Taweelah B IWPP - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Air Dispersion Modelling Report

Taweelah B IWPP Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Air Dispersion Modelling Report
Prepared By
Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services
December 06, 2004

Dome International LLC
Al Masaood Tower, Hamdan Street
Spectrum Building, Qataiyat Road,
P.O. Box 6924, Abu Dhabi,
P.O. Box 24652, Dubai,
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Tel: +0971 2 6348800 Fax: +971 2 6348826 Tel: +971 4 3366144 Fax: +971 4 3359434
E-mail: hsead@domeint.com
E-mail: hse@domeint.com
http://www.domeint.com
Taweelah B Extension Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 2
2.0 Methodology.. 4
3.0 Input Data10
4.0 Results 12
Appendix I NOx/NO2 Conversion

Appendix II Air Emission Input - ADWEA
Appendix III Air Emission Input - Marubeni/PB

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1.0
INTRODUCTION
Background
1.1
Marubeni Corporation has contracted Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

(Dome) to update the air dispersion modelling study carried out for Taweelah
Power Complex on behalf of Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority
(ADWEA).
1.2
The main objective of this air dispersion modelling exercise is to incorporate

the modified/additional sources of emissions associated with the proposed
Taweelah B IWPP Project to the background emission data established
through the initial air dispersion modelling and assess the compliance of the
cumulative emissions against the relevant ambient air quality standards.
1.3
The initial air dispersion modelling exercise was carried out on behalf of
ADWEAs Projects Privatisation Directorate and it covers the current
emissions from the existing sources within Taweelah Power Complex as
follows:
Taweelah A1 operated by Gulf Total Power Company.
Taweelah A2 operated by Emirates CMS Power Company.
Taweelah B operated by Al Taweelah Power Company.
Taweelah B Extension operated by Al Taweelah Power Company.
The entire Taweelah Power Complex.
1.4
This report presents the results/findings of the updated air dispersion

modelling exercise required to provide input to the air quality impact
assessment carried out as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) for the Taweelah B IWPP Project.
Study Overview
1.5
The air dispersion modelling exercise covered the following activities:
Undertake an air dispersion modelling for the various operational

scenarios associated with the proposed Taweelah B IWPP project as
discussed later in this report.
Incorporate the above (i.e. Taweelah B IWPP) emission sources with the
already established emission data from other power plants within
Taweelah Power Complex (i.e. Taweelah A1 and Taweelah 2).
Estimate the cumulative air quality impact (i.e. ground level concentration
- GLC) associated with the future operational profile of the entire power

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complex for the main air pollutants (i.e. NO2, CO and SO2) from the entire
power complex.
Assess the environmental compliance (in terms of ambient air

quality/ground Level Concentration) with the relevant ambient air quality
standards and guidelines for the future operational scenarios.
Study Scope
1.6
The air dispersion modelling exercise considered the following scenarios:

1. Scenario 1 existing plant fired on natural gas.
2. Scenario 2 existing plant fired on crude oil.
3. Scenario 3 new and refurbished plant fired on natural gas.
4. Scenario 4 new and refurbished plant fired on gas oil.
1.7
The principal air pollutants considered within the scope of this study include
the following:
NOx/NO2
CO
SO2
1.8
The following relevant ambient air quality standards/limits were used for
results interpretation and compliance assessment for various air pollutants as
applicable:
PWPA Ambient Air Quality Limits.
Federal Environmental Agency Ambient Air Quality Standards.
World Bank Standards.

