Englezapentrubacalaureat Cristinaiosifescu 140204025109 Phpapp01

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary
CRISTINA IONELA IOSIFESCU

PRACTICAL ENGLISH
MORPHOLOGY AND VOCABULARY
Cristina Ionela Iosifescu
Editura Aius PrintEd este recunoscut CNCSIS (2010-2012)
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale Romniei

IOSIFESCU, CRISTINA IONELA
Practical English morphology and vocabulary /
Cristina Ionela Iosifescu. - Craiova: Aius Printed, 2011
ISBN 978-606-532-112-1
.
Editura Aius Printed, Craiova, 2011

str. Pacani, nr. 9, 200151
tel./ fax: 0251-596136
e-mail: editura_aius@yahoo.com
www.aius.ro
ISBN 978-606-562-112-1
CRISTINA IONELA IOSIFESCU
PRACTICAL ENGLISH
MORPHOLOGY AND
VOCABULARY
I. INTRODUCTION
This book is meant to be a multipurpose guide for both
teachers and students. It deals with both theoretical and practical
aspects of the English teaching and the English learning process.
The idea of writing this book came as a necessity as both
teachers and students need additional material to support their
efforts during teaching or learning English.
The teaching experience itself needs the teacher to be
creative and the student to be active and involved. Consequently,
this book presents a new way of teaching the tenses of the
indicative. Most of the English grammar books which are meant
to teach the Romanian students the English tenses start with the
three moments in time: the present, the past, the future. Thus, the
students are taught: The Present Tense Simple and Continuous
as tenses of the present moment, the Past Tense Simple and
Continuous, The Present Perfect Simple and Continuous, the
Past Perfect Simple and Continuous as tenses of the past
moment and the Future Tense Simple and Continuous, the
Future Perfect Simple and Continuous as tenses of the future
moment.
This book deals with a different way of teaching the tenses
of the indicative: it takes the aspect into consideration.
The aspect is the grammatical category which shows the
way the speaker sees the action, either in progress at a certain
moment in time (the continuous aspect) or perfected before a
certain moment in time (the perfective aspect). The Romanian
students face difficulties while dealing with the English aspect
as they are not familiar with the grammatical category of
aspect; the Romanian verb does not explicitly display the
aspect. So, the new way of teaching the tenses of the indicative
deals with: teaching the Present, Past, Future Tense Simple as
tenses which are not marked from an aspectual point of view,
the tenses of the continuous aspect (the Present Tense, Past
Tense, Future Tense Continuous), the tenses of the perfective
aspect (the Present, Past, Future Perfect Simple) and a
combination of the continuous and perfective aspect (the
Present, Past, Future Perfect Continuous).
Besides, the book also deals with elementary knowledge
concerning each part of speech. It doesnt show an exhaustive
study of each part of speech, but it focuses on some main
morphological difficulties.
The second part of the book is practical, in the sense that it
asks both the teachers and the students to solve both
morphology and vocabulary exercises in order to strengthen
their knowledge of the English language.
The fact that most Romanian students choose to have their
linguistic competences tested in the English language at the
end of high school is now a certainty. Accordingly, the third
chapter of the book aims at their improving the four linguistic
skills: speaking, writing, reading, and listening.
The fourth chapter of the book suggests some tests which
could be useful during the English lessons or just for personal
testing. The next chapter gives ideas of some fillers which are
likely to be used during the English lessons.
The advantage of this book is that it is both theoretical and
practical and it is useful for both children and adults. Whoever
uses it may choose to solve the exercises which agree with
his/her level of English. Thus, it can be used by both beginners
and advanced English speakers.
Good luck with your English!
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

II.1. Why do we learn English?
Why do we learn English? is the question which could be
asked by any person in the world, starting with the 20th century.
Many people state that English has become an
international language, but most of the times they dont ask
why. The ones who ask are happy when they find simple
answers such as: because of the Americans. What about the
Americans? In 1865, during the civil war, the Americans were
mostly a rural nation. Why are they the reason why English has
become an international language nowadays?
Many linguists tried to foresee the future of the English
language. Some of them said that it would become an
international language, others didnt agree. Time shows that the
first ones were right.
So, the answer to our main question could be: we learn
English because it has become an international language; many
Romanian students learn it during school as a foreign language
because it is an international language.
The next question is: why has English become an
international language?
The reasons why English has acquired this status are
mostly historical. The British Empire spread the English
language into its colonies worldwide.
When people say the Americans they think of the
inhabitants of the United States of America. Well, the United
States of America is just a country in the American continent;
the Mexicans are also Americans from the American continent.
Thus, English has become an international language

nowadays because of the United States of America, not
because of the entire American continent. The USA gained
independence in the 18th century, George Washington was its
first president and up to the 20th century this country was not
the financial power it is today.
Europe was destroyed by the two world wars of the 20th
century; it was the chance of the USA to become a great world
power. So, after the second world war, the USA came with the idea
of the European Union. After the wars, the country became strong
enough to interfere with European course of history because of
their financial interventions, such as the Marshall plan in 1947.
Accordingly, the English language was again taken back
to the continent in its American variant due to the financial
support given by the USA.
Thus, English was spread in its British variant due to the
British Empire and it was spread in its American variant due to
the USA.
The two variants are just one language, with slight
differences in pronunciation and vocabulary; that is why there
is just one English language which is spoken worldwide.
II.2. Why is English said to be an easy language?

