GAS

KIMIA FISIK I BAB I

NKIM613 4SKS/4JS
HEMAT KERTAS DAN TINTA!!!
JANGAN CETAK BERWARNA

Importance of Gases
Airbags fill with N2 gas in an
accident.
Gas is generated by the
decomposition of sodium
azide, NaN3.
2 NaN3 ---> 2 Na + 3 N2

THREE STATES OF
MATTER

General Properties
of Gases
There is a lot of free
space in a gas.
Gases can be expanded
infinitely.
Gases fill containers
uniformly and completely.
Gases diffuse and mix
rapidly.

Properties of Gases
Gas properties can be modeled
using math. Model that depends
on
V = volume of the gas (L)
T = temperature (K)
ALL temperatures MUST be in
Kelvin!!! No Exceptions!
n = amount (moles)
P = pressure
(atmospheres)

Pressure
Pressure is defined
as a force per unit
area ( P = F/A )
The SI unit of pressure is the
pascal (Pa)

Pressure
Pressure of air is measured
with a BAROMETER
(developed by Torricelli in
1643)
Hg rises in tube until force of Hg
(down) balances the force of
atmosphere (pushing up). (Just
like a straw in a soft drink)

P of Hg pushing down related to

Hg density
column height

Pressure

Pressure of liquid is
measured with an
assist of mass and
volume or density
of liquid
m = mass
V = volume
d = density

P = g x h x d

(1.1)

Pressure

Pressure
Column height measures
Pressure of atmosphere
1 standard atmosphere
(atm) *
= 760 mm Hg (or torr) *
= 29.92 inches Hg *
= 14.7 pounds/in2 (psi)
*Termodynamics only
= 101.3 kPa (SI unit is
PASCAL)
= about 34 feet of water!
* Termodynamics only
* Memorize these!

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Pressure Conversions

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A. What is 475 mm Hg expressed in atm?

1 atm
475 mm Hg x
= 0.625 atm
760 mm Hg
B. The pressure of a tire is measured as 29.4 psi.
What is this pressure in mm Hg?
760 mm Hg
29.4 psi x
= 1.52 x 103 mm Hg
14.7 psi

Pressure Conversions
A. What is 2 atm expressed in torr?

B. The pressure of a tire is measured as 32.0 psi.

What is this pressure in kPa?

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13

Learning Check
A gas has a volume of 675 mL at 35C and
0.850 atm pressure. What is the
temperature in C when the gas has a
volume of 0.315 L and a pressure of 802
mm Hg?

14

One More Practice Problem

A balloon has a volume of
785 mL on a fall day when the
temperature is 21C. In the
winter, the gas cools to 0C.
What is the new volume of
the balloon?

And now, we pause for this

commercial message from STP

15

OK, so its really not THIS kind

of STP
STP in chemistry stands for
Standard Temperature and
Pressure

Standard Pressure =
1 bar (or an
equivalent, 105 Pa)
Standard
Temperature = 0 deg
C (273 K)

STP allows us to
compare amounts of
gases between different
pressures and
temperatures

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Try This One

A sample of neon gas used in a neon sign has a
volume of 15 L at STP. What is the volume (L) of
the neon gas at 2.0 atm and 25C?

IDEAL GAS LAW

P V = n R T
Brings together gas
properties.
Can be derived from
experiment and theory.
BE SURE YOU KNOW
THIS EQUATION!

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Using PV = nRT
P = Pressure
V = Volume
T = Temperature
N = number of moles
R is a constant, called the Ideal Gas Constant
Instead of learning a different value for R for all the
possible unit combinations, we can just memorize
one value and convert the units to match R.

L atm

R = 0.0821

Mol K

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Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is required to fill a small room
with a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 L)
to 745 mm Hg at 25 oC?
Solution
1. Get all data into proper units
V = 27,000 L
T = 25 oC + 273 = 298 K
P = 745 mm Hg (1 atm/760 mm Hg)
= 0.98 atm
And we always know R, 0.0821 L atm / mol K

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Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is reqd to fill a small room with a volume of 960
cubic feet (27,000 L) to P = 745 mm Hg at 25 oC?

Solution
2. Now plug in those values and solve for
the unknown.

PV = nRT
RT

RT
4

(0.98 atm)(2.7 x 10 L)
n =
(0.0821 L atm/K mol)(298 K)
n = 1.1 x 103 mol (or about 30 kg of gas)

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21

Learning Check

Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), laughing

gas, is used by dentists as an
anesthetic. If 2.86 mol of gas occupies a
20.0 L tank at 23C, what is the pressure
(mm Hg) in the tank in the dentist office?

22

Learning Check
A 5.0 L cylinder contains oxygen gas at
20.0C and 735 mm Hg. How many
grams of oxygen are in the cylinder?

