1

CS436: SPECIAL TOPICS IN

COMPUTER NETWORKS
Dr. Mustafa Y. ElNainay
Department of Computer and Systems
Engineering
Alexandria University
Email: ymustafa@alexu.edu.eg

Welcome
Instructor: Dr. Mustafa Y. ElNainay
Email: ymustafa@alexu.edu.eg
Office
TA: Eng. Arsany Hany

Course Information
Network Topology , network architecture , Date link layer , IEEE

standars (Ethemet, Token bus & token Ring) , Packet Radio Network ,
Fast Ethernet , Distributed Queue Dual Bus , FDDI Network layer ,
Routing Routines & congestion control.
The Course Distribution Hours:

Weekly Hours

Lectures
4

Tut

Exam
Duratio
n
(Hours)

Marks

Lab

Total

Class

Lab

25

25

Oral

Final

Total

75

125

Course Breakdown
Week
1 (7/2)

Topic
Network 1 Revision +
Introduction to Mobile and
Wireless Networks

Materials
Kurose Ch 1 +
Case Study +
Schiller Ch1 +
Notes
Setup NS3 if not yet

Assignments

2 (14/2)

No lectures

3 (21/2)

Wireless and Mobile Transport Schiller Ch9

Layer Protocols
Mobile Network Layer Mobile Kurose Ch6 +
IP
Schiller Ch8 +
Perkins RFC5944
No lectures

NS3 Lab 1

Multi-hop Wireless Network

Ad Hoc Routing Protocol - 1

NS3 Lab 2

4 (28/2)

5 (7/3)
6 (14/3)

Notes + Papers

Sheet # 1

Sheet#2

Course Breakdown
7 (21/3)

Wireless MAC

8 (28/3) Midterm Exams

9 (4/4)
Multimedia Networking
10 (11/4) Network Security
11 (18/4) Network Management
12 (25/4) No lectures
13 (2/5)

Advanced Topics (Introduction

to Software Defined Radio)

13 (9/5)
14 (16/5)
15 (23/5)
16 (30/5)

Advanced Topics
Revision
Project Discussions
Final Exams

Schiller Ch3

NS3 Lab 3
Sheet#3

Kurose Ch7
Kurose Ch8

Sheet # 3
NS3 Lab 4
Sheet #4

Kurose Ch9
USRP Hands on
Lab

Course Materials
Class presentations
Jochen Schiller, Mobile Communications, 2nd edition, Addison

Wesley, 2003, ISBN: 978-0321123817.

J. F. Kurose and K. W. Ross, Computer Networking: A Top-Down
Approach, 6th edition, Addison-Wesley, 2012. ISBN-13:
9780132856201.
Mischa Schwartz, Mobile Wireless Communications, Cambridge
University Press, 2005, ISBN: 0-521-84347-2.
Vijay K. Garg, Wireless Communications and Networking, Morgan
Kaufmann (Elsevier), 2007, ISBN: 978-0-12-373580-5.

Course Assessment
Labs

12% = 15

Assignments and Midterm

12% = 15

Project

16% = 20

Final Exam

60% = 75

Total

100%

Acknowledgment
The slides of this lecture are adopted from book slides of

Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, Computer Networking: A Top

Down Approach , 6th edition, Addison-Wesley, 2012, and
the lecture notes of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller

Synthesis: a day in the life of a web request

journey down protocol stack complete!

application, transport, network, link

putting-it-all-together: synthesis!
goal: identify, review, understand protocols (at all
layers) involved in seemingly simple scenario:
requesting www page
scenario: student attaches laptop to campus
network, requests/receives www.google.com

A day in the life: scenario

DNS server

browser

Comcast network
68.80.0.0/13

school network
68.80.2.0/24
web page

web server
64.233.169.105

Googles network
64.233.160.0/19

10

A day in the life connecting to the

Internet
DHCP
UDP
IP
Eth
Phy

DHCP
DHCP
DHCP
DHCP

DHCP

DHCP
DHCP
DHCP

DHCP

DHCP
UDP
IP
Eth
Phy

router
(runs DHCP)

connecting laptop needs

to get its own IP address,
addr of first-hop router,
addr of DNS server: use
DHCP
DHCP request
encapsulated in UDP,
encapsulated in IP,
encapsulated in 802.3
Ethernet
Ethernet frame broadcast
(dest: FFFFFFFFFFFF) on
LAN, received at router
running DHCP server

Ethernet demuxed to IP
demuxed, UDP demuxed
to DHCP
11

A day in the life connecting to the

Internet
DHCP
UDP
IP
Eth
Phy

DHCP
DHCP
DHCP
DHCP

DHCP
DHCP
DHCP

DHCP
DHCP

DHCP
UDP
IP
Eth
Phy

router
(runs DHCP)