Ask any Romanian student which language is easier to
learn: English or French? English or German?
The answer is always English. English is considered to be
easy to be learned, but of course it has its difficulties.
The reasons why we hear the above answer are both
linguistic and historical.
Modern English is an analytic language, i.e. it doesnt use
inflections to change the form of the words. It displays its
grammatical categories by means of auxiliary verbs or
prepositions. So, there is no need for a Romanian student who
learns English as a foreign language to learn a very long list of

inflections specific to every part of speech.
Again, the historical reason why the Romanian students
consider English to be an easy language is traced back to the
11th century when the British throne was conquered by the
duke of Normandy who became William the Conqueror after
his coronation as the British king in 1066. He imposed the
French language to the British royal court, so French became
the language of the upper social classes. Both French and
English were spoken at the same time in the same place and
that is why English borrowed words from French.
Both French and Romanian are Romance languages (or Latin
languages); English is a Germanic language. So, all the English
words which the Romanian students identify as identical or
similar with some Romanian words are in fact French words
which were borrowed by the English language in the 11th century.
Consequently, English sounds familiar to many peoples of
different origins. This could also be a reason why English is
very widely spoken around the world.
English is an easy language only from a subjective point
of view. From an objective point of view, it is just todays
international language.
II.3. A synthesis of English morphology

II.3.1. The noun
The noun is the part of speech which names object, things.
e.g. room, knowledge, advice, paper, course book, teacher, etc.
The grammatical categories (criteria according to which
the form of the noun changes) of the noun are:
- Number
- Gender
- Case
10
Number deals with singular and plural.

There are some nouns in the English language which dont
add s for the plural, but they have irregular plurals.
Examples of irregular plurals:
1) country countries
2) mango mangoes
3) brush brushes
4) match matches
5) dress dresses
6) fox foxes
7) half halves
8) knife knives
9) life lives
10) tooth teeth
11) goose-geese
12) foot feet
13) man men
14) woman women
15) mouse mice
16) criterion criteria
17) phenomenon phenomena
18) crisis crises
19) thesis theses
20) synthesis syntheses
Gender refers to male/female.
Examples:
Masculine Feminine
Man Woman
Monk Nun
Boy Girl
Bachelor Spinster
King Queen
Bull Cow
Stallion Mare
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We should pay attention to gender words which involve

sexual discrimination because we need to be politically correct.
Mankind discriminates women = human race, humanity
Case refers to the form of the noun to agree with different
cases.
There is an extensive use of case prepositions in the
English language because of the fact that English is an analytic
language; they are specific to different cases.
Case
Specific preposition(s)
Accusative On, in, with, for, from, etc
The book is on the table. (a place modifier in the Accusative)
Remember that the direct object does not have a specific
preposition in the English language
I see the children. (direct object)
Dative
To
I give the books to the children. (Indirect Object)
But: I give the children the books.
Genitive Of
The pages of the book look clean. (whose pages?)
But, there is also a synthetic Genitive s
The boys book looks clean. (whose book?)
II.3.2. The article

The article is the part of speech which determines the noun
by individualization, that is it shows whether the speaker
knows/doesnt know the object he/she is talking about.
Thus, we have 2 possible situations:
The speaker KNOWS
the object he/she is
talking about
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

The (nouns both in the singular and plural)
The story
The stories
The speaker
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
DOESNT KNOW the A (nouns in the singular); an + vowel
object he/she is talking A story; an elephant
about
Some (nouns in the plural)
Some stories
12
Do not use articles:

with proper names: Mary
But: the Browns (the entire family)
the United States of America (compound
nouns)
the Balkans (names of mountains)
the Thames (names of rivers)
with general statements
e.g. School teaches us important things of life.
with moments of the day
e.g. at noon, at dusk, at night
But: in the morning, in the evening
with nouns which are used for their real
purpose
e.g. go to school, to church, to hospital, to
university, college
But: I go to the school for a social meeting.
(school is meant for learning)
with pronominal adjectives
e.g. this book, my book, which book?
Do use articles:
with prepositions
e.g. There is milk in the fridge.
with adjectives in the relative superlative
e.g. The greatest story is yours!
with ordinal numerals
e.g. The fourth magazine is scientific.
II.3.3. The adjective
The adjective is the part of speech which shows a
quality/feature of the noun.
Rules: 1) the English adjective is always placed before the
noun: a happy day
13
2) the form of the English adjective is invariable, that is it

doesnt change according to the grammatical categories of number,
gender or case of the noun it determines: some happy days
Consequently, the only grammatical category of the
adjective is the comparison.
The degrees of comparison of the adjective:
I. smart, big, intelligent, difficult, etc.
II. comparative:
a) of superiority:
- the short adjectives add er to form this degree of
comparison.
Note: the short adjectives are made up of one syllable, two
syllables at the most.
E.g. smarter
- the long adjectives add more in front of the adjective
E.g. more intelligent
b) of equality it obeys the following pattern:
as+adjective+as
E.g. as smart as
as intelligent as
a) of inferiority it obeys the following patterns:
not as+adjective+as
less+adjective+than
E.g. not as smart as
not as intelligent as
less smart than
less intelligent than
III. superlative:
a) relative superlative
- the short adjectives add est to form this degree of
comparison (they are preceeded by the definite article)
E.g. the smartest
- the long adjectives add the most in front of the adjective
E.g. the most intelligent
14
b) absolute superlative it obeys the following pattern:

very+adjective
E.g. very smart
very intelligent
Irregular degrees of comparison:
Comparative of
superiority
better
good
worse
bad
Much/many more
less
Little
farther (space distance)
Far
further (time distance)
Relative superlative
the best
the worst
the most
the least
the farthest (space distance)
the furthest (time distance)
II.3.4. The pronoun

The pronoun is a part of speech which replaces a noun
(pro=for; it stands for the noun)
The book = it
Rule: any pronoun which determines a noun becomes an
adjective.
This is a house. (=pronoun)
This house is big. (=adjective).
Types of pronouns:
1) The personal pronouns
The personal pronouns as subject
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
The personal pronouns as object

Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
15
e.g. He is here. (=subject)

I see him. (=direct object).
2) The possessive pronouns
The possessive pronouns
mine
Yours
his
hers
Ours
Yours
Theirs
The possessive adjectives

My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
E.g. The book was not theirs. (=pronoun)

Their book was not on the table (=adjective)
3) The demonstrative pronouns
Singular
Close
this
Far
that
Identity
The same
Plural
These
Those
The same
Differentiation
Another
The other
Others
Other
The others
E.g. These problems are so unpredictable.

