Applying modern survey techniques

in land surveying
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Abstract
Objective:
The main objectives of this study are to study about the Total station. Total Station is the new
technology in the field of the surveying in Civil Engineering. As of the old methods of the
leveling and surveying this new technology is much better there are fewer chances of
mistakes now. Total station is easy to use and reliable redues any human errors.
Methodology:
For the methodology of the study we held three experiments on Plotting layout of lawn,
Front elevation of a building and Area of a classroom.
Result:
We exported the readings from the Total station and plotted in the computer using the
AutoCAD program.

Acknowledgement
2

This project would not have been made without the help and support of many, we would like
to extend our sincere gratitude to all those who supported us for doing this project. There are
many people who have helped in completing this. We wish to thank them. Above of all, we
want to thank Allah for good health and sound mind. We are heartily thankful to the head of
Civil

& Arch Engineering section

Mr. Mohammed Faizur Rahaman

and thank Er.Billy

Selvaseelau who are explained how to do senior project before start to do anything and our
teacher Er. Firas

for supporting and encourages us for do this research without his this

project would never have been realized. Finally, all our regards for all administration and
teaching staff in Salalah College of Technology for standing side by our side with us and . We
thank our friends who spent their time to provide us with the information we need. We are
grateful for all those because they really helpful washing them all the best.

Contents
TOTAL STATION..................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1............................................................................................................. 2
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 2
1.2. INSTRUMENTATION:....................................................................................... 4
1.3. ACCURACY OF A TOTAL STATION:..................................................................5
3

1.4. ACCESSORIES FOR TOTAL STATION..............................................................5

1.5. FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY TOTAL STATIONS...............................................6
1.6.OPERATION OF TOTAL STATION......................................................................7
1.7. REMOTELY OPERATED TOTAL STATION (ROBOTIC).........................................8
1.8. APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION................................................................8
1.9. REMOTE ELEVATION MEASUREMENT (REM)...................................................9
1.10. ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION..........................................................................10
1.11. ADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION..............................................................11
1.12. APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION.............................................................11
1.13. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:.........................................................12
CHAPTER 2........................................................................................................... 14
2. LITREATURE REVIEW.................................................................................... 14
2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 14
2.2 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................. 15
2.2.1 SURVEYING DIFFICULTIES..........................................................................16
2.2.2 ACCURACY VERSUS PRECISION.................................................................17
2.2.3 TYPES OF ERRORS..................................................................................... 18
2.2.4 ERRORS IN REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENTS..........................................19
2.3 REFLECTORLESS TOTAL STATIONS...............................................................19
2.3.1 TOTAL STATIONS........................................................................................ 19
2.3.2 REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENTS............................................................20
2.3.3 REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES.....................................21
2.4 SURVEYING TECHNIQUES............................................................................. 21
CHAPTER 3........................................................................................................... 24
3. MTHODOLOGY................................................................................................ 24
3.1 EXPERIMENT 1.............................................................................................. 24
3.2 EXPERIMENT 2.............................................................................................. 27
3.3 EXPERIMENT 3.............................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER 4........................................................................................................... 33
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................ 33
CHAPTER 5........................................................................................................... 35
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................35
CHAPTER 6........................................................................................................... 37
5.

FUTURE WORKS........................................................................................... 37

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................... 38

List of Figures

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

1 Different Parts of Total Station......................................................................4

2 Accessories of Total Station...........................................................................6
3 Traverse........................................................................................................ 9
4 Remote Elevation Measurement...................................................................9
5 Robotic Total Station................................................................................... 10
6 Reflectorless signal divergence at an internal corner................................16
7 Mineral bin. Angle of incidence improved by distance form bin................17
8 : Accuracy versus Precision.........................................................................18
9 Laser beam divergence onto a sloped surface............................................21
10 Layout of Lawn plotted in AutoCAD..........................................................26
11 Front elevation of Mechanical Engg. building plotted using AutoCAD.......29
12 Area of Classroom..................................................................................... 31

List of Tables
Table 1 Lawn Layout readings.................................................................................. 25
Table 2 Front Elevation readings............................................................................... 28

TOTAL STATION

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

The Total station is designed for measuring of slant distances, horizontal and vertical
angles and elevations in topographic and geodetic works, tachometric surveys, as well
as for solution of application geodetic tasks. The measurement results can be recorded
into the internal memory and transferred to a personal computer interface.

