Tatistics Ssignment O

STATISTICS ASSIGNMENT NO 1
SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR SACHIN S KAMBLE

NITIE MUMBAI
ON 10TH JULY 2012
Prepared by:
Rahul Ranganathan (121)
Rajiv V (125)
Prakash Sethu (107)
Prateek Kumar Kureel (108)
Pruthvi Raj (114)
Data Collected:
The data with which we are going to do statistical analysis is: Consumption of Conventional Energy in
India (Peta Joules).
Dataset 1
Year
1970-71
1975-76
1980-81
1985-86
1990-91
1995-96
2000-01
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
Energy consumption (Peta Joules)

3860
5074
6394
9471
13313
18188
22198
28299
31040
34428
36330
40353
42664
Data Brief:
The data collected for consumption of conventional energy was reported in the 19th issue of Energy
Statistics (for the year 2012) released by the Central Statistics Office, Government of India. The
above data in itself is collected in collaboration with the below entities:
1. Office of Coal Controller, Ministry of Coal
2. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
3. Central Electricity Authority
Why the data was maintained by the source and its importance?
The Central Statistics Office, as part of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation in
India maintains data not just with respect to energy but also industrial, social and price statistics.
Data released periodically with respect to CPI and WPI index, IIP index and energy statistics from the
Central Statistics Office provide the basis for decision making for government policy and for the
government to track progress and take a stance.
The data for consumption of conventional energy sources was published as part of a wider report
covering both renewable and non-renewable sources of energy and to monitor trends in
consumption and future outlook. For instance, the particular data used for this assignment provides
valuable insight into the rate at which the energy consumption is increasing in India over the recent
past.
Statistics Assignment No 1
Page 2
Type of data:
The type of data used for analysis is NUMERICAL data.
Statistical Analysis:
Concept Name: Frequency Distribution
Selection of Variable: Consumption of Conventional Energy in India (Peta Joules)
X-Axis: Class intervals
Y-Axis: The frequency of occurrence of the value in the corresponding class interval
Formula and calculation steps:
We will use Dataset 1 to construct a frequency distribution chart. With the range of data from 0 to
around 43000 Peta Joules, the class intervals are formed with an interval of 8000 as shown below.
The frequency distribution table thus looks:
Class Intervals
0-8000
8001-16000
16001-24000
24001-32000
32001-40000
40001-48000
Total
Frequency
3
2
2
2
2
2
13
And the frequency distribution chart:
Page 3
Findings and Interpretation of results:

With the frequency distribution chart, we can identify that the data for energy consumption is
uniformly spread out across all class intervals defined.
Concept Name: Relative Frequency

X-Axis- Class intervals
Y-Axis- The relative frequency of occurrence of the value in the corresponding class interval
We will use Dataset 1, present in page 2 to construct a relative frequency distribution chart. Building
on the frequency distribution table, we can categorize the relative frequency of occurrence of data
in each interval as follows:
Class Intervals
0-8000
8001-16000
16001-24000
24001-32000
32001-40000
40001-48000
Total
Frequency
3
2
2
2
2
2
13
Relative frequency
0.23
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
1.00
And the relative frequency plot of the data:
Page 4

We can interpret that the relative frequency of occurrence of data has been consistent across all
class intervals.
Concept Name: Cumulative Frequency Distribution

X-Axis- Class intervals
Y-Axis- The cumulative frequency of occurrence of the value in the corresponding class interval
We will use Dataset 1, present in page 2 to construct a cumulative frequency distribution chart.
Building on the frequency distribution table, we can categorize the cumulative frequency of
occurrence of data in each interval as follows:
Class
Intervals
0-8000
8001-16000
16001-24000
24001-32000
32001-40000
40001-48000
Total
Cumulative
frequency
3
5
7
9
11
13
13
And the cumulative frequency distribution chart will look like:
Page 5

As we can see, there is progressive increase in the frequency of data occurrence in between various
class intervals, and finally reaches the zenith in the last class interval.
Concept Name: Histogram