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2.0
METHODOLOGY
2.1
The following section presents an overview of the methodology followed while

carrying out the air dispersion modelling exercise including:
Modelling scenarios.
Pollutants modelled.
Assessment criteria.
Modelling approach.
Modelling Assumptions - Percentage Oxidation of NOx to NO2
Modelling Scenario
2.2
The air dispersion modelling study has considered the potential ambient air
quality impacts from the main emission sources associated with the various
operating scenarios of the proposed Taweelah B IWPP project in addition to
the contribution from other sources (i.e. Taweelah A1 and Taweelah A2)
within Taweelah Power Complex.
2.3
The air dispersion modelling considered four scenarios, representing the plant
before and after refurbishment and extension and representing normal
(natural gas) and standby (crude oil or gas oil) fuels, on this basis:
Scenario No.
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Description
Existing plant fired on natural gas
Existing plant fired on crude oil
New and refurbished plant fired on natural gas
New and refurbished plant fired on gas oil
2.4
Scenario 3 is further divided into two cases, 3A and 3B, representing

respectively operating cases C1 and OP1. C1 represents the capability of the
plant, while OP1 represents a normal operating condition.
2.5
It was not immediately clear which is the worst case for air quality impact;
case C1 reflects maximum fuel combustion (hence emissions) but case OP1
results in a significantly lower exhaust temperature (hence less effective
dispersion), accordingly it was considered that both should be modelled.
(Scenario 4 represents case C1 on oil firing; there is no recognised OP1 case
for oil firing as it is a standby fuel).
2.6
The modelling represents the whole B complex, which is plant subject to the
new Construction Environmental Permit. The study has also considered the
contribution of the B plant in each scenario to air quality at ground level,
combined with background air quality levels established by the initial
mentioned ADWEAs air dispersion modelling.

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Pollutants Modelled
2.7
The main pollutants considered for the above study are:

NOx/NO2
CO.
SO2
2.8
The SO2 emissions have been modelled for the liquid firing (i.e. crude oil and
gas oil) scenarios associated with the proposed Taweelah B IWPP project
only.
2.9
The main reason behind the above approach was the fact that the SO2
emission rates are mainly dependent on the sulphur content in the gas fuel
(for the gas firing scenarios) supplied by Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
(ADNOC/GASCO) and the power companies have no control over its content.
Consequently, there was no reliable data available at this stage regarding the
SO2 emission rates from any of the power plants in order to be considered in
this modelling exercise.
Assessment Criteria
2.10
The study has used the ambient air quality standards established by ADWEA
(i.e. PWPA Standards) and the other relevant UAE Federal Environmental
Law for various air quality pollutants.
2.11
The above limits were used to assess the compliance of the future ambient
air quality (i.e. Ground Level Concentration - GLC) associated with various
operational scenarios as described earlier based on the modelling exercise
output.
2.12
The following tables provides an overview of the ambient air quality

standards/limits for various criteria air pollutants used for the air dispersion
modelling study including:
ADWEA - PWPA Standards.
Federal Environmental Agency (FEA) - Ambient Air Quality Standards.
World Bank Standards.

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Table 2.1
ADWEA - PWPA Standards

AVERAGE TIME
NO2
MAX. ALLOWABLE
LIMITS (ug/m3)
200
SO2
200
1 hour
SUBSTANCE
SYMBOL
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulphur Dioxide
Note:
1 hour
There are two different requirements as specified in each PWPA (Appendix N) as

follows:
1)
Limits for pollutants concentration in the flue gas. This applies only when
operating the units in the range of 60% to 100% power. Compliance with this
requirement is checked for each power unit during its commissioning and further
monitored in service. Each stack exhaust is therefore equipped with instruments
to analyse on-line the flue gas composition.
2)
Concentration limits of pollutants at the ground level. Compliance implies

designing the stack with a sufficient height. These limits (i.e. ambient air quality
limits) were used as the applicable PWPA limits for compliance assessment in
this air dispersion modelling report.
Table 2.2
FEA - Ambient Air Quality Standards
SUBSTANCE
SYMBOL
AVERAGE TIME
CO
MAX. ALLOWABLE
LIMITS (ug/m3)
30 (mg/m3)
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
NO2
10 (mg/m3)
400
8 hours
1 hour
Sulphur Dioxide
SO2
150
350
24 hours
1 hour
150
24 hour
60
Annual
AVERAGE TIME
Table 2.3
1 hour
World Bank Standards
SUBSTANCE
SYMBOL
Nitrogen Dioxide
NO2
MAX. ALLOWABLE
LIMITS (ug/m3)
150
Sulphur Dioxide
SO2
100
150
Annual
24 hour
100
Annual
24 hour
Modelling Approach
2.13
The emissions from the identified sources were modelled using atmospheric
dispersion model US EPA AERMOD. Information required for input into a
dispersion models includes process conditions, meteorological data,
topography of the area and buildings in the vicinity.