DHCP server formulates

DHCP ACK containing
clients IP address, IP
address of first-hop router
for client, name & IP
address of DNS server
encapsulation at DHCP
server, frame forwarded
(switch learning) through
LAN, demultiplexing at
client
DHCP client receives
DHCP ACK reply

Client now has IP address, knows name & addr of DNS

server, IP address of its first-hop router
12

A day in the life ARP (before DNS, before

HTTP)
DNS
DNS
DNS
ARP query

DNS
UDP
IP
ARP
Eth
Phy

before sending HTTP request,

need IP address of
www.google.com: DNS

DNS query created,

encapsulated in UDP,
encapsulated in IP,
encapsulated in Eth. To send
frame to router, need MAC
address
of router
interface: ARP
ARP query
broadcast,

ARP
ARP reply

Eth
Phy
router
(runs DHCP)

received by router, which

replies with ARP reply giving
MAC address of router
interface
client now knows MAC
address of first hop router, so
can now send frame
containing DNS query
13

A day in the life using DNS

DNS
DNS
DNS
DNS
DNS
DNS

DNS
UDP
IP
Eth
Phy

DNS
DNS

DNS
UDP
IP
Eth
Phy

DNS server

DNS

Comcast network
68.80.0.0/13

router
(runs DHCP)

IP datagram containing
DNS query forwarded via
LAN switch from client to
1st hop router

IP datagram forwarded from

campus network into comcast
network, routed (tables created
by RIP, OSPF, IS-IS and/or
BGP routing protocols) to DNS
server
demuxed
to DNS server
DNS server replies to
client with IP address of
www.google.com

14

A day in the lifeTCP connection carrying

HTTP
HTTP

HTTP
TCP
IP
Eth
Phy

SYNACK
SYN
SYNACK
SYN
SYNACK
SYN

router
(runs DHCP)
SYNACK
SYN
SYNACK
SYN

SYNACK
SYN

TCP
IP
Eth
Phy

web server
64.233.169.105

to send HTTP request,

client first opens TCP
socket to web server
TCP SYN segment (step 1
in 3-way handshake) interdomain routed to web server

web server responds with

TCP SYNACK (step 2 in 3way handshake)

TCP connection established!

15

A day in the life HTTP request/reply

HTTP
HTTP

HTTP
TCP
IP
Eth
Phy

HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP

HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP

HTTP
TCP
IP
Eth
Phy

web server
64.233.169.105

router
(runs DHCP)

web page finally (!!!)

displayed

HTTP request sent into

TCP socket

IP datagram containing
HTTP request routed to
www.google.com

web server responds with

HTTP reply (containing web
page)

IP datagram containing HTTP

reply routed back to client
16

17

Computers for the next decades?

Computers are integrated
small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices
Technology is in the background
computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location
awareness)
computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately
(e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding, context awareness))
Advances in technology
more computing power in smaller devices
flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
new user interfaces due to small dimensions
more bandwidth per cubic meter
multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional
wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlay networks)

18

Terminology
Wired vs. Wireless
Wireless vs. Mobile
Infrastructure vs. Infrastructure-less Networks

- Single hop networks

Cellular networks
Satellite networks
Service discovery
Home and office
Bluetooth master-slave

- Multi-hop networks
Sensor networks
Mesh networks for wireless
Internet access
Ad hoc networks

19

Mobile communication
Two aspects of mobility:
user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere,
with anyone
device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to
the network
Wireless vs. mobile
Examples

stationary computer
notebook in a hotel
wireless LANs in historic buildings
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The demand for mobile communication creates the need for

integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:

local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11,

ETSI (HIPERLAN)
Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN

20

Applications I
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB
personal communication using GSM
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,
guidance system, redundancy (VANETs)
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted
in advance for maintenance
Automobile Safety
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis (also patient recognition is a nice application)
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...

21

Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, DVB, GSM,
cdma2000, TETRA, ...

Personal Travel Assistant,

PDA, Laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...