The same situations are really complicated.
Another man helped me.
Others didnt come on time. Other students came
on time.
4) The relative interrogative pronouns
Case
N.
Acc.
D.
G.
Persons
Who
Who(m)
Who(m)
Whose
Objects
Which
Which
Which
Whose
16
E.g. Who helped you with the homework? (the

interrogative pronouns are used in simple sentences)
I dont know who helped you with the homework. (the
relative pronouns are used in complex sentences).
But: what is also a relative- interrogative pronoun and
adjective.
E.g. What is wrong with you? (interrogative pronoun)
What boy was right? = Which boy was right?
(interrogative adjective)
5) The indefinite pronouns
Simple indefinite Compound indefinite Quantity indefinite
pronouns
pronouns
pronouns
Countable Uncountable
nouns
nouns
much
-body, -one, -thing many
some
somebody, someone,
something
(a) few
(a) little
any
anybody, anyone,
anything
every
everybody, everyone,
everything
both
all
each
several
E.g. Somebody has just arrived.

A few eggs were in the fridge, but there was little milk for
the cake. (the eggs are enough, the milk is not enough).
Have you got any stamps? No, I havent got any.
17
6) The negative pronouns

Simple negative pronouns
No
Compound negative pronouns

-body, - one, - thing
nobody, no one, nothing
E.g. Nobody helped me with the homework. (the verb is

in the affirmative form).
Rule: there is no double negation in the English language.
Thus, we use the verb in the affirmative form with a negative
pronoun/adjective.
Or, we can use the verb in the negative form with the
indefinite pronoun any. This is not true for the negative subject
(see the above example *Anybody didnt help me with the
homework).
E.g. I see nothing in the street.
I dont see anything in the street.
7) The reflexive /emphatic pronouns
Personal pronouns
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Reflexive/emphatic pronouns
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
E.g. I see myself in the mirror. (the reflexive pronoun is

preceded by its antecedent in the same clause.)
John himself carried the boxes.
18
8) The reciprocal pronouns

Two objects/persons
Each other
More than two objects/persons

One another
E.g. Tom and Jerry fight each other.

My classmates help one another.
II.3.5. The numeral
The numeral is the part of speech which shows the number
or the order of objects.
E.g. Three students finished the project.
The third student finished the project.
31-40
41-50
-ty
-ty
thirty-one forty-one
thirty-two forty-two
thirtyforty-three
three
thirtyforty-four
four
five fifteen
twenty-five thirty-five forty-five
six sixteen twenty-six thirty-six forty-six
seven seventeen twentythirtyfortyseven
seven
seven
eight eighteen twentythirtyforty-eight
eight
eight
nine nineteen twenty-nine thirtyforty-nine
nine
ten twenty thirty
forty
fifty
21-30
-ty
twenty-one
twenty-two
twentythree
four fourteen twenty-four
71-80
-ty
seventy-one
seventy-two
seventythree
seventyfour
fifty-five sixty-five seventy-five
fifty-six sixty-six seventy-six
fiftysixtyseventyseven
seven
seven
fifty-eight sixtyseventyeight
eight
fifty-nine sixty-nine seventynine
sixty
seventy eighty
19
51-60
61-70
-ty
-ty
fifty-one sixty-one
fifty-two sixty-two
fifty-three sixtythree
fifty-four sixty-four
they are used to express the number of objects
1-10 11-20
-teen
one eleven
two twelve
three thirteen
1) The cardinal numerals
Types of numerals
91-100
-ty
ninety-one
ninety-two
ninetythree
ninetyfour
eighty-five ninety-five
eighty-six ninety-six
eightyninetyseven
seven
eightyninetyeight
eight
eighty-nine ninetynine
ninety
one
hundred
81-90
-ty
eighty-one
eighty-two
eightythree
eighty-four
20
Numerals such as: hundred, thousand, million, billion

never get the plural when they are preceded by other numerals.
e.g.
three hundred children
hundreds of children
five thousand books
BUT
thousands of books
seven million people
millions of people
Reading the years means reading the numerals two by two:

1324 thirteen twenty-four
1083 ten eighty-three
1710 seventeen ten
1205 twelve oh five
2010 twenty ten (the tendency of the 21st century is two
thousand and ten)
2) The ordinal numerals
- they show the order of objects
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
12th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
25th
30th
40th
50th
the first
the second
the third
the fourth
the fifth
the twelfth
the twentieth
the twenty first
the twenty-second
the twenty-third
the twenty-fifth
the thirtieth
the fortieth
the fiftieth
-st
-nd
-rd
-th
-th
-th
-th (y-ie)
-st
-nd
-rd
-th
-th (y-ie)
-th (y-ie)
-th (y-ie)
21
The ordinal numerals are used to show the days of the

month: December 24th (the twenty-fourth day of December).
3) The fractional numerals
-
they show the ratio, that is parts of numbers

1/4
2/7
5/10
1/2
3.8
one fourth
two sevenths
five tenths
one half
three (point) eight
4) The collective numerals

-
they show a group of objects

a group of 2
a group of 3
a group of 4
a group of 5
both
all three
all four
all five
5) The multiplicative numerals

-
they multiply the number of objects
multiplied by 2
multiplied by 3
multiplied by 4
multiplied by 5
twofold (double)
threefold (triple)
fourfold (quadruple)
fivefold (quintuple)
6) The distributive numerals

-
they describe an alternating series of objects

they dont have a distinct form, but they use
distributive pronouns/adjectives
22

Each student
Every two students
Every other day
Every three plants
7) The adverbial numerals

-
they show the number of times the action of the

verb is repeated
Once
Twice
Three times
Four times
He came once.
She shouts twice.
I read the poem three times.
You opened the door four times.
II.3.6. The preposition