X-Axis- The class mid-point is chosen as the X axis variable for the histogram
Y-Axis- The frequency of occurrence in that particular class is used as the Y axis.
Class mid-point is obtained by finding the mean of the two end values of the class, and thus the
histogram table is obtained:
Class Mid-point
4000
12000
20000
28000
36000
44000
More
Frequency
1
3
2
1
3
3
0
And the histogram will look like:
Page 6

Histogram represents the frequencies of values present in a particular class represented by the class
mid-point. If for a particular class, there are no occurrences of data, there will be no bar for that
class. In our example its the class More which has no entries!
Concept Name: Frequency Polygon

X-Axis- The class range is chosen in the X axis.
Y-Axis- The frequency of occurrence is represented in the Y axis.
We will use Dataset 1 to construct a frequency distribution chart. With the range of data from 0 to
around 43000 Peta Joules, the class intervals are formed with an interval of 8000 as shown below.
The frequency distribution table thus looks:
Class Intervals
0-8000
8001-16000
16001-24000
24001-32000
32001-40000
40001-48000
Total
Frequency
3
2
2
2
2
2
13
And the frequency polygon:
Page 7

With the frequency polygon, we can identify that the data is uniformly spread out across all class
intervals.
Concept Name: Ogive

X-Axis- The class range is chosen in the X axis.
Y-Axis- The frequency of occurrence is represented in the Y axis.
An ogive is a derivative form of frequency polygon chart. Ogive is drawn like a cumulative frequency
polygon chart. There are two kinds of ogives- Less than Ogive and More than Ogive
Page 8
This is plotted by using the frequency distribution table that we have been using. The difference is
that the type of information that can be derived from an Ogive. Ogive tells us about the number of
values less than/ more than a particular value.
An Ogive will give us information about how many data points are less than/ greater than a
particular value is present. For example, in the Less than Ogive, it says that there are 5 values
which are less than 8000 in the data that we have.
Concept Name: Pie Chart

Selection of Variable: Break-up of the Total Energy Consumption from conventional sources in 2011
The highest value that we have in our data is 42664 Peta Joules. This number represents the
Consumption of Conventional Energy in India in the year 2011. It can be divided into 4 parts- Coal &
Lignite, Crude Petroleum, Natural Gas and Electricity.
Pie chart can be drawn for the classification of the consumption.
With 42664 representing the consumption of Conventional Energy in a whole, the 4 sub heads- Coal
& Lignite, Crude Petroleum, Natural Gas and Electricity will represent a part of the whole circle,
based on the amount of consumption in each fields:
Coal &
Lignite
10179
Crude
Petroleum
8632
Natural
Gas
1974
Electricity
21879
Page 9

With the pie chart we can identify the pattern of consumption in various heads. For example in the
above pie, we can say more than 50% of the energy consumption is in the form of Electricity which
includes thermal, hydro & nuclear electricity from utilities.
Concept Name: Stem and Leaf Diagram

In order to create the Stem & Leaf Diagram, the data points are arranged with a power of 10000 as
the base. Hence, for example, the first data point of 3860 Peta Joules has a stem of 0 and a leaf of 4
with 3860 rounded off to 4000.
In accordance with the above step, the Stem and Leaf Diagram and the associated plot are
represented below:
Stem
0
1
2
3
4
Leaves
4
3
2
1
0
5
8
8
4
3
Page 10

The Stem and Leaf Diagram provides a combination of inferences in terms of a distribution of
frequencies and the data points in the original data set.
Concept Name: Pareto Diagram