The basic properties are unsurpassed range, speed and accuracy of

measurements. Total stations are developed in view of the maximal convenience of
work of the user. High-efficiency electronic tachometers are intended for the decision
It has the broad audience for sole of industrial problems.

Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and
the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points
relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and
triangulation.

Data can be downloaded from the total station to a computer and application software
used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area.

A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. It is also

used by archaeologists to record excavations as well as by police, crime scene
investigators, private accident Reconstructionists and insurance companies to take
measurements of scenes. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit)
integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM), plus internal data storage and/or
external data collector.

The purpose of any survey is to prepare maps, control points formed a basic
requirement for the preparation of these maps.

There are several numbers of methods like traverse, triangulation etc., to provide
these control points.

Whatever the method the provision of control points, includes the measurement of two
entities( Distance and Angle).

Again, distance can be measured by using various instruments like chain, tape.

Linear Tap.

Gunters chain (20m and 30m).

Steel band(20m and 30m).

Inver tap.

Hunter Short Base (80m).

Electronic Distance Measurement Instruments, Total station and GPS.

Angle can be measured by using a THEODOLITE.

Once distance and angular measurement is over computation is performed to provide

the control points. A combination of all the three results in a powerful instrument
called TOTAL STATION.Hence, the TOTAL STATION is an instrument which consists
of the following:

i) Distance measuring instrument (EDM).

ii) An angle measuring instrument (Theodolite).
iii) A simple microprocessor.

1.2. INSTRUMENTATION:
It consists of an EDM, Microprocessor combined into one. It also has a memory card
to store the data. It also consists of battery socket which houses the battery. A fully
charged battery works for about 3 to 5 hrs continuously.

Figure 1 Different Parts of Total Station

1.3. ACCURACY OF A TOTAL STATION:

Accuracy depending upon the instrument and varies from instrument to instrument
1.The angular accuracy varies from1 to 20 .
2.Distance accuracy depends upon two factors.
Instrumental error which ranges from
+ / 10mm to + / 2mm.
10

b) Error due to the length of measurement.

It can be from + / 10mm to + / 2mm per kilometre.
1 prism, 2.52.7 km2 prisms
5-7 km3 prisms
10-12 kmNIKONOne second+ / 2mm/km or 2ppmTriple the number of prisms double the
distance. LEICAOne second SOKKIAOne second.

1.4. ACCESSORIES FOR TOTAL STATION

With approximately more than 40 different models are available to choose, they are currently
the dominant instrument in surveying.

Figure 2 Accessories of Total Station

The EDM instrument component installed in a Total Station is relatively small but still has
distance ranges adequate for most work. Lengths up to about 2 km can be measured with a
single prism, and up to about 6 to 7 km with triple prism.
The angle resolution of available Total Stations varies from as low as a half-second for precise
instruments suitable for control surveys, up to 20 for instruments made specifically for
construction stakeout .

11

1.5. FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY TOTAL STATIONS

Total Stations, with their micro processors, can perform a variety of functions and
computations, depending on how they are programmed. The capabilities vary with different
instruments, but some standard computations include:

Averaging multiple angle and distance measurements.

Correcting electronically measured distances from prism constant, atmospheric

pressure, and temperature.

Making curvature and refraction corrections to elevations determine by trigonometric

levelling.

Reducing slope distances to their horizontal and vertical components.

Calculating point elevations from the vertical distance components (supplemented with
keyboard input of instrument and reflector heights).