The preposition is the part of speech which makes the
noun agree with different cases (see II.3.1. The noun).
There are prepositions in the English language which are
specific to different cases.
e.g. The end of the story was unexpected. (the genitive)
I give the money to the estate agent. (D.O. + to- dative I.O)
BUT I give the estate agent the money. (dative I.O.+D.O)
The flowers are from my friends. (the accusative).
II.3.7. The verb
The verb is the part of speech which shows actions and
states.
The grammatical categories of the verb are:
- person and number
- mood
- aspect
- tense
- voice
Person and number are the grammatical categories which
show whether a verb is in a finite or in a non-finite mood, i.e.
23
the form of the verb changes/doesnt change according to

person and number.
Mood there are both finite (their form changes according
to the grammatical categories of person and number) and nonfinite moods (their form doesnt change according to the
grammatical categories of person and number).
The finite moods are:
1) The indicative e.g. Many accidents happen daily.
2) The subjunctive e.g. If only we were happier!
3) The conditional e.g. I would read the book if I
had time.
4) The imperative e.g. Open the books!
The non-finite moods are:
1) The infinitive e.g. to ask, to write
2) The gerund e.g. asking, writing
3) The participle the present participle: e.g. asking,
writing
the past participle: e.g. asked, written
The difference between the gerund (V-ing) and the present
participle (V-ing):
- the gerund is sometimes used as the second verb in
a sequence of verbs
e.g. I avoid talking to my relatives.
- the present participle is used with the auxiliary verb
to be to form the continuous aspect
e.g. I am talking to my relatives.
The aspect is the grammatical category of the verb which
shows the way the speaker sees the action. Thus, the speaker
can see the action:
- in progress at the present, past or future moment
the continuous aspect
24
past
present
future
_______________/__________________/________________
Past tense continuous
Present tense continuous
Future tense continuous
perfected (completed) before the present, past or

future moment the perfective aspect
past
present
future
Past
Present
future
perfect simple
perfect simple
perfect simple
The continuous aspect is always formed with the auxiliary

verb to be in the present, past or future and the present
participle of the main verb (V-ing)
The perfective aspect is always formed with the auxiliary
verb to have in the present, past or future and the past
participle of the main verb (V-en).
The tenses of the indicative are:
Tense
the present tense
simple
the past tense simple
the future tense simple
the present tense
continuous
the past tense
Form
-s (he, she, it)
Example
He studies
-ed; the 2nd form

will+infinitive
to be (present)+V-ing
He studied
He will study
He is studying
to be (past) +V-ing
He was studying
25

continuous
the future tense
continuous
the present perfect
simple
the past perfect simple
the future perfect
simple
the present perfect
continuous
the past perfect
continuous
the future perfect
continuous
to be (future)+V-ing
He will be studying
to have (present)+V-en He has studied

to have(past)+V-en
to have(future)+V-en
He had studied
He will have
studied
to have(present)+to
He has been
be(-en)+V-ing
studying
to have(past)+to be(He had been
en)+V-ing
studying
to have(future)+to be(- He will have been
en)+V-ing
studying
1. The present tense simple expresses an action which

happens habitually at the present moment.
e.g. She reads a novel every week.
2. The past tense simple expresses an action which
happened at a certain moment in the past.
e.g. She read a novel last week.
3. The future tense simple expresses an action which
will happen at a certain future moment.
e.g. She will read a novel tomorrow.
4. The present tense continuous expresses an action
which is in progress at the present moment.
e.g. She is reading a novel now.
5. The past tense continuous expresses an action which
was in progress at a certain past moment.
e.g. She was reading a novel this time yesterday.
6. The future tense continuous expresses an action
which will be in progress at a certain moment in the future.
e.g. She will be reading a novel this time tomorrow.
7. The present perfect simple expresses a past action
which is perfected just before the present moment.
26
e.g. She has just read a novel.

8. The past perfect simple expresses a past action which
was perfected before a past moment or another past action.
e.g. She had read the novel when I talked to her.
9. The future perfect simple expresses a future action
which will be perfected before a future moment or another
future action.
e.g. She will have read the novel before I talk to her.
10. The present perfect continuous expresses an action
which began before the present and it is still in progress at the
present moment.
e.g. She has been reading the same novel for a few days.
11. The past perfect continuous expresses an action
which began before another past moment/action and it was still
in progress at the past moment.
e.g. She had been reading the same novel for weeks when
I talked to her.
12. The future perfect continuous expresses an action
which will begin before another future moment/action and it
will still be in progress at the future moment.
e.g. She will have been reading the same novel for weeks
when I talk to her.
Negatives and questions
There are two basic rules as far as the negative and
interrogative forms of the indicative mood are concerned:
1) If a tense uses an auxiliary verb in the
affirmative form, it uses the same auxiliary verb
to form the negative and interrogative forms.
Note: if the tense uses more than one auxiliary
verb in the affirmative, it uses the first auxiliary
verb to form the negative and interrogative forms

I will speak
I am speaking
I was speaking
I will be speaking
I have spoken
I had spoken
I will have spoken
I have been speaking
I had been speaking
I will have been
speaking
27
I will not speak; Will I speak?

I am not speaking; Am I speaking?
I was not speaking; Was I speaking?
I will not be speaking; Will I be speaking?
I have not spoken; Have I spoken?
I had not spoken; Had I spoken?
I will not have spoken; Will I have spoken?
I have not been speaking; Have I been
speaking?
I had not been speaking; Had I been
speaking?
I will not have been speaking; Will I have
been speaking?
2) If a tense doesnt use an auxiliary verb in the

affirmative form, it uses the auxiliary verb to do
to form the negative and interrogative forms.
You speak
You do not speak
She speaks
She does not speak
She spoke
She did not speak
There is a tendency in modern English to no longer use
doesnt in the third person singular, the present tense simple,
but dont. This is true for slang English, but the tendency of
the English language to lose inflections is obvious during
centuries. So, English could lose the inflection for the third
person singular, the present tense simple, the negative form.
The indicative is the only finite mood which has tenses
because it is the only one which expresses real, factual actions.
The subjunctive expresses hypothetical actions, that is
why we cant say they happen at a certain moment in time.
e.g. I wish I knew the lesson. (= I dont know it at the
present moment).
I wish I had known the lesson. (= I didnt know it at
the past moment)
28
They hurried lest they should be late. (= their delay