X-Axis- The year which is considered
Y-Axis- For a Pareto diagram, Y axis is used to denote both the Consumption per year and the
cumulative percentage of the consumption
First, the data needs to be arranged in the descending order of consumption and the corresponding
cumulative percentage contribution is obtained.
S No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Consumption Qty
42664
40353
36330
34428
31040
28299
22198
18188
13313
Relative Distribution
0.146303993
0.138379079
0.12458335
0.118060985
0.106442808
0.097043332
0.076121696
0.062370547
0.045653128
Cumulative %
14.6303993
28.4683072
40.92664225
52.73274077
63.37702152
73.08135468
80.69352427
86.93057899
91.4958918
Page 11
10
11
12
13
9471
6394
5074
3860
0.032478087
0.021926395
0.017399833
0.013236767
94.74370053
96.93634007
98.67632333
100
With this data, we can identify the cumulative consumption percentage of consumption in the
decreasing order of consumption. The Pareto diagram is drawn thus:

The Pareto Principle is named after Vilfredo Pareto who observed in Italy in the 19th Century, that
80% of the land was owned by 20% of the people. He then developed the principle further by
observing 20% of the pea pods in the garden contained 80% of the peas. The Pareto Principle is also
known as the 80-20 rule, which is a general, principle referring to the observation that 80% of
outcomes come from 20% of causes.
In the case of this particular example, 80% of the energy consumption across a time span of 30 years
has occurred in the last decade.
Concept Name: Scatter Plot

X-Axis- The year of consumption is in the X axis.
Y-Axis- The amount of consumption in that particular year is set in the Y Axis.
Page 12

A scatter plot is a type of mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for
two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value
of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable
determining the position on the vertical axis
With the 2 axes/ variables decided, drawing a scatter plot is a fairly simple exercise. The data that we
use to draw the scatter graph:
Year
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Consumption
3860
5074
6394
9471
13313
18188
22198
28299
31040
34428
36330
40353
42664
Page 13

With the Scatter plot, we can infer that the consumption of Conventional Energy has been
constantly increasing over all the years. Also, if the years are indexed to numbers, then the Scatter
Diagram allows a prediction of the future energy consumption.
Concept Name: Mode

The series of data for which MODE needs to be estimated is:
Class Intervals
0-8000
8001-16000
16001-24000
24001-32000
32001-40000
40001-48000
Total
Frequency
3
2
2
2
2
2
13
Formula for mode:
= +
(
)
LMo = lower limit of the modal class

d1 = frequency of the modal class minus the frequency of that directly below it.
d1 = frequency of the modal class minus the frequency of that directly above it.
w = Width of the modal class interval
Using the formula, we can calculate the mode as 8000.

We can see that, obtaining mode through this methodology is not an accurate method.
Nevertheless, with data constraints, we can utilize this formula to obtain the MODE of the series.
Page 14
Concept Name: Median

The series of data for which MEDIAN needs to be estimated is:
Class Intervals
0-8000
8001-16000
16001-24000
24001-32000
32001-40000
40001-48000
Total
Frequency
3
2
2
2
2
2
13
Median of Grouped data:
( + 1)
( + 1)
2
+

Where, n = number of values in the series
F = sum of all the class frequencies excluding the median class
fm = frequency of the median class
w = class interval width
Lm = lower limit of the median class interval
Using the formula, we can estimate the mode as= 5333.33
With the original series of data available with us, we know that the median for this set of data is
22198. Obviously, there is a huge deviation in the Median obtained through the formula and the
proper median. Thus, this formula will be a useful one there is data constraints but there will be a
high degree of deviation in the results.
Concept Name: Arithmetic Mean

Page 15
The series of data for which ARITHMETIC

ITHMETIC MEAN needs to be estimated is:
Arithmetic Mean =
Where, n = number of values in the series

a = all the values in the in the set; such that a1 is the first value.
AM = Arithmetic mean.
Using the formula, we can estimate the Arithmetic Mean as 22431.
With the original series of data available with us, we know that the AM for this set of data is 22431.
As we can see the AM gets affected by the extreme values. Thus, Arithmetic Mean is an excellent
tool to determine
etermine the mean when the frequencies are closer to the Central Tendency and the
extreme points are not that far from it.
Concept Name: Percentiles