Computing coordinates of survey points from horizontal angle and horizontal distance.
o Averages multiple angle measurements.
o Averages multiple distance measurements.
o Computes horizontal and vertical distances.
o Corrections for temp, pressure and humidity.
o Computes inverses, polars, resections.

12

o Computes X, Y and Z coordinates.

1.6.OPERATION OF TOTAL STATION

Because the Total Station contains delicate electronic components they are not as rugged as
ordinary Theodolite. They must be packed and transported carefully, handled gently and
carefully removed form their cases.
The setting of Total Station over the station mark is similar to an ordinary Theodolite. This
includes

Centring

Levelling

Removal of parallax

1.7. REMOTELY OPERATED TOTAL STATION (ROBOTIC)

The remote positioning unit (RPU) enables control of a total station instrument from a
distance
Robotic total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote
control.Robotic systems offer reflector less measurement superior to any other instrument
available capable of precision measurements this technology has tremendous benefits for
every user. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds the
reflector and controls the total station from the observed point. The remote positioning unit,

13

which is attached to a prism pole, has a built-in telemetry link for communication with the
total station. Even a person is not needed near the total station. The Total station
automatically moves and locates the target.

1.8. APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION

There are many other facilities available, the total station can be used for the following
purposes.

Detail survey i.e., data collection.

Control Survey (Traverse).

Height measurement (Remove elevation measurement- REM).

Fixing of missing pillars (or) Setting out (or) Stake out.

Resection.

Area calculations, etc.

Remote distance measurement (RDM) or Missing line measurement (MLM).

Figure 3 Traverse

14

1.9. REMOTE ELEVATION MEASUREMENT (REM)

The process of finding the height of objects without actually going to the top of the object is
known as Remote Elevation Measuring (REM) i.e., a total station placed remotely (faraway)
from the object is used to measure the heights.

Figure 4 Remote Elevation Measurement

Method: The prism is kept at the base of the object sight the telescope to the prism, and
measure the slope distance d, now tilt the telescope up-to the tip of the object. The height
of the object is displayed, from the bottom of the prism depending upon the instrument.
This feature measures the elevation of a point where a prism can not be placed directly. The
measurement is extended along the plumb line while the elevation is continuously displayed.

1.10. ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION

The improvised total station by name ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION allows the operator to
control the instrument from a distance via remote control.

This eliminates the need of an assistant staff member, as the operator holds the
reflector and controls the total station from the observed point.

15

Figure 5 Robotic Total Station

1.11. ADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION

Most accurate and user friendly.

Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t. known point (base point).

EDM is fitted inside the telescope.

Digital display.

On board memory to store data and compatibility with computers.

Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates,

Auto level compensator is available.

Can work in lesser visibility also.

Can measure distances even without prismatic target for lesser distances.
16

Is water proof.

On board software are available.

Total solution for surveying work.

1.12. APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION

IN VARIETIES OF FIELDS:

Mainly used by land surveyors.

Used by archaeologists to record excavations.

By Police, crime scene investigators, private accident re-constructionists and insurance

companies to take measurements of scenes.

IN CIVIL ENGG FIELD USED FOR:

General purpose angle measurements.

General purpose distance measurement.

Provision of control surveys.

Contour and detail mapping.

Setting out and construction work.

1.13. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Targets or Prisms to accurately define the target point of a direction measurement.

A data recorder if one is not integrated into the total station.

17

A download cable and software on a PC to capture and process the captured digital
data to produce contour and detail maps.

18

CHAPTER 2

2. LITREATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Like many professions, new technology is becoming more influential in many facets of
surveying. Computer technology and CAD packages allow us to design, store and manage
more and more data, while at the same time new technology allows us to collect data faster
and markup points in the field with increasing speed and accuracy.