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2.14
The maximum predicted ground level concentrations attributable to emissions

from various Taweelah B IWPP operational scenarios were assessed and
compared to the ambient air quality standards and guidelines as discussed
above.
Air Dispersion Model
2.15
US EPA AERMOD software package was used for the air dispersion
modelling exercise. AERMOD is a 'new generation' computer based model
widely accepted as industry standard in the USA.
2.16
The model was specially designed to support the EPA's regulatory modelling
program and it contains basically the same options as ISCST3 model with few
enhancements in data processing/presentation.
Meteorological Data
2.17
The meteorological data (wind speed, wind direction, temperature, etc) used
for the study were taken from the Abu Dhabi International Airport for the
following years:
1999.
2000.
2001.
2002.
2003.
2.18
The met data from Abu Dhabi Airport meteorological station which is the
closest station to the Taweelah site, which has all the information/data,
required for the air dispersion modelling input file was used for the modelling
exercise and the data were purchased from Trinity Consultants, USA. It is
worth mentioning that the distance between the met station and the Taweelah
Power Complex is less than 40km.
2.19
The following land use characteristics were used to the model as follows:
Water
70 - 210
Desert
210 - 70
Base Map
2.20
In order to establish a base map for the modelling exercise, a geo-referenced

satellite imagery was used to establish the base map used for the modelling
and identifying the receptors grid.
2.21
The emission sources, buildings, etc were physically placed on the BIIP view
package of the software and the UTM coordinates were generated
automatically.

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2.22
The following table summarize the main site domain characteristics used for
the base map:
Table 2.3
Base Map Site Domain Characteristics
Coordinates/Specifications
Details
NE Corner (x,y)
SW Corner (x,y)
Height
Width
-295151.53,2747295.5
260629.4,2724943.03
22352.47
34522.13
Building and Topography

2.23
As advised by Marubeni, there are few buildings of significant size and

proximity to the sources of emissions that were requested to be included in
the modelling exercise.
2.24
The following table summarize the data on the building inputted into the
model is order to assess the building downwash effect.
Table 2.4
2.25
Buildings Considered for Downwash
Plant
Building
Boiler
HRSG
Approx.
height, m
47.8
20
Approx.
width, m
15E-W
8 E-W
Approx.
length, m
30 N-S
17 N-S
Approx. distance
from stack, m
25
0
Initial B
Initial B
Extension
New B
Extension
HRSG
22
12 N-S
26 E-S
Gas turbine
hall
20
14 E-W
115 N-S
50 (unit 95)
60 (units 96 & 97)
In addition to the above and based on the typical flat terrain within Taweelah
area, flat topography was used as an input for modelling purposes.
Receptors and Contours
2.26
The model provides predictions of pollutant concentrations at user-defined

locations (receptors). In this study, the modelling was carried out for a grid of
441 receptors.
2.27
A Uniform Cartesian Grid was used for the modelling with origin (SW Corner)
(0x,0y) of 260722.92 m and 2725173.2 m respectively. The uniform spacing
(Dx,Dy) used for the modelling was 1721.43 and 1087.59 m respectively and
the length of the grid was 34428.6 and 21751.8 m respectively.
2.28
The modelled concentrations were processed using a contour-plotting

package to produce contour plots of ground level pollutant concentrations, for
different averaging periods.

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Modelling Assumptions - Percentage Oxidation of NOx to NO2

2.29
The oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emitted to atmosphere within combustion gases

largely of nitric oxide (NO), a relatively innocuous substances. However,
once released into the atmosphere the NO is oxidised to nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), which is of concern with respect to health and other impacts.
2.30
The proportion of NO oxidised to NO2 depends on a number of factors and

the oxidation is limited by the availability of oxidants, such as ozone (O3).
2.31
Extensive measurements have been made of the percentage oxidation of NO

to NO2 in power station plumes, and empirical relationships have been
derived based on downwind distance, ozone concentration, wind speed and
season of the year [A Classification of NO Oxidation Rates in Power Plant
Plumes Based on Atmospheric Condition. Atmospheric Environment, 22
(No.1) 43-53. Janssen, LHJM et al (1988)].
2.32
Details regarding the approach used to consider the above NOx to NO2
conversion is included in Appendix I of this report for future reference.