Integration and Interoperability

22

Mobile and wireless services Always Best Connected

DSL/ WLAN
3 Mbit/s

GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s
Bluetooth 500 kbit/s

UMTS, GSM
115 kbit/s

LAN
100 Mbit/s,
WLAN
54 Mbit/s

UMTS
2 Mbit/s

GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s,

DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s
GSM 115 kbit/s,
WLAN 11 Mbit/s

UMTS, GSM
384 kbit/s

23

Applications II
Travelling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
flexibility for trade shows
LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ...
outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
ad-hoc networks for
multi user games

24

Location dependent services

Location aware services
what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local
environment
Follow-on services
automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to
the current location
Information services
push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?
Support services
caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the
mobile device through the fixed network
Privacy
who should gain knowledge about the location

25

Mobile devices
Pager
receive only
tiny displays
simple text
messages

PDA
graphical displays
character recognition
simplified WWW

Laptop/Notebook
fully functional
standard applications

Sensors,
embedded
controllers

Mobile phones
voice, data
simple graphical displays
www.scatterweb.net

performance

Palmtop
tiny keyboard
simple versions
of standard applications

26

Effects of device portability

Power consumption
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to
limited battery capacity
CPU: power consumption ~ CV 2f
C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data
higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design
(e.g., defects, theft)
Limited user interfaces
compromise between size of fingers and portability
integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
Limited memory
limited value of mass memories with moving parts
flash-memory or ? as alternative

27

Wireless networks in comparison to fixed

networks
Higher loss-rates due to interference
emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning
Restrictive regulations of frequencies
frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all
occupied
Low transmission rates
local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 53kbit/s with GSM/GPRS
Higher delays, higher jitter
connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred
milliseconds for other wireless systems
Lower security, simpler active attacking
radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated,
thus attracting calls from mobile phones
Always shared medium
secure access mechanisms important

28

Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication
heliographs, flags (semaphore), ...
150 BC smoke signals for communication;

(Polybius, Greece)
1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Here electromagnetic waves are

of special importance:
1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave

equations (1864)
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
(1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the
location of todays University of Karlsruhe)

29

History of wireless communication I

1896 Guglielmo Marconi
first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)
1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
reflection at the ionosphere
smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the
vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
wires parallel to the railroad track

30

History of wireless communication II

1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV

news)
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1958 A-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no

handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers

1972 B-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but
location of the mobile station has to be known)
available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer in D
1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
1982 Start of GSM-specification
goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone

System, analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

31

History of wireless communication III

1986 C-Netz in Germany
analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital
signaling, automatic location of mobile device
Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98%
coverage
1991 Specification of DECT
Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications)
1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels,
1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up
to several 10000 user/km 2, used in more than 50 countries
1992 Start of GSM
in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
automatic location, hand-over, cellular
roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200 countries
services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

32

History of wireless communication IV

1994 E-Netz in Germany
GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
As Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)
1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as
wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
1998 Specification of GSM successors
for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European
proposals for IMT-2000

Iridium
66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

33

History of wireless communication V

1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs

IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
Decision about IMT-2000
Several members of a family: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT,
Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communicaiton system
Access to many services via the mobile phone
2000 GSM with higher data rates
HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
UMTS auctions/beauty contests
Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ payed in Germany for 6

licenses!)

2001 Start of 3G systems

Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in

Japan

34

Wireless systems: overview of the development

cellular phones

satellites

1983:
AMPS

1982:
Inmarsat-A
1984:
CT1

1986:
NMT 900

1987:
CT1+

1988:
Inmarsat-C

1991:
CDMA

1991:
D-AMPS

1989:
CT 2

1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M

1993:
PDC

1991:
DECT

1998:
Iridium

2000:
GPRS

1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
2000:
IEEE 802.11a

2001:
IMT-2000

digital

4G fourth generation: when and how?

199x:
proprietary
1997:
IEEE 802.11

1994:
DCS 1800

analogue

wireless LAN

1980:
CT0

1981:
NMT 450

1992:
GSM

cordless
phones

200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)

Worldwide wireless subscribers (old prediction

1998)
700
600
500

Americas
Europe
Japan
others
total

400
300
200
100
0
1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

36

Mobile phones per 100 people 1999

Germany
Greece
Spain
Belgium

France
Netherlands
Great Britain
Switzerland
Ireland
Austria

Portugal
Luxemburg
Italy
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Finland
0

10

20

2005: 70-90% penetration in Western Europe

30

40

50

60

37

Worldwide cellular subscriber growth

1200

S u b s c r i b e r s [m i l l i o n ]

1000

800

600

400

200

0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Note that the curve starts to flatten in 2000 2004: 1.5 billion users

38

Cellular subscribers per region (June

2002)
M id d le E a s t ;
1,6
A fric a ; 3 , 1
A m e ric a s (in c l.
U S A / C a n a d a );