Percentiles divide the data into 100 equal parts. So,
So for calculating the Percentile range, with 13 data
points as in this case, we need to find the ((n+1)/100)th data point.
In this case, the data point corresponding to 0.14 data point is,
Range = 0.14 * (1st data point) = 0.14 * 3860 = 540.4
Now this data range when divided into 100 equal parts will give 1 percentile.
With the original series of data available with us, we know that the each Percentile
Perc
is 540.4
540.4.
Percentiles are used to divide the entire data set into 100 equal parts. This is primarily used to judge
relative position of a particular datum w.r.t to the entire set. It is majorly used in Competitive
examinations to judge the relative performance of participants.
Concept Name: Deciles

Page 16

The series of data for which Deciles need to be estimated is:
Deciles divide the data into 10 equal parts. So for calculating the Deciles, with 13 data points as in
this case, we need to find the ((n+1)/10)th data point.
In this case, the data point corresponding to 1.4th data point is,
Range = 1st term + 0.4 * (2nd data point - 1st data point) = 3860 + 0.4 * (5074-3860) = 4345.6
With the original series of data available with us, we know that the each Decile is 4345.6. Deciles are
used to divide the entire data set into 10 equal parts. Deciles are majorly used in measuring the
amount of rainfall; where the entire rainfall is divided into 10 parts and then categorized as low,
medium and so on.
Concept Name: Quartiles

The series of data for which Deciles need to be estimated is:
Deciles divide the data into 4 equal parts. So for calculating the Deciles, with 13 data points as in this
case, we need to find the ((n+1)/4)th data point.
In this case, the data point corresponding to 3.5th data point is,
Range = 3rd term + 0.5 *(4th term-3rd term) = 6394 + 0.5 * (947-6394) = 7932.5
With the original series of data available with us, we know that the each Quartile is 7932.5.
Quartiles are used to divide the entire data set into 4 equal parts.
Concept Name: Range

Page 17
The series of data for which Range needs to be estimated is:

Range is the span of the data
Range = Value of highest observation Value of Lowest Observation.
Range = 42664 3860 = 38804
With the original series of data available with us, we know that the each Range is 38804. Range
provides us with a good picture about the span of the data but gives very little information about the
variance in the data.
Concept Name: Inter Quartile Range

The series of data for which Quartiles need to be estimated is:
Inter Quartile range measures how far from the median we must go on either side before we can
include one half of the dataset. So, the Inter Quartile range is the difference between the third
quartile and the first quartile.
Now, we know that the first quartile (Q1) is 7932.5
The third quartile(Q3) is calculated as 3*(14/4) = 10.5th term
So, the third quartile = 10th term + 0.5 *(11th term-10th term) = 35379.5
So the Interquartile range is Q3 Q1 = 35379.5 7932.5 = 27447
With the original series of data available with us, we know that the Inter Quartile range is 27447.
Inter Quartile range gives us the amount by which we have to move away from median on either
side to include one half of the dataset.
Concept Name: Mean Absolute Deviation

Mean Absolute Deviation = mean of | |
Where
Page 18
is the element
is the Athematic mean of the data.
Mean =
! " # ... &
'
The steps involved

1. =
()*+,+-.*(/./.-

((
(
)
))
/) ) //(
+.+(.. )(*((+.+(,(. **.
= 22431.69
x
3860
5074
6394
9471
13313
18188
22198
28299
31040
34428
36330
40353
42664
Deviation
18571.69
17357.69
16037.69
12960.69
9118.692
4243.692
233.6923
-5867.308
-8608.308
-11996.31
-13898.31
-17921.31
-20232.31
Absolute Deviation
18571.69
17357.69
16037.69
12960.69
9118.692
4243.692
233.6923
5867.31
8608.31
11996.31
13898.31
17921.31
20232.31
Mean Absolute Deviation = 12080.6

With the original series of data available with us, we know that the mean for this set of data is
22431. From this value we got the Mean Absolute Value as 12080.59. From this value we can
deduce that the deviation is very large and the data is fluctuating over a large range.
Concept Name: Variance

