ANATOMY OF THE HEAD, FACE AND NECK

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Bones of the Skull
Composition
Sutures unite the separated bones of the skull
sutural ligament - connective tissue between the bones
mandible - exception to this rule; united to the skull by the mobile
temporomandibular joint
can be divided into the cranium and those of the face
vault - upper part of the cranium
base - lowest part of the cranium
diploa separates the external and internal tables of compact bones in the
skull
internal table - thinner and more brittle than the external table
bones are covered surfaces
with periosteum
cranium
consists
of
the
following bones, two of which
are paired:
o Frontal bone: 1
o Parietal bones: 2
o Occipital bone: 1
o Temporal bones: 2
o Sphenoid bone: 1
o Ethmoid bone: 1
facial bones consist of the
following, two of which are
single:
o Zygomatic bones: 2
o Maxillae: 2
o Nasal bones: 2
o Lacrimal bones: 2
o Vomer: 1
o Palatine bones: 2
o Inferior conchae: 2
o Mandible: 1
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External Views of the Skull
Anterior View of the Skull
frontal bone (forehead bone) - curves downward to make the upper margins
of the orbits
articulates with the frontal processes of the maxillae and with the nasal
bones
laterally, the frontal bone articulates with the zygomatic bone
superciliary arches - seen on either side and the supraorbital notch (foramen)
can be recognized

orbital margins - bounded by:

o frontal bone superiorly
o zygomatic bone laterally
o maxilla inferiorly
o processes of the maxilla and frontal bone medially
frontal air sinuses w/in the frontal bone; above the orbital margins; two
hollow spaces lined with mucous membrane
communicate with the nose and serve as voice resonators
two nasal bones form the bridge of the nose; lower borders, with the
maxillae, make the anterior nasal aperture
nasal cavity - divided into two by the bony nasal septum, which is largely
formed by the vomer
superior and middle conchae - project into the nasal cavity from the ethmoid
on each side; the inferior conchae are separate bones
two maxillae form theff structures:
upper jaw
anterior part of the hard palate
part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavities
part of the floors of the orbital cavities
o meet in the midline at the intermaxillary suture and form the lower
margin of the nasal aperture
below the orbit, maxilla is perforated by the infraorbital foramen
alveolar process projects downward; 2 bones from each side forms the
alveolar arch
o carries the upper teeth
maxillary sinus - pyramid-shaped cavity lined with mucous membrane;
communicates with the nasal cavity and serves as a voice resonator
zygomatic bone - forms the prominence of the cheek and part of the lateral
wall and floor of the orbital cavity
o medially, it articulates with the maxilla
o laterally it articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
to form the zygomatic arch
o perforated by two foramina for the zygomaticofacialand
zygomaticotemporal nerves.
The mandible, or lower jaw, consists of a horizontal body and two vertical
rami