was hypothetical)
The conditional also expresses hypothetical actions. It is
said to be a sort of subjunctive because of its meaning and
form; its form is identical with one of the forms of the analytic
subjunctive (would).
e.g. I would help you if I knew what to do.
The imperative is said to be a sentence type:
- the declarative sentence makes a statement
e.g. I had hardly come back home when they paid me a
visit.
- the interrogative sentence asks a question
e.g. Have you ever been to Paris?
- the exclamatory sentence shows a strong emotion
e.g. What a boring lesson!
- the imperative question gives an order, a command
e.g. Dont touch the wires!
The voice is the grammatical category of the verb which
shows whether the subject is the doer or the receiver of the
action expressed by the verb:
- when the subject is the doer the active voice
- when the subject is the receiver the passive voice
An active sentence can be turned into a passive sentence
according to the following syntactic and morphological rules:
- the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of
agent of the passive sentence; the direct object of the active
sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
29
My mother reads some magazines. active sentence

S
P
D.O (direct object)
Some magazines
S
by my mother.
O.A (object of agent)
- from a morphological point of view, the auxiliary verb to

be is used and the past participle of the main verb.
e.g. Some magazines are read by my mother. passive
sentence
The English language uses both the direct object and the
indirect object as subject in the passive voice. Most of the
times, the choice is for the indirect object because its referent is
a person.
e.g. The parents gave us a good education.
(S+P+I.O+D.O) active sentence
A good education was given to us by the parents
passive sentence.
We were given a good education by the parents. passive
voice (more frequent).
People consider him to be a genius. (Accusative
+infinitive) active sentence.
He is considered to be a genius. (Nominative +infinitive)
passive sentence.
II.3.8. The adverb
The adverb is the part of speech which describes the action
expressed by the verb.
The adverbs can show the circumstances of the action.
Thus, there are adverbs such as:
- adverbs of place describe the place of the action
30
e.g. where, everywhere, wherever

- adverbs of time mark the time of the action
e.g. when, whenever, never, yesterday
- adverbs of manner describe the way the action is
done.
They are derived from adjectives with the suffix ly.
e.g. rapidly, carefully, quietly.
The above adverbs become adverbial modifiers of place,
time or manner in the complex sentences; there is a strict order
of these modifiers in the complex sentence: manner place
time (time can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence,
before the subject).
e.g. Every day she goes rapidly wherever she is needed.
The adverbs can be used either in the simple sentences
(interrogative adverbs) or in the complex sentences (relative
adverbs).
Relative interrogative adverbs
where
when
how
how much
e.g. Where is the library?

He wants to know where the library is.
How much does this action tell about his personality?
We dont understand how much this action tells
about his personality.
As far as the form of the adverbs is concerned, there are
both simple and compound adverbs.
Simple adverbs Compound adverbs
where
anywhere, somewhere, everywhere, nowhere,
wherever
when
whenever
how
anyhow, somehow, however
31
II.3.9. The interjection

The interjection is the part of speech which describes
natural sounds or noises.
Examples of interjections
Ouch!
Wow!
Aye!
Oh!
Yeah!
e.g. Oh! I must have forgotten your name!

II.3.10. The conjunction
The conjunction is the part of speech which relates
identical or different parts of the sentences or whole sentences.
Thus, there are:
- coordinating conjunctions join elements which are
equal from a grammatical point of view
- subordinating conjunctions relate a subordinated
element to the main element
Coordinating conjunctions
and
but
or
nor
so
Subordinating conjunctions
because
if
unless
in order that, so that
as long as
The above examples prove that the conjunctions are both

simple conjunctions and compound conjunctions.
e.g. The weather is sunny, but I cant go out in the park.
John worked hard and (he) finished the project on
time. the identical subject of the second clause can be omitted
when the two clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction.
I will be late unless I hear the alarm clock. the
negative conjunction requires the affirmative form of the verb
of the subordinate clause.
32
III. EXERCISES
III.1. Morphology exercises
1. Translate into English:
1) neleg ei importana acestor chestiuni sau le ignor?
2) Nu ne ajut pentru c e mereu prea ocupat pentru
problemele noastre.
3) Nu se trezete la timp pentru c nu aude niciodat
ceasul detepttor.
4) Face multe fotografii pentru c este pasionat de aceast
activitate; este mai mult dect un hobby, este o form de art.
5) Lum ntotdeauna cele mai bune decizii: echipa noastr
analizeaz opiunile i face pasul corespunztor.
6) Cnd mergi la pescuit? Merge i Maria cu tine, de
asemenea?
7) Nu s-a prezentat, cu toate acestea, tim cine este acel
individ.
8) Alearg n fiecare diminea pentru c vrea s se
menin n form.
9) Nu are timp s asculte problemele noastre sau nu are
timp s arate c-l intereseaz.
10) Dosarele sunt gata, de aceea nu nelege lipsa lor de
eficien.
2. Fill in the blanks with the right article (definite article,
indefinite article, zero article):
1. I found pet under . stairs because
Mickey is always afraid of thunders.
33
2. .. winter is cold and nasty but this particular

winter will be worst.
3. He swam his way out of prison but
Danube River is more than difficult to swim.
4. I dont know what it was; I heard noise
and people were staring.
5. She took .. good night sleep; this is what she
always does at . night.
6. She always goes to . church on
Sunday morning because she feels like sinner.
7. Linda is . their cousin, but .
members of the family are not aware of this.
8. They live in . United States of America; they
moved to . Detroit last year, but I dont know
... name of . street.
9. .. manager assistant types . letters
every day but they are never right.
10.
boys will be boys: they never pay
attention to . details of girls outfit.
3. Use the following words in order to form sentences:
a)cities/problems/the/as/the/lack/of/greatest/the/safety/wor
ld/social/of/face/such
b)which/Carpathians/mountains/the/landscape/the/are/our/
the/of/country/natural/enrich
c)few/the/she/classes/schedule/the/go/every/time/busiest/b
ecause/is/to/doesnt/day/years/ in/past/the.
d)a/of/country/to/they/but/social/government/of/are/the/ou
rs/problems/every/responsibilities/have/seems/have/the/forgott
en/concern
e)we/view/the/of/at/importance/all/matter/of/point/of/end/of/
realized/the/his
34
4. The following text contains ten mistakes or extra