One such piece of

equipment is the reflector less (also known as prism less) total station. Unlike conventional
total stations or electronic theodolites, which require a prism to return the distance
measuring signal, the reflector less signal, as its name suggests, does not require a prism
but can simply reflect off almost anything.

The main advantage of such reflector less

instruments is the ability to measure inaccessible points. There could be any number of
reasons that points are inaccessible, including safety concerns, such as forgoing the need to
19

enter unsupported ground in underground mine surveying, detail surveys of busy road
intersections where traffic control is undesirable or impossible, or simply finding locations of
jetty piles where access simply isnt possible. The problem arises then, of the accuracy that
is given by such technological techniques. Whereas most survey measurements either are
or at least can be checked for errors, reflector less measurement, by their very nature of
being inaccessible, are very hard to check. How then, can we rely upon such measurements,
especially when high accuracy results are essential, and even simple checks like using a
tape measure between two distinct points is impossible. The aim of this project is to provide
some guidelines outlining the accuracy and precision of reflector less measurements in
differing situations and to suggest some techniques to better ensure the accuracy of
measurements made.

2.2 BACKGROUND
Instrument manufacturers generally supply data sheets for their instruments as part of their
marketing system, which discuss the key features and new innovations as well as
specifications on performance and general information. While this information needs to be
truthful, it can also be quite misleading. Obviously, while data such as size and weight are
quite unambiguous, claims of accuracy can be misleading. For instance, the Trimble S6
Datasheet specifies that the reflectorless technology can Measure quickly and safely without
compromising accuracy (Trimble Engineering and Construction Group, 2005). Immediately
this raises questions about the ability of reflectorless technology to reflect the measurement signal
solely off the point of interest. This can be challenging in difficult to access, crowded or confined
areas. So, while both theoretically and practically, the documented accuracies can be
achieved, is it really that simple and reliable in the field? Would a reflectorless measurement
signal reflecting off a wall at a perpendicular angle of incidence be more reliable? While the

20

measured distance itself may be correct, is there a possibility that the signal width could
cause questions about its reliability in certain situations?

The Trimble S6 has a beam (DR

signal) divergence of 20mm over 50m. Therefore, as shown in Figure 1, over a distance of
one hundred metres, the signal from the corner is 40mm wide and 40mm high.

Figure 6 Reflectorless signal divergence at an internal corner.

This beam size is going to make it difficult to ascertain whether the distance has been taken to
the corner itself or to the wall next to the corner. Conversely, using a normal prism shot to
measure the distance, would ensure that the signal is reflected from the correct position.
Total stations are used to achieve high accuracy three dimensional coordinates that are
calculated by the on board computer through the use of trigonometrical calculations.

This

is done by the instrument measuring horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope
distance. Stored coordinates can then be used to calculate relationships between each point
in the X,Y and Z planes. Clearly then, if a distance is measured incorrectly, then the
resultant coordinate will also be wrong.

21

2.2.1 SURVEYING DIFFICULTIES

There are a large number of examples of areas where reflectorless measurements are used
at a distinct advantage. Underground mining uses reflectorless technology frequently, but
generally the accuracy required is not high.

In mining (and other earthworks) situations, a

value with 0.05m accuracy would be sufficient. Mechanical surveys where new prefabricated
steel structures need to bolt to existing steel structures can require accuracies to within
millimetres only. There would be circumstances where even closer tolerances are needed,
but these situations require specialist equipment and personnel and so wont be studied
here.

Mineral bins are an example of infrastructure that are difficult to measure and

therefore the accuracy of reflectorless measurements are questioned.

They are generally

large and high, and usually cylindrical. If there is no access to the top, measurements must
be taken looking up and so there is doubt as to what the returned measurement has
reflected off. This angle can be improved though, by moving further away from the bin to
measured, if circumstances allow for this.

Figure 7 Mineral bin. Angle of incidence improved by distance form bin.

2.2.2 ACCURACY VERSUS PRECISION

When used in general conversation, the words accurate and precise are generally
interchangeable. In surveying however, accuracy and precision refer to separate results.
Accuracy refers to the results closeness to the true or accepted value.