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3.0
INPUT DATA
3.1
Input information required for the air dispersion modelling was established as
follows:
Emission details related to the existing Taweelah A1, Taweelah A2 and
Taweelah B operations were established through a series of technical
clarifications/meeting between ADWEA and Dome and coordination with
the Taweelah operators during the course of the original air dispersion
modelling exercise.
Emission details related to the future Taweelah B operational scenarios
(i.e. Scenarios 1 to 4) were provided by Marubeni/PB during the modelling
update exercise.
3.2
The basic information inputted to the air dispersion model include the
following:
Source description.
Stack diameter.
Stack height above the ground.
Exit velocity.
Exist temperature.
Emission rates/limits for various pollutants.
Flue gas flow rate.
Building details.
3.3
The following section provides an overview of the main input data used for the
model development (i.e. emission data) for the modelled scenario considered
in the subject study.
ADWEA Input Data
3.4
As agreed with ADWEA during the initial air dispersion modelling exercise,
the modelling approach was based on the worst-case operational scenario in
accordance with the PWPA Admissible Limits.
3.5
The above worst-case scenario represents the maximum emissions (as per
the limits established by the PWPA) data from the existing power companies
within the Taweelah Power Complex (i.e. Taweelah A1, A2, B and B - Ext) at
contracted capacity conditions (i.e. 100% power and water capacity) while
operating on combined cycle mode and burning natural gas.
3.6
The above data were received from ADWEA for the various power plants
operating within Taweelah Power Complex and the emission calculation
sheet including the model input data is included in Appendix II of this report.

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Marubeni/PB Input Data

3.7
The air dispersion modelling input data provided by Marubeni/PB for the
modelling update exercise are provided in Appendix III of this air dispersion
modelling report.

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4.0
RESULTS
4.1
The spatial distribution of the predicted concentrations of NO2,C O and SO2

emitted from the various scenarios modelled were presented as contour plots
along the receptors grid system established.
4.2
The plots present the results for the hourly, 8-hourly, daily and annual mean
concentrations (as specified in the above specified air quality limits/standards)
during normal operating conditions.
4.3
The peak predicted ground level concentration resulting from the various
modelled scenarios has been assessed for their compliance against the
relevant ambient air quality standards. The peak represents the highest
concentration predicted at any location.
4.4
The results of air dispersion modelling exercise are presented in the following
tables including comparison with the relevant air quality standards.

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Appendix I
NOx/NO2 Conversion