Variance = 0 =
(234)"
5
= 180670816
Where
1. X = Observation
Page 19
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6 = 7789:
; = ::9 8<= 9:> : 7789:
= @8 99 A98> ( B 6 )
0 = 7789: >:= A:
0 = 7789: C=D
x
x-
(x-)2
3860
22432
18572
344907755
5074
22432
17358
301289482
6394
22432
16038
257207575
9471
22432
12961
167979545
13313
22432
9119
83150549.4
18188
22432
4244
18008924.4
22198
22432
234
54612.0947
28299
22432
-5867
34425299.6
31040
22432
-8608
74102961.3
34428
22432
-11996
143911398
36330
22432
-13898
193162957
40353
22432
-17921
321173269
42664
22432
-20232
409346275
Summation
2348720603

22431. From this value we got the Variance as 180670816. From this value we can deduce that the
deviation is very large and the data is fluctuating over a large range.
Concept Name: Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation = 0 = 0 = F
(234)"
5
Where
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
X = Observation
6 = 7789:
; = ::9 8<= 9:> : 7789:
= @8 99 A98> ( B 6 )
0 = 7789: >:= A:
Standard Deviation = Square root of variance = 13441

Page 20

22431. From this value we got the standard deviation = 13441. From this value we can deduce that
the deviation is very large and the data is fluctuating over a large range.
Concept Name: Coefficient of Variance

Coefficient of Variance = GH =
I
4
= 13441/22441 * 100 = 59.96
Where
1. 6 = 7789:
2. 0 = 7789: >:= A:
With the coefficient of variation at 60%, it can be concluded that the distribution of data is highly
dispersed with respect to the mean.
Concept Name: Coefficient of Skewness

Coefficient of Skewness = @J =
#
K
LM!( 34)
(53
)I #
= 1.65
Where
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
X = Observation
6 = 7789:
; = ::9 8<= 9:> : 7789:
= @8 99 A98> ( B 6 )(
0 = 7789: >:= A:
0 = 7789: C=D
x
x-
(x-)3
3860
22432
18572
6405520703583.78
5074
22432
17358
5229690128413.75
6394
22432
16038
4125015939940.37
9471
22432
12961
2177131197958.20
13313
22432
9119
758224275215.75
Page 21
18188
22432
4244
76424333956.14
22198
22432
234
12762426.43
28299
22432
-5867
-201983824896.17
31040
22432
-8608
34428
22432
-11996
36330
22432
-13898
40353
22432
-17921
42664
22432
-20232
-637901092000.60
1726405413819.48
2684638207112.31
5755844983504.25
8282019779521.16
Summation
-516773959359.54

From this value we got the Coefficient of Skewness as 1.65 by way of which it can be concluded that
the data is quite symmetric in nature with little skewness. This is corroborated by the fact that the
mean and the median values are not far off.
Concept Name: Coefficient of Kurtosis

Coefficient of Kurtosis = @N =
4
;
=1(6)
(;1)04
= -0.018
x-
(x-)4
3860
22432
18572
118961359577511000.00
5074
22432
17358
90775352113581700.00
6394
22432
16038
66155736409089900.00
9471
22432
12961
28217127570213800.00
13313
22432
9119
6914013865915450.00
18188
22432
4244
324321358130165.00
22198
22432
234
2982480884.74
28299
22432
-5867
1185101249535000.00
31040
22432
-8608
5491248877200220.00
34428
22432
-11996
20710490545844300.00
36330
22432
-13898
37311927844972200.00
40353
22432
-17921
103152268978605000.00
Page 22
42664
22432
-20232
Summation
167564372493050000.00
646763323866130000.00
Where
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
X = Observation
6 = 7789:
; = ::9 8<= 9:> : 7789:
= @8 99 A98> ( B 6 ).
0 = 7789: >:= A:
0 = 7789: C=D