Precision refers to
22

the spread of results for a number of measurements. For instance, six independent
measurements of a line (using a single tape measure) could result in six different
distances. These values may vary either by very little or by a lot.

This is precision.

If

those results were close to the accepted value then they would also be accurate, but if the
tape had been stretched, the results could be far from the accepted true value. Then, the
given result could be said to have high precision but low accuracy.

Figure 8 : Accuracy versus Precision

2.2.3 TYPES OF ERRORS

While survey observations can be highly accurate, observations are never exact, and
therefore always contain some errors. (Wolf & Ghilani 2001). In surveying, there are three
types of errors, known as systematic errors, random errors and gross errors (Dept of Civil and
Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, 2001). Generally, they have different
causes, and produce different results. Gross errors are blunders, simple mistakes that should
be found using checks during a survey. They can be caused by the surveyor, the chainman,
the instrument settings and other variables. Often they occur through carelessness, an
incorrect point being measured, hand recording errors and so on. Gross errors can be either
big or small and are noncumulative (Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering and
Geodetic Science 2001).

23

Systematic errors are a procedural error that can be mathematically modelled and therefore
corrected (Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, 2001). For
instance, measuring using Electronic Distance Measuring Equipment (EDM or EDME), with
the incorrect prism constant will cause every point to have the same error, either toward or
away from the instrument. Such errors can be remedied post survey through computer
software and can be avoided using check measurements (to control points) and care when
changing between prisms or types of measurements. Other systematic errors include level
bubble out of adjustment on instrument or prism pole, level staff that has not been fully
opened. Systematic errors can be either big or small and can be cumulative.

2.2.4 ERRORS IN REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENTS

Reflectorless measurements, like all measurements, can have gross, systematic and random errors.
Gross errors cannot be ignored, especially for reflectorless errors.

Because reflectorless

measurements by their very nature are likely to be inaccessible, it is often difficult to perform check measures. An
example of this would be measuring the underside of a raised flange inside a shed. Especially
if the flange is close to the ceiling, we cannot be sure that the signal is off the flange or off
the ceiling itself.

If we had access to the flange, we could easily check the distance with a

tape measure, to prove we have the correct distance. Without access, it could become a
difficult task to prove.

2.3 REFLECTORLESS TOTAL STATIONS

2.3.1 TOTAL STATIONS
A Total Station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines Electronic Distance
Measuring Equipment (EDME) with an electronic theodelite and a computer. The electronic
theodelite simply measures angle on two planes, the XY plane (horizontal plane) and from the XY
24

plane (vertical plane). The EDME (or EDM) measures the distance (slope distance) to a prism to which it is pointed,
while the onboard computer stores and calculates a large number of values form these three measurements.
EDM measurements are taken using laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation) technology, developed in the 1960s (Key & Lemmens, 2005).

There are two

types of measuring signals, phase shift and time of flight (TOF) also known as
pulse. Phase shift is considered the most accurate and has a narrow beam but has the
disadvantage of a small range. TOF conversely, has a greater distance but a wider signal,
resulting in a reduction of accuracy (Key & Lemmens, 2005).

Only a small amount of

energy is required to measure a distance to a prism using this technology.

As the name

suggests, time of flight measures the distance by directly converting the time taken for the
laser signal to return to the instrument from the prism, while phase shift uses a set of
different wavelengths to calculate the distance.

2.3.2 REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENTS

Reflectorless measurements have only quite recently become inbuilt into total
stations. They can allow for extremely easy safe and accurate measurements provided they
are used correctly, and users are aware of their limitations.

Range of these instruments

have increased and some now exceed 1500 meters (Topcon Australia, 2009) to white targets
or several hundred meters to natural darker targets. This is generally quite sufficient as at
ranges of several hundred meters, it is difficult to accurately point the instrument at its
target and beam divergence can become a problem.