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A.3.3
Conversion of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
NOx emissions from the proposed gas turbines will consist of the gases NO and NO2. It is only
nitrogen dioxide that is of concern in terms of direct health and environmental effects. However NO is
a source of NO2 in the atmosphere. The gases are in equilibrium in the air, with NO predominating at
the stack exit. Typically, NOx produced by combustion consists of 5 per cent NO2 and 95 per cent NO
at source.
In rural areas, where the atmosphere is relatively unpolluted, the oxidation process occurs rapidly and
NO2 is the predominant species. However, in more polluted areas where the oxidizing capacity of the
atmosphere may be limited, NO predominates. Urban areas are typical of this limited oxidation
pattern.
For assessing the impacts on air quality of emissions to atmosphere from combustion sources, it is
important that realistic estimates are made of how much NO has been oxidized to NO2 at all receptors
considered.
The rate of oxidation of NO to NO2 depends on both the chemical reaction rates and the dispersion of
the plume in the atmosphere. The oxidation rate is dependent on a number of factors that include the
prevailing concentration of ozone, the wind speed and the atmospheric stability.
One method of estimating the proportion of the oxides of nitrogen that will be in the form of nitrogen
dioxide at ground level, in the study area, is the empirical estimates made by Janssen et al (1988).
Technical Guidance issued by the DETR (TG3(00)) in the UK regarding the selection and use of
dispersion models for air quality review and assessment purposes notes the need in detailed
assessments for a more realistic estimate of NO2, and recommends the use of the Janssen paper to
derive such conversion rates for industrial sources.
Between 1975 and 1985 about 60 sets of measurements were made of the concentrations of nitric
oxide and nitrogen dioxide in various power station plumes. From the data collected Janssen et al
suggests an empirical relationship for the percentage oxidation in the plume based on downwind
distance, season of the year, wind speed and ambient ozone concentration. This can be described by
the following equation:
[NO2 ]
= A 1 e x
[
NO
]
x
where x is the distance downwind (km) of the emission point, A is a coefficient dependent on ozone
concentration and the intensity of sunlight and is related to wind speed and ozone concentration.
The A coefficient can be determined from the expression: k
A = 2 + 1
k1[O3 ]
Where k1 is the second order rate constant for the reaction of NO with O3 and k2 is the rate constant
for the photo-dissociation of NO2. Janssen et al uses a value for k1 of 29 ppm-1 min-1 determined by
Becker and Schurath in 1975. The value for k2 is dependent on the intensity of sunlight at a particular
location and Janssen et al quotes values determined by Parrish et al in 1983 of between 0 in the dark
and 0.55 min-1 in full sunlight. We have preferred a more recent determination of 0.48 min-1
determined by Mao et al in 2003 under clear sky conditions in the region of 30S to 30N as being
typical of the values expected at the proposed site in UAE.
The UK Meteorological Office STOCHEM global ozone model indicates that a background ozone
concentration, [O3], of 0.03 0.04 ppm would be expected in countries of latitude similar to the UAE
and it is in good agreement with amateur data collected at Abu Dhabi between 1 March and 1 April
1999, via the Global Ozone Passive Monitoring Project, which returned an average ozone
concentrations of 0.038 ppm respectively. For the purposes of this modelling exercise a value of
0.038 ppm has been considered representative of the ozone concentration likely to be observed at
Taweelah.
It implies for the proposed plant: 1
0.48
A=
+ 1 = 0.696
29 * 0.038
The value of has been determined experimentally by Janssen et al and has been applied by
PB Power to a number of sites across the UK where both wind speed and ozone data were available
from locations in close proximity. These are at Southampton, Sheffield, Heathrow, Hillingdon,
Teddington and Bournemouth. Because is not believed to be a function of the intensity of solar
radiation, it is assumed here that it is independent of latitude and can, therefore, be applied equally to
plumes anywhere in the world. Notwithstanding expectations, some seasonal variation of was
observed (higher values in summer, lower values in winter) and therefore the worst-case value was
considered here. These values of have in turn been used to give the maximum calculated
conversion rates to return more realistic concentrations of nitrogen dioxide.
TABLE A.5
WORST CASE VALUES OF USED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NOX
CONVERSION FACTORS
Wind speed at plume height
Background ozone
concentration (ppb)
0 5 m/s
5 15 m/s
> 15 m/s
120 200
0.40
0.65
0.8
60 120
0.2
0.35
0.45
40 60
0.15
0.25
0.35
30 40
0.1
0.15
0.25
20 30
0.1
0.1
0.15
10 20
0.1
0.1
0.1
0 10
0.05
0.05
0.05
The available meteorological data for Abu Dhabi indicates that at least 99 per cent of the time the
ground level wind speed does not exceed 8 m/s. This value is unlikely to exceed 15 m/s at plume
height; therefore, for an ozone concentration of 38ppb (30 40 ppb), Table A.5 yields a value for of
0.15.
The overall empirical formula suggested by Janssen et al to describe NOx conversion with distance at
the proposed plant becomes:
[ NO2 ]
= 0.696 * 1 e 0.15 x
[ NOx ]
This equation has therefore been used to calculate a specific maximum conversion rate for each
receptor considered in the dispersion modelling in order to give more realistic ground level
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. Conversion rate for a sample of distances from the site are shown
in Table A.6.
TABLE A.6
TYPICAL VALUES OF NO2 IN NOX AS A PERCENTAGE WITH DISTANCE
Downwind distance (km)
Conversion Factor (%)
0.5
10
18
25
37
10
54