Mixtures of Gases
(Non-reactive)

Gases in the air

The % of gases in air

Partial pressure (STP)

78.08% N2

593.4 mm Hg

20.95% O2

159.2 mm Hg

0.94% Ar

7.1 mm Hg

0.03% CO2

0.2 mm Hg

PAIR = PN + PO + PAr + PCO = 760 mm Hg

2

Total Pressure

760

mm Hg

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Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

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Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

2 H2O2 (l) ---> 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g)
0.32 atm 0.16 atm

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26

Daltons Law

John Dalton
1766-1844

Health Note
When a scuba diver is several
hundred feet under water, the
high pressures cause N2 from
the tank air to dissolve in the
blood. If the diver rises too
fast, the dissolved N2 will form
bubbles in the blood, a
dangerous and painful
condition called "the bends".
Helium, which is inert, less
dense, and does not dissolve
in the blood, is mixed with O2
in scuba tanks used for deep
descents.

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Soal-soal

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1. After the gases mix,

what is the partial
pressure of each gas,
and what is the total
pressure?
2. What is the mole
fraction of each gas in
the mixture?
3. Assume that unpolluted air has the composition shown
in Table above
(a) Calculate the number of molecules of N2, of O2, of Ar
and of CO2 in 1.00 L of air at 21C and 1.00 atm.
(b) Calculate the mole fractions of N2, of O2, of Ar and of
CO2 in the air

29
4. Let us represent gasoline as octane, C8H18. When
hydrocarbon fuels burn in the presence of sufficient oxygen, CO2
is formed.
Reaction A: 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
But when the supply of oxygen is limited, the poisonous gas
carbon monoxide, CO, is formed.
Reaction B: 2C8H18 + 17O2 16CO + 18H2O
Any automobile engine, no matter how well tuned, burns its
fuel by some combination of these two reactions. Suppose an
automobile engine is running at idle speed in a closed garage
with air volume 97.5 m3. This engine burns 95.0% of its fuel by
reaction A, and the remainder by reaction B.
(a) How many liters of octane, density 0.702 g/mL, must be
burned for the CO to reach a concentration of 2.00 g/m3?
(b) If the engine running at idle speed burns fuel at the rate
of 1.00 gal/h (0.0631 L/min), how long does it take to reach the
CO concentration in (a)?

Collecting a gas over water

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Gases, since they mix with other gases readily, must be

collected in an environment where mixing can not occur.
The easiest way to do this is under water because water
displaces the air. So when a gas is collected over water,
that means the container is filled with water and the gas is
bubbled through the water into the container. Thus, the
pressure inside the container is from the gas AND the
water vapor. Daltons Law of Partial Pressures becomes
useful here.

Table of Vapor Pressures for Water

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32

Solve This!
A student collects some hydrogen gas over
water at 20 degrees C and 768 torr. What
is the pressure of the H2 gas?

768 torr 17.5 torr = 750.5 torr

GAS DENSITY

33

Low
density

22.4 L of ANY gas

AT STP = 1 mole
High
density

Gases and Stoichiometry

2 H2O2 (l) ---> 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g)
Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a
volume of 2.50 L. What is the volume of O2
at STP?
Bombardier beetle
uses decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide
to defend itself.

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Gases and Stoichiometry

2 H2O2 (l) ---> 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g)
Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a volume of 2.50 L.
What is the volume of O2 at STP?

Solution
1.1 g H2O2

1 mol H2O2

1 mol O2

22.4 L O2

34 g H2O2 2 mol H2O2 1 mol O2

= 0.36 L O2 at STP

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36

Gas Stoichiometry: Practice!

A. What is the volume at STP of 4.00 g of CH4?

B. How many grams of He are present in 8.0 L of gas at

STP?

37

What if its NOT at STP?

1. Do the problem like it was at
STP. (V1)
2. Convert from STP (V1, P1, T1) to
the stated conditions (P2, T2)

Try this one!

38

How many L of O2 are needed to react 28.0 g NH3

at 24C and 0.950 atm?
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g)

4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

Calculation
P1 = 0.800 atm
P2 = 3.20 atm
P1 V1

T2 =

T1 = 302 K
T2 = ??

P2 V2

=
T1

V1 = 180 mL
V2= 90 mL

P1 V1 T2 = P2 V2 T1
T2

P2 V 2 T1

P1 V1
3.20 atm x 90.0 mL x 302 K
T2 =
= 604 K
0.800 atm x 180.0 mL
T2 = 604 K - 273 = 331 C

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The KineticMolecular Theory

1. Gases consist of discrete molecules. The
individual molecules are very small and
are very far apart relative to their own
sizes.
2. The gas molecules are in continuous,
random, straight-line motion with varying
velocities.
3. The collisions between gas molecules
and with the walls of the container are
elastic; the total energy is conserved
during a collision; that is, there is no net
energy gain or loss.
4. At any given instant, only a small
fraction of the molecules are involved in
collisions. Between collisions, the
molecules exert no attractive or
repulsive forces on one another; instead,
each molecule travels in a straight line
with a constant velocity.

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Molecular Speed
Total kinetic energy per mole of gas 3RT /2
Root-mean-square speed

41

Distribution of Molecular Speed

42

THE REAL GAS

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