25

2.3.3 REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES

There are two main causes of error and unreliability in the use of reflectorless total station
measurements.

These are caused either by beam divergence or reflector uncertainty.

Reflector

uncertainly is a situation when the laser beam is reflected off something other than what it
was supposed to. This could be either in front or behind the desired object. This can only be
avoided through care, checks on measurements, and instrument knowledge.

Figure 9 Laser beam divergence onto a sloped surface

2.4 SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

Although there is not a lot of data available indicating specific techniques for the use of
reflectorless total stations, a Trimble Support Note (HaefeliLysnar, 2007) gives several techniques on the
use of this technology in specific cases. Several of the techniques are based on calculations from indirect
measurements. These include:
The measuring of two intersecting wall planes to calculate the corner.

26

 Using the instruments max range and min range to ensure there is no interference from
other objects.
Distance / angle offset by measuring a distance to centre of an object and using an offset
to determine the edge position. Non calculationbased methods include:
Measuring in both faceleft and faceright to cancel out the effect of the slope caused by [an] oblique angle
(HaefeliLysnar, 2007).

27

CHAPTER 3

3. MTHODOLOGY

28

3.1 EXPERIMENT 1
Plotting layout of the lawn in front of civil section building
Aim: To plot the top view of the lawn in front of the civil sechi building using measured readings from the total
station
Procedure:
1. First of all we unpack the total station from the box, and then we take the tripod of total station and fix it on
the given point on the ground. Then we put the total station on the top of the tripod and then we make the
level of the total station level with the help of the screws given on the bottom side of the total station. We can
check the bubble given on the total station, for making it level .When bubble is in the centre we will tight the
screws for fixing the total station.
2. Then we start the total station, we will see the different menu on the main screen of the total station, press the
menu and enter to the Data collection.
3. Then we have enter station information.
4. Then do the job name and user name.
5. Then include E, Z, N to know your station and you have to include the height of the total station after that
6.
7.
8.
9.

press enter.
Then choose (Fs) if the coordinate not known choose ANGLE.
Press Go
Then start taking measurement in points that are required.
Then transfer the information to flash then put it in computer and then open it with the AutoCAD,for ploting
the lay out .

Table 1 Lawn Layout readings

PTID

East

North

Height

0.3979

2.9011

-0.2004

7.2594

3.9077

-0.2095

Code

Info1-8

29

4.1553

27.013

-0.2203

-2.7759

25.8309

-0.2353

-4.206

25.6896

-0.2309

-14.0753

24.3563

-0.2059

-10.7527

1.4414

-0.3158

10

-0.8162

2.6826

-0.1757

11

14.5604

1.7001

0.0416

12

9.7146

30.5577

0.0238

13

-23.1059

25.6717

0.0621

14

-19.3954

-3.1572

0.0028

30

Figure 10 Layout of Lawn plotted in AutoCAD

3.2 EXPERIMENT 2
Plotting front elevation of Mechanical engineering building
31

Aim: To plot the front elevation of mechanical engg.building using total station & AutoCAD .
Procedure:
1. First of all we unpack the total station from the box, then we take the tripod of total station and fix it on the
given point on the ground. Then we put the total station on the top of the tripod and then we make the total
station level with the help of the screws given on the bottom side of the total station. We can check the bubble
given on the total station, for making it level .When bubble is in the centre we will tight the screws for fixing
the total station.
2. Then we start the total station, we will see the different menu on the main screen of the total station, press the
menu and enter to the Data collection.
3. Then you have to check your station information.
4. Then do the job name and user name.
5. Then include E, Z, N to know your station and you have to include the height of the total station after that
6.
7.
8.
9.

press enter.
Then choose (Fs) if the coordinate not known choose ANGLE.
Press Go
Then start taking readings of the top corner and angle, then down angle/points.
Then transit the information in flash then put it in computer and then open it with the AutoCAD.