Appendix II
Air Emission Input - ADWEA

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December, 2004
TAW-A1
TAW-A2
TAW-B EXT
TAW-B
SOURCE
GAS FLOW
GAS DENSITY
GAS FLOW
EL-Nox
EL-CO
ID
KG/SEC
KG/NM3
NM3/SEC
MG/NM3
MG/NM3
% H2O
350.4
1.224
50
13.13
350.4
1.224
60
50
13.13
350.4
1.224
60
50
373.4
1.224
60
373.4
1.224
373.4
1.224
373.4
1.224
373.4
1.224
286.3
286.3
286.3
305.1
305.1
305.1
305.1
305.1
60
556
1.224
556
556
% O2
ER-Nox
ER-CO
Stack
TEMP
DIA
VELOCITY
G/SEC
G/SEC
Height (M)
DEG C
M/SEC
12
22.51
12.43
55
185
5.3
21.78
12
22.51
12.43
55
185
5.3
21.78
13.13
12
22.51
12.43
55
185
5.3
21.78
50
13.13
12
23.99
13.25
55
173
5.3
22.60
60
50
13.13
12
23.99
13.25
55
173
5.3
22.60
60
50
13.13
12
23.99
13.25
55
173
5.3
22.60
60
50
13.13
12
23.99
13.25
55
173
5.3
22.60
60
50
13.13
12
23.99
13.25
173
5.3
22.60
454.2
50
30
13.13
12
29.76
11.84
55
153.8
6.3
22.79
1.224
454.2
50
30
13.13
12
29.76
11.84
55
153.8
6.3
22.79
1.224
454.2
50
30
13.13
12
29.76
11.84
55
153.8
6.3
22.79
1.224
298.0
50
30
13.13
12
19.53
7.77
55
175
5.33
21.93
1.224
298.0
50
30
13.13
12
19.53
7.77
55
175
5.33
21.93
1.19
118.0
150
100
20.6
14.84
9.37
70
145
3.04
24.90
1.19
118.0
150
100
20.6
14.84
9.37
70
145
3.04
24.90
1.19
118.0
150
100
20.6
14.84
9.37
70
145
3.04
24.90
1.19
118.0
150
100
20.6
14.84
9.37
70
145
3.04
24.90
1.19
118.0
150
100
20.6
14.84
9.37
70
145
3.04
24.90
1.19
118.0
150
100
20.6
14.84
9.37
70
145
3.04
24.90
Emission Calculations
ER-NOx=NM3/SEC*(MG/NM3*1/1000)*(1-%H20/100)*(20.9-%O2)/(20.9-15 OR 3 FOR TAW-B)
ER-CO=NM3/SEC*(MG/NM3*1/1000)*(1-%H20/100)
VELOCITY=NM3/SEC*((EXH TEMP+273)/273)/(0.785*DIA*DIA)

Appendix III
Air Emission Input - Marubeni/PB

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December, 2004
TAWEELAH B COMPLEX INPUT FOR AIR DISPERSION MODELLING

REV 2 16 NOV 2004
In common with the previous air dispersion modelling study, it is proposed that the modelling should
consider four scenarios, representing the plant before and after refurbishment and extension and
representing normal (natural gas) and standby (crude oil or gas oil) fuels, on this basis:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Scenario 1 existing plant fired on natural gas.