From this value we got the Coefficient of Kurtosis as -0.018 by way of which it can be concluded that
the data is quite symmetric in nature with little peakedness.
Data Collected:
The data with which we are going to do statistical analysis is: Consumption of Conventional Energy in
India (Peta Joules).
Dataset 2
Year
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008-09
2007-08
Exports (Rs
crore)
1454066
1142922
845534
840754
655863
Imports (Rs
crore)
2342217
1683467
1363736
1374434
1012312
IIP
index
170.2
165.5
152.9
145.2
141.7
Data Brief:
The data collected gives a measure of the imports and exports from India which, in turn, gives an
account of the trade deficit for the Indian economy over the last five years. Also included in the data
set is the Index of Industrial Production which is calculated with a base of 100 for the year 2004-05.
Why the data was maintained by the source and its importance?
The data was collected from the Macro Economic Indicators section of Economic and Political
Weekly, a popular fortnightly magazine which publishes articles, commentary and editorials on
current topics related to economy and politics. The articles are written by eminent academicians and
members of the industry.
Page 23
The Macro Economic Indicators section is maintained by the Economic and Political Weekly as a
regular section in their newspaper giving an overall view of the Indian economy with respect to the
trade balance, money and banking and index numbers of wholesale prices.
Type of data:
The type of data used for analysis is NUMERICAL data.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Concept Name: Geometric mean
Selection of Variable: Index of Industrial Production (IIP) data
The Index of Industrial Production, as mentioned before, is relative to a base of 100 for the year
2004-05. Hence, in order to find the average index over the course of 5 years, the arithmetic mean is
not a suitable measure whereas the Geometric mean is.
In order to calculate the geometric mean, the index numbers are divided by 100 to factor to a base
of 1 instead of 100 resulting in the table below:
Year
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008-09
2007-08
IIP index
170.2
165.5
152.9
145.2
141.7
Scaled to 1
1.702
1.655
1.529
1.452
1.417
Geometric mean is then calculated as the 5th root of product of all index numbers across 5 years.
Hence, geometric mean = (1.702 * 1.655 * 1.529 * 1.452 * 1.417)^0.2 = 1.547
Hence, from the geometric mean, we can conclude that the average index for industrial production
across 5 years starting from 2007-08 is 155.5 scaled to a base of 100.
Concept Name: Scatter Plot

Selection of Variable: Data for exports and imports
Page 24
The Scatter plot is a graph which describes the relationship between two variables. In this case, the
Scatter Plot is plotted with the Exports on the x-axis and the Imports on the y-axis to provide a
relationship between the exports and imports of India.

From the Scatter Plot, it can be observed that as Exports increase, the Imports increase as well as
seen from the trend over the last 5 years from 2007-08.
Page 25

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STATISTICS ASSIGNMENT NO 1

SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR SACHIN S KAMBLE

ON 10TH JULY 2012

Energy consumption (Peta Joules)

And the frequency distribution chart:

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Relative Frequency

And the relative frequency plot of the data:

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Cumulative Frequency Distribution

And the cumulative frequency distribution chart will look like:

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Histogram

And the histogram will look like:

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Frequency Polygon

And the frequency polygon:

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Ogive

Concept Name: Pie Chart

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Stem and Leaf Diagram

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Pareto Diagram

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Scatter Plot

Formula and calculation steps:

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Mode

Formula for mode:

LMo = lower limit of the modal class

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Median

Median of Grouped data:

Concept Name: Arithmetic Mean

The series of data for which ARITHMETIC

Where, n = number of values in the series

Concept Name: Percentiles

Concept Name: Deciles

Formula and calculation steps:

Concept Name: Quartiles

Concept Name: Range

The series of data for which Range needs to be estimated is:

Concept Name: Inter Quartile Range

Concept Name: Mean Absolute Deviation

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The steps involved

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Mean Absolute Deviation = 12080.6

Concept Name: Variance

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Standard Deviation = Square root of variance = 13441

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Coefficient of Variance

= 13441/22441 * 100 = 59.96

Concept Name: Coefficient of Skewness

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Coefficient of Kurtosis

Findings and Interpretation of results:

Concept Name: Scatter Plot

Formula and calculation steps:

Findings and Interpretation of results:

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