words. Identify them and translate the text:
When we go to school we seem to forget the things that
really matter. We consider the teachers a sort of enemies who
will give us bad grades and who they are never supporting.
This is the general perception nowadays because teenagers are
no longer interesting in building a successful career. Most of
them face family problems. Other are not aware of the
importance of a safe and sound education.
The consequences of these matter are a social disaster
because the societies no longer emphasize the education. The
only thing teenagers want after they will finish high school is
money. Some of them know how to earn them, but others get
into trouble.
Most people protect themselves from the others, though
not all so aggressively, thats why they are strong societies,
based on education and weak societies, based on human
instincts.
- Use the above text to identify the following parts of
speech: a definite article, an indefinite article in the
singular, a verb in the infinitive, 3 prepositions, a verb
in the negative form
5. Choose the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
a) My English teacher (talk)
about the irregular verbs daily.
b) Right now some children (have)
breakfast, others (play) in the park.
c) Mary . (not come) home yesterday
evening; she (sleep) in a hotel.
d) When I (meet) her, she
(run) to school.
35
e) My desk mate .(not be) ready

with the project last semester.
f) When I grow up, I ... (travel)
around the world.
6. Fill in the blanks with the missing article and provide
the explanation of your choices:
.. law tells us what is right and what is wrong within
. societies. But, people are .. ones who decide to
perform .. certain action. Sometimes, what you do, or you
dont do is up to your .. judgment. At .. same time,
.. people act without knowing legal circumstances
of their actions. It is their fault because we should
know law of . state we live in; consequently,
ignorance is also punished.
For instance, . citizen who lives in . United
States of America has the rights and obligations provided by
Constitution of this state. They are not the same as the
rights and obligations of any other citizen living elsewhere,
Canada, for example. But, we all have the same human
rights and liberties, irrespective of where we live: either you
live on . continent or across .. ocean, we share .
common fundamental rights and liberties which govern ..
existence of any . human being.
7. Expand the sentences with the info in brackets:
1) There is a difficult run (5 miles, get, prize)
2) The guests asked for a glass (wine, not like, spirits).
3) She has been looking for a room (ladies, fix, hair,
meeting).
4) The robber used a knife (silver, unlock, enter, house).
5) I found out about the accident (car, serious, consequences).
6) Susan is very untidy (hair, look, so strong and healthy).
36
8. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense

1) I (not go) to school
yesterday morning because I felt sick.
2) You .(be) ready for the English
lesson?
3) The people in the street
(try) to help her last week, but now there is no one to help her.
4) I (give) her a call
tomorrow morning.
5) Your
parents
..
(wake up) so early in the morning?
6) The children (eat)
all the cakes yesterday.
7) Scientists .. (not have) a
fixed time schedule; a scientist . (work) all
the time.
8) You .. (understand) the
question when the teacher asked you something?
9) My friends . (not see) the
movie yesterday because they were more interested in the
homework.
10) I (help) you tomorrow
morning because my mornings are very busy.
1) Nu nva cum s fac fa acestor situaii pentru c
ateapt ajutor de la prini.
2) De ce folosete aceleai unelte? Nu sunt niciodat cele
mai bune pentru c nu prinde niciodat vreun peste.
3) Vecinul meu va vinde casa, ns nu tiu nimic despre
preul caselor n zon.
4) Nici mcar nu tie de ce nu te poate ajuta.
37
5) Nu are dreptate pentru c argumentele lui nu-i sprijin

punctul de vedere.
6) ncearc s adoarm la ora 10 seara pentru c nu vrea sa
fie obosit n dimineaa urmtoare.
7) Cumpr legume dar nu gtete mncare; tie c
legumele proaspete sunt foarte sntoase.
8) Spal vasele n fiecare sear pentru c nu-i place
mizeria din buctarie.
9) Se nscrie n competiie n fiecare an, problema e c nu
ctig niciodat.
10) n fiecare sptmn are un program fix: stie ce s
fac, dar uneori nu tie ce s nu fac.
10. Use the following verb expressions to fill in the
blanks: look at, look daggers, look big, look into, look after,
look over, look up (X2), look out, look for, look north
1) She has always been .. to me and
thats why I cant possibly rely on her opinions: she would
never disagree with my point of view.
2) I tried to .. this book, but I dont exactly
understand French; therefore, I gave up, it was useless.
3) ..! You are about to step on a
banana peel, it could be dangerous.
4) My cousin has been her wellbeing,
but she has never been self-centered.
5) Dad has a new car but he couldnt
find the right one.
6) I will the final details of the report,
but I cant promise you any serious changes.
7) When I entered the room, he was very angry; he
.. at me.
8) Things are ; dont
worry about your profit!
38
9) The house ., but the owners had no

idea what star they were .every night.
10) Mark was trying to , but the
girl never went out with him again.
1) Nu au tiut ce se va ntampla cu ei; cnd i-am ntlnit
ncercau s rezolve situaia, dar nu au gsit banii.
2) A neles ce s-a ntmplat pentru c ajunsese mai
devreme, cu toate acestea, nu a auzit prima parte a discursului.
3) Mi-a spus c doctorii pregtiser instrumentele, erau
gata s nceap operaia.
4) tie de ce nu i-ai dat niciodat o mn de ajutor:
suntei ri, egoiti i nepstori.
5) n vremurile strvechi, oamenii credeau c focul este un
element natural important.
6) Voi afla ce se va ntampla cu ei, dar nu voi ti cnd vor
fi dui napoi n ara lor natal.
7) tie c vei veni, dar va fi mai mult dect ncntat dac
vei aduce i copiii.
8) Nu a tiut c fuseser legai de promisiunea lor: o
promisiune e o datorie pe care nu o poi nclca.
9) Nu a vzut ce s-a ntmplat pe strada, dar a auzit nite
ipete pe care nu le mai auzise niciodat.
10) tie c vei gsi un mod sa-l ajui: nu a tiut niciodat
c viaa e grea.
12. Fill in the blanks with it/there:
1) .. have been many difficulties with the
manager but we succeeded in meeting his needs.
2) .. is important to realize the depth of
his statements.
39
3) I found . hard to understand his actions,