Scenario 2 existing plant fired on crude oil.
Scenario 3 new and refurbished plant fired on natural gas.
Scenario 4 new and refurbished plant fired on gas oil.
Scenario 3 is further divided into two cases, 3A and 3B, representing respectively operating cases C1
and OP1. C1 represents the capability of the plant, while OP1 represents a normal operating
condition. It is not immediately clear which is the worst case for air quality impact; case C1 reflects
maximum fuel combustion (hence emissions) but case OP1 results in a significantly lower exhaust
temperature (hence less effective dispersion). It is considered that both should be modelled.
(Scenario 4 represents case C1 on oil firing; there is no recognised OP1 case for oil firing as it is a
standby fuel.)
The modelling should represent the whole B complex as this is the plant which is subject to the new
Construction Environmental Permit. The study should consider the contribution of the B plant in each
scenario to air quality at ground level, combined with background air quality levels obtained from the
ADWEA Research Centre monitoring station at Taweelah. The background will include the
contribution from A1 and A2 plants, so there is no requirement for emissions from these sources to be
added. This approach is conservative as the contribution from existing B plant will be included twice:
in the background and in the emissions from Initial B and Initial B Extension plants.
Appendix III
DISPERSION MODELLING INPUT DATA FOR EACH EXISTING BOILER

Scena
rio 2
Scena
rio 3A
Scena
rio 3B
Scena
rio 4
NOx emission
level
mg/Nm3
150 (4)
250
100 (1)
100 (1)
150
NOx flow rate
g/s
14.84
24.7
9.89
9.89
14.84
SO2 emission
level
mg/Nm3
-(4,13)
1265.1
-(4,13)
- (4,13)
529.4
SO2 flow rate
g/s
-(4,13)
149.28
- (4,13)
- (4,13)
62.47
mg/Nm3
100 (4)
100 (7)
100 (4)
100 (4)
100 (7)
CO flow rate
g/s
9.37 (4)
9.37 (7)
9.37 (4)
9.37 (4)
9.37 (7)
Flue gas
temperature
418.1
418.1
418.1
418.1
418.1
Stack diameter
3.04 (4)
3.04 (4)
3.04 (4)
3.04 (4)
3.04 (4)
m/s
24.9 (4)
24.9 (7)
24.9 (4)
24.9 (4)
24.9 (7)
Nm/s
118.0
118.0
118.0
118.0
118.0
m/s
180.7
180.7
180.7
180.7
180.7
70
70
70
70
70
CO emission level
Flue gas velocity

Normalised flue
gas flow rate
Actual flue gas
flow rate
Stack height
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
13.
Scena
rio 1
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(2)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(8)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(8)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(9)
(10)
(3)
(7)
(7)
(7)
Projected NOx level as per EPC contract.

At typical crude oil sulphur content of 0.75% by weight.
At typical gas oil sulphur content of 0.3% by weight.
As agreed with ADWEA
Prorata from gas firing: 14.84 g/s x 250/150.
Consistent with emission rate and flow rate: 149.28 g/s x 1000 mg/g / 118 Nm/s.
Estimated to be same as on gas firing.
Prorata from Scenario 1: 14.84 g/s x 100/150
Estimated to be as in Scenario 1 (also at 150 mg/Nm)..
Based on 250 ppmv sulphur in natural gas as H2S.
Appendix III
DISPERSION MODELLING INPUT DATA FOR EACH EXISTING GT/HRSG

Scena
rio 2
Scena
rio 3A
Scena
rio 3B
Scena
rio 4
NOx emission
level
mg/Nm3
50 (4)
120
50 (4)
50 (4)
120
NOx flow rate
g/s
19.53
46.87
19.53
19.53
46.87
SO2 emission
level
mg/Nm3
- (4,13)
145.7
- (4,13)
- (4,13)
145.7
SO2 flow rate
g/s
- (4,13)
43.41
- (4,13)
- (4,13)
43.41
mg/Nm3
30 (4)
30 (7)
30 (4)
30 (4)
30 (7)
CO flow rate
g/s
7.77 (4)
7.77 (7)
7.77 (4)
7.77 (4)
7.77 (7)
Flue gas
temperature
448.1
448.1
448.1
448.1
448.1
Stack diameter
5.33 (4)
5.33 (4)
5.33 (4)
5.33 (4)
5.33 (4)
m/s
21.93
21.93
21.93
21.93
21.93
Nm/s
298.0
298.0
298.0
298.0
298.0
m/s
489.0
489.0
489.0
489.0
489.0
55 (4)
55 (4)
55 (4)
55 (4)
55 (4)
CO emission level
Flue gas velocity

Normalised flue
gas flow rate
Actual flue gas
flow rate
Stack height
Notes:
3.
4.
7.
11.
12.
13.
Scena
rio 1
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(11)
(12)
(3)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(11)
(12)
(3)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
At typical gas oil sulphur content of 0.3% by weight.