A s ia P a c ific ;
36,9

22

E u ro p e ; 3 6 , 4

2004: 715 million mobile phones delivered

39

Mobile statistics snapshot (09/2002 /

12/2004)
Total Global Mobile Users
869M / 1.52bn
Total Analogue Users 71M / 34m
Total US Mobile users 145M / 140m
Total Global GSM users 680M / 1.25T
Total Global CDMA Users 127M / 202m
Total TDMA users 84M / 120m
Total European users 283M / 343m
Total African users 18.5M / 53m
Total 3G users 130M / 130m(?)
Total South African users 13.2m / 19m
European Prepaid Penetration 63%
European Mobile Penetration 70.2%
Global Phone Shipments 2001 393m
Global Phone Sales 2Q02 96.7m

http://www.cellular.co.za/stats/stats-

main.htm

#1
#1
#1
#1
#1
#1
#1
#1

Mobile Country China (139M / 300m)

GSM Country China (99m)
SMS Country Philipines
Handset Vendor 2Q02 Nokia (37.2%)
Network In Africa Vodacom (6.6m)
Network In Asia Unicom (153m)
Network In Japan DoCoMo
Network In Europe T-Mobile (22m /
28m)
#1 In Infrastructure Ericsson
SMS Sent Globally 1Q02 60T / 135bn
SMS sent in UK 6/02 1.3T / 2.1bn
SMS sent Germany 1Q02 5.7T
GSM Countries on Air 171 / 210
GSM Association members 574 / 839
Total Cost of 3G Licenses in Europe
110T
SMS/month/user 36

The figures vary a lot depending on the statistic, creator of the statistic etc.!

40

Areas of research in mobile

communication
Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
modulation, coding, interference
media access, regulations
...
Mobility
location dependent services
location transparency
quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
...
Portability
power consumption
limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
usability
...

41

Simple reference model used here

Application

Application

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Radio

Network

Network

Medium

42

Influence of mobile communication to

the layer model
Application layer

service location
new applications, multimedia
adaptive applications

Transport layer

congestion and flow control

quality of service

Network layer

addressing, routing,

Data link layer

Physical layer

device location
hand-over
authentication
media access
multiplexing
media access control
encryption
modulation
interference
attenuation
frequency

43

Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and
mobile networks with varying
transmission characteristics
regional

vertical
handover
metropolitan area

campus-based

in-house

horizontal
handover

44

Physical Layer

Limited bandwidth, Limited power (if battery)

Position information (GPS receiver ?)
One-to-all commun. (omni-directional antennas)
One-to-many communication (directional antennas
with fixed or variable angular beam)
One-to-one communication (narrow beam
directional/smart antennas, separate frequency)
Same frequency, different but fixed frequencies,
frequency hopping (Bluetooth, ultra-wideband)
Laptops, sensors, cellular phones, palmtops,

45

Physical Layer Solutions

Power management(battery operated)
Wireless error controlchoose error correcting codes
suitable for wireless transfer
Wireless data compressioncompress data for faster
wireless transfer
Channel modelingwhat is the interference model in
cellular networks?
Smart antennas (e.g. directional)
New technologies (e.g. ultra-wideband frequency hopping)

46

Medium Access Control

IEEE 802.11
Bluetooth for personal short range networks 10m
Ultra-wideband MAC with position information ??
Frequency allocation for cellular networks
Neighbor discovery in ad hoc, sensor, Bluetooth
Position discovery (GPS, indoor, relative, cell)
Handoff in cellular networks
Position based MAC
Power adjusted MAC fixed or variable transmission
radii

47

Medium Access Control Solutions

Call admission: which news calls to accept ?
Handoff management: how to move ongoing call to new
cell, which calls to move to new frequencies or other
base station, which calls to terminate
Random access schemes:ALOHA like protocols
generate delay of broadcast at random
Data broadcast: BS periodically broadcast desired data.
Minimize average access delay.
CDMAcode division multiple access: use different
codes over the same channel, small interference

48

Network Layer
Neighbor discovery in multi-hop
Network organization: choosing transmission radii for
desired connectivity
Data communication:
Routing, broadcasting, geocasting, multicasting, QoS
routing
Service access in multi-hop = routing
Connection rerouting in cellular = routing
Paging and registration trade oof= location
management in cellular networks, cellular IP, mobile
IP

49

Transport Layer
In wired networks, errors are mainly due to congestion
In wireless networks, error rate is increaseddue to
MAC problems, disconnectionis possible due to
mobility or power failure
Wireless TCP different from TCP
Choose best routes and choose best transmission
rates to avoid congestion
QoS issues
Differentiated service: voice, data, multimedia

50

Applications

Mobile, pervasive, ubiquitous, nomadic computing

Computing anytime anywhere
Distributed computing, CORBA
Cellular and satellite networks
Ad hoc networks: rescue, battlefield, conference
Sensor networks: monitoring environment to detect
object movement or presence of chemicals, fire,
temperature reports
Mesh networks;: rooftop networks for multi-hop
wireless Internet access

51

QUESTIONS?