but it didnt matter in the end.
4) . appears that luck is a crucial element in
ones life: either good or bad luck.
5) ... will be many people in the streets,
asking for their constitutional rights to be observed.
6) doesnt matter: you will do as you are told.
7) . was likely to rain, but the sun shines
brightly.
8) .was difficult to solve the dilemma: no
one knew how to act properly.
9) . seems that many people have lost their
jobs, thus, their earnings have decreased dramatically.
10) The trainer considers . to have been the
central element of this training activity.
13. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the
verbs in brackets:
I suddenly (wake up) in a maze.
Everything (spin)
round and round. I
.. (want) to scream, but I couldnt. Nevertheless,
it felt like . (scream). I . (see) a
door but I . (not enter) it. Someone
.. (yell). I (not hear) such a
strong voice before. I .. (try) to find my way out
when another door .(open). This time, I
.. (enter) the room and it (seem)
that an old lady . (clean) it for ages. Yet, it
(be) still dusty. Something ..
(move). It . (sound) like the wind. I could feel
a hand .. (pat) my shoulder. I
(look) back . It (be) mom Its time to wake
up, the alarm clock (ring) for minutes. When
40
I .. (wake up) I.. (realize)

I never.. (be) so scared in my entire
life. Thank God it.. (be) just a dream! But, dreams
. (be) part of our reality, some say. Who
(be) the old lady? I
(know) her?
14. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the
following verbs:
1) My brother abroad every summer.
a. dont travel
b. travels
c. travel
2) Right now, all the children .
in the school yard.
a. are playing
b. played
c. play
3) Mom ..go to work yesterday
morning because she felt sick.
a. went
b. didnt go
c. doesnt go
4) My best friend .. me the book
tomorrow morning.
a. brings
b. will brings
c. will bring
5) I .. to tell you the truth, but you are
not paying attention to me.
a. am trying
b. am tryng
c. try
6) My friend . a summer in France,
but he came back last September.
a. spend
b. spent
c. spents
15. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the
following verbs:
1) It me $200 because it was an
expensive product, but people have always needed it.
a. Costed
b. cost
c. costing
41
2) When she opened the window, it

a. Was raining b. rained
c. had been raining
3) . Mary . interested in your point
of view?
a. Did be
b. was
c. were
4) Instead of doing his homework, my son
.. the TV commercials daily which is a
waste of time.
a. watch
b. is watching
c. watches
5) Mother always.. all the doors and
windows, she cant stand them open.
a. Shut
b. shutted
c. has shut
16. Give the definitions of the following expressions in
the sense of showing their use (the passive voice)
a. Smart suit = it is used..
..
b. Out fashioned = it is used
..
c. Iron helmet = it is used
..
d. Ankle-length skirt= it is used...
..
e. Casual shoes= they are used
..
17. Fill in the blanks with the right tense of the verbs in
brackets:
Mother .. (wake) me up every morning. I
. (not like) the mornings, I really like the
evenings, I work better in the evening. For example, last night I
(do) my English homework and everything
42
(be) so perfect. Two days ago, I ..

(not have) time to do my homework at night and I
.(waste) the entire morning with a very easy
homework. I cant focus in the morning, I am sleepy, I
. (be) in a bad mood. When I grow up, I
(go) to work in the afternoon. I hate the morning schedule. I
also (not like) it when I was younger, but
now I really .. (hate) it. From now on, I will do
things my way; so, I . (wake up) late tomorrow
morning in order to have a good day.
18. Match the following verbs in different tenses with
their auxiliary verbs for the negative and interrogative forms:
He drove
We are going
She eats
They will study
It rained
to be in the present tense - ?

to do in the past tense - ?
will
to do in the present tense - ?
did
19. Rephrase the following sentences:

a) My son has never tried to improve his school
performance.
Never
.
b) Mother had no sooner prepared breakfast than I woke up.
No sooner
c) Who is your friend?
Mary asked...
d) Our duty is to obey the law of our country.
All citizens....
e) If you worry more, you will get older.
The more..
43
20. Choose the right answer:

a) The waiter brought us a special soup which I
. before.
a. didnt taste
b. hadnt tasted
b. c. havent tasted
d. will taste
b) The police officer said the prisoners
taken back to jail soon.
a. will be
b. would be
b. c. shall be
d. will be being
c) Mark lives . away from school than his
desk mate.
a. further
b. far
b. c. farther
d. farthest
d) If I . younger, I would travel around
the world.
a. were
b. was
b. c. would be
d. have been
e) The poet speaks to our ears.
a. softer
b. soft
b. c. softy
d. softly
a) My sister was reading Romeo and Juliet this time last
year.
Romeo and Juliet.. ..
b) I know I bought paper pins, but I cant find them.
I remember...
c) My cousin worked hard and won the competition.
It was ...
d) Whenever she leaves, please accompany her to the
station!
It....
44
e) A. Lincoln kept the USA together during the civil war,