Table 2 Front Elevation readings

PTID

East

North

Height

-25.776

28.407

0.0498

-25.7821

28.4135

9.4589

Code

Info1-8

32

24.6121

28.4135

9.4386

24.6121

27.8275

9.4386

24.5978

25.2984

10.2134

54.0226

27.5135

9.4238

54.0342

27.5001

-0.0057

10

29.6165

25.395

0.0632

11

24.8172

25.4776

0.0604

33

Figure 11 Front elevation of Mechanical Engg. Building plotted using AutoCAD

3.3 EXPERIMENT 3
Area of Classroom
Aim: To plot the area of the classroom using total station and AutoCAD.
Procedure:
34

1. First of all we unpack the total station from the box, and then we take the tripod of total station and fix it on
the given point on the ground. Then we put the total station on the top of the tripod and then we make the
total station level with the help of the screws given on the bottom side of the total station. We can check the
bubble given on the total station, for making it level . When bubble is in the centre we will tight the screws
2.
3.
4.
5.

for fixing the total station.

Then we pressed menu (Application).
Then you have to check your station information.
Then do the job name and user name.
Then include E, Z, N to know your station and you have to include the height of the total station after that

6.
7.
8.
9.

press enter.
Then choose (Fs) if the coordinate not known choose ANGLE.
Press Go
Then we start taking readings of the classroom corners /points.
Then transfer the information in the flash memory then put it in computer and then open it with the
AutoCAD.

Calculation
Area of classroom = L * W
L = 11.3 m
W = 7.46 m
= 11.3 * 7346
= 84.298 M2
P = 11.3 + 11.3 + 7.4 + 7.4
P of classroom: 37.5 m
7.4 m

35

11.3 m

A = 84.2 m2

Figure 12 Area of Classroom

AT 42.1 m2

36

CHAPTER 4

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The output from the Total Station was compared with manual measurements during some
experiments. Overall the Total Station was found to give very accurate and quick results
unlike manual measuremnt/ survey methods.

37

38

CHAPTER 5

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

1. Total Station helps in improving the accuracy during the survey as we found during our
study.
2. We can take many readings in one day of survey without missing any readings due to
human errors.
3. Readings can be transferred to computer after the survey for plotting using suitable
software, e.g; AutoCAD.
4. Confidence and do quick work.
5. Understanding the coordinate system.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
1. Using the modern survey equipments like Total Station gives many advantages and
improve the survey quality reducing the time also.
2. Its helps a lot in making the accurate measurements for the given area without any
errors.
3. For short distance measurement without prismatic target.
4. It give the on board software for memory storage which can be transferred to the
computers.

39

CHAPTER 6

5. FUTURE WORKS
40

1.
2.
3.
4.

Vloume calculations for earthworks

Contor map preperation.
Tropographic surverys.
Apex surveys.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
CSIRO. (1992). LOOKING BACK The Changing face of the Australina Continent. Retrieved July
26, 2009, from CSIRO: www.publish.csiro.au
Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science. (2001, Sept.). Errors in
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Haefeli Lysnar. (2007, October 5). S6 DR 300+ and DR Standard Beam DIvergence Footprint.
Perth: Haefeli Lysnar.
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HaefeliLysnar. (2007, October 5). S6 DR300+ and DR Standard Beam Divergence Footprint. Support
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Colorado.: Trimble.
Key, H., & Lemmens, M. (2005). Reflectorless Laser Distance Measurement. GIM International , Vol
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Switzerland.
Topcon Australia. (2009). Topcon Total Stations. Retrieved from Topcon Australia / New Zealand:
www.topcon.com.au/
Trimble Engineering and Construction Group. (2005). Trimble S6 Total Station Data Sheet .
Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A.: Trimble.
Trimble. (2005). Trimble S6 Total Station. Brochure . Dayton, Ohio, USA: Trimble.
Trimble. (2007). Trimble S8 Total Station. Datasheet . Dayton, USA: Trimble.
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