. If the DC emitter current in a certain transistor amplifier is 3 mA, the approximate value of re is
a. 3K
b. 3
c. 8.33
d. 0.33 K
Answer c. 8.33
Solution
re =
26mV
8.66
3mA
d. 3078
Answer c. 50625
Solution
Vover-all = (15)(15)(15)(15) = 50 625
26. The maximum efficiency of a transformer coupled Class A amplifier is__.
a. 25
b. 50
c. 78.5
d. 100
Answer b. 50
27. In a MOSFET, the process of creating a channel by the addition of charge carrier is called.
a. inducement
b. improvement
c. balancing
d. enhancement
Answer d. enhancement
28. What is the current gain of a common base circuit called?
a. gamma
b. delta
c. bravo
d. alpha
Answer d. alpha
29. The name of the very first transistor
a. diode
b. junction transistor
c. point contact transistor
d. triode
Answer c. point contact transistor
30. Region in a transistor that is heavily doped.
a. collector
b. emitter
c. base
d. gate
Answer b. emitter
31. In a common base amplifier the voltage gain is_____.(April, 2003)
a. medium
b. low
c. zero
d. high
Answer d. high
32. In a common collector amplifier, the input resistance is___.(Nov,2003)
a. high
b. zero
c. medium
d. low
Answer a. high
33. A depletion MOSFET (D-MOSFET) can operate with which of the following gate-source voltage? (November, 2003)
1. zero
2. positive
3. negative
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2 and 3
Answer b. 3 only
34. What problem is caused by a loosely coupled transformer in an RF amplifier? (April, 2004)
a. a too narrow bandpass
b. over coupling
c. optimum coupling
d. a too-wide bandpass
Answer a. a too narrow bandpass
35. Normally, how are high power tubes tested? (April, 2004)
a. visually
b. individually
c. in their circuit
d. use portable testers
Answer c. in their circuit