As agreed with ADWEA.
Estimated to be same as on gas firing.
Prorata from gas firing: 19.53 g/s x 120/50.
Based on 250 ppmv sulphur in natural gas as H2S.
Appendix III
DISPERSION MODELLING INPUT DATA FOR EACH PROPOSED GT/HRSG

Scena
rio 1
Scena
rio 2
Scena
rio 3B
Scena
rio 4
NOx emission
level
mg/Nm3
60
60
120
NOx flow rate
g/s
38.8
36.1
62.2
SO2 emission
level
mg/Nm3
29.5(13)
27.0(13)
SO2 flow rate
g/s
14.8(13)
13.8(13)
mg/Nm3
20
20
13
CO flow rate
g/s
12.9
12.0
6.7
Flue gas
temperature
416.7
383.8
435.3
Equivalent stack
diameter
7.0
6.7
7.0
Flue gas velocity
m/s
20
20
20
Nm/s
499.7
508.9
489.6
m3/s
762.5
715.1
780.3
55
55
55
CO emission level
Normalised flue
gas flow rate
Actual flue gas
flow rate
Stack height
Notes:
3. At typical gas oil sulphur content of 0.3% by weight.
13. Based on 250 ppmv sulphur in natural gas as H2S.
Appendix III
Scena
rio 3A
171.4
(3)
83.9
(3)
SOURCES OF EMISSIONS
Plant
Initial B
Initial B Extension
New B Extension
Appendix III
Unit
11
21
31
41
51
61
95
96
97
Approximate bearings, m, in drawing PE 4027

BC 001 rev 0
E
S
3325
2940
3380
2940
3525
2940
3585
2940
3635
2940
3690
2940
3805
2855
3865
2855
3980
2900
3970
2860
3970
2815

Taweelah B IWPP - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Air Dispersion Modelling Report

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Taweelah B IWPP - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Air Dispersion Modelling Report

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Taweelah B IWPP Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Air Dispersion Modelling Report

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

Appendix I NOx/NO2 Conversion

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

Marubeni Corporation has contracted Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

The main objective of this air dispersion modelling exercise is to incorporate

This report presents the results/findings of the updated air dispersion

The air dispersion modelling exercise covered the following activities:

Undertake an air dispersion modelling for the various operational

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

Assess the environmental compliance (in terms of ambient air

The air dispersion modelling exercise considered the following scenarios:

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

The following section presents an overview of the methodology followed while

Scenario 3 is further divided into two cases, 3A and 3B, representing

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

The main pollutants considered for the above study are:

The following tables provides an overview of the ambient air quality

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

ADWEA - PWPA Standards

There are two different requirements as specified in each PWPA (Appendix N) as

Concentration limits of pollutants at the ground level. Compliance implies

FEA - Ambient Air Quality Standards

World Bank Standards

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

The maximum predicted ground level concentrations attributable to emissions

In order to establish a base map for the modelling exercise, a geo-referenced

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

Base Map Site Domain Characteristics

Building and Topography

As advised by Marubeni, there are few buildings of significant size and

Buildings Considered for Downwash

The model provides predictions of pollutant concentrations at user-defined

The modelled concentrations were processed using a contour-plotting

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

Modelling Assumptions - Percentage Oxidation of NOx to NO2

The oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emitted to atmosphere within combustion gases

The proportion of NO oxidised to NO2 depends on a number of factors and

Extensive measurements have been made of the percentage oxidation of NO

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

Marubeni/PB Input Data

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

The spatial distribution of the predicted concentrations of NO2,C O and SO2

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services

Taweelah B Extension Project

Dome Oilfield Equipment & Services