therefore the country still exists.
If

a) Mother . the table last evening
and I washed the dishes.
a. laid
b. lay
c. lain
d. lie
b) I need to stop some more indispensable
things from my old address.
a. collecting
b. collect
c. to collect
d. recollect
c) I suddenly realized that she .
the same clothes for a few days.
a. was wearing
b. had been wearing
c. has been wearing
d. is wearing
d) If my parents had had more free time, we
the Sundays together.
a. would had spent
b. would have spend
c. would have spent
d. would spent
e) The English teacher will probably reexamine the
students next week if their results
a. didnt improve
b. havent improved
c. hadnt improved
d. hadnt been improved
23. Identify all the possessive pronouns and adjectives in
the following text:
My friends think I have very useful books, but they are
mine. Our family has a very interesting family book collection
and all the books on our shelves are very interesting. When I
need a book, I go to my shelf. My sister has hers; sometimes I
45
need one of her books and I simply take it. She doesnt know
that I take her books. Dad reads his favourite books all the
time. He likes literature. He has his books from my
grandparents. Their books are very old, but they are clean and
spotless. I know about respect and I respect my books. So, I
cant give any book to my friends because all my books are
clean and protected.
a) Did Mary to plant some trees in
her garden last week?
a. manage
b. managed
c. manages
b) The child the lyrics of this Christmas
carol.
c. forget
b. forgave
c. forgot
c) The workers worked hard to
this bridge.
a. built
b. build
c. building
d) Jane .. her scarf every time she takes a trip.
a. loses
b. loose
c. lose
e) My neighbour . his car in front of the
building.
a. park
b. doesnt park
c. parking
f) Her colleagues .. in the school yard
yesterday morning.
a. wasnt
b. werent
c. didnt be
25. Use the following words to make active sentences and
then turn them into the passive voice:
1) Mary/write/letter/every week.
2) The students/understand/lesson/next morning.
3) John/wash/car/yesterday evening.
4) My parents/bring/puppy/last night.
46
5) The children/open/books/page 27/the next English

lesson.
6) His sister/lay/dinner/table/last evening.
26. Fill in the blanks with the right modal verb:
have to, ought to, can, may, must (x2), shall, should
1) A person .. take care of his/her voice.
2) .. I start my speech?
3) Your voice has been hoarse for a few days; you
definitely see a doctor.
4) Theres too much noise in your room; ..
you speak louder?
5) Each competitor .have his musical
abilities tested.
6) The doctor says that I .. take this medicine
to cure my sore throat.
7) This . be your problem: you cant get your
tongue round foreign pronunciation.
8) The Government.give a speech on the
financial crisis we face today.
27. Read the following complex sentences, identify the
relative clauses and turn them into participle clauses:
1) Clothes which are bought in expensive shop clothes are
very trendy.
2) Teenagers who grasp the taste of fashion will never
wear silly clothes again.
3) Elegant clothes which are made by famous tailors are
very expensive.
4) Middle-aged persons who disregard fashion save a lot
of money.
47
5) Celebrities who spend a huge amount of money on

clothes must be very rich.
6) Skirts and trousers which are sold in second-hand shops
look rather worn-out.
7) Women who wear elegant dresses are very feminine.
8) Expensive jewels which are matched with expensive
clothes make you look glamorous.
28. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense:
When I was younger, I .(get up) very late in
the morning. I (be) late for the English classes.
Later, I found out about respect because my parents got me a
dog. My dog .. (kiss) me in the morning when he
wanted to go out. At first, I was too lazy to wake up, but then
there was a lot of mess on the floor which I had to clean. So, I
learnt about responsibility and respect for my dog. Now, he
(wake) up later than I do. We have a good relation,
but he (always chew) my shoes. I bought him
toys, it was useless; he likes my shoes. I guess he ..
(chew) my shoes whenever he feels like chewing.
29. Use your own ideas to fill in the blanks:
a) All the people who _____________________________
b) The clothes which______________________________
c) Many cruel children who________________________
d) The emo teenagers who_________________________
e) Your yellow T-shirt which _______________________
30. Choose the right preposition for the following adjectives
and then use them in sentences of your own:
48

Of (x2) With(x2) On
At
About In
interested
good
fond
unhappy
proud
keen
obsessed
enthusiastic
31. Answer the following questions:

1) How do we form the continuous aspect? What kind of
actions does it express?
2) How do we form the perfective aspect? What kind of
actions does it express?
3) How many classes of verbs are there considering their
lexical meaning?
4) How do we further divide the dynamic verbs? Give
examples.
5) How do we further divide the state verbs? Give examples.
6) Which are the exceptions which allow the state verbs to
be used in the continuous aspect
1) El trntea ua la main; chiar i acum o trntete, dei
maina e a lui.
2) Abia acum nelege de ce este o persoan solitar; nu iau plcut niciodat prietenii zgomotoi.
3) A pregtit dintotdeauna cele mai bune mese; chiar acum
gustm gogoile pe care le-a fcut mama.
4) Trntete ua pentru c nu se nchide; lucrez la un articol
important, dar nu m mai pot concentra din cauza zgomotului.
5) Frunzele toamnei miros deosebit; m bucur s-mi petrec
49
timpul n grdin, chiar acum miros un mnunchi de iarb uscat.

6) Citea leciile de mai multe ori cnd am vorbit cu ea i
de aceea le tia foarte bine.
7) Cnd l-am cunoscut i plcea s asculte muzic bun;
ascultam muzic cnd mi-am dat seama c devenise cel mai
bun prieten al meu.
8) Lua micul dejun ieri pe vremea asta, de aceea n-a
rspuns la telefon.
9) Cartea era citit de un coleg de-al meu cnd am mers la
bibliotec; cnd o va termina, o va duce napoi la raft.
10) nelegea ce i spuneai, era cel mai relaxat (easygoing) elev din clas, ns vinerea trecut pe vremea asta era
preocupat de viitoarele lui examene.
11) Spune c vorbete ntotdeauna prea tare i aceast
situaie ne deranjeaz pentru c pare c se ceart cu noi.
12) Ne nelege chiar acum, dei rareori e de acord cu ceilali.
13) Dei gtete foarte bine, ntotdeauna gust supa i mai
adaug nite sare.
14) ncercm s v ajutm, ns la rndul vostru, nu
suntei deloc interesai de eforturile noastre.
15) Ia masa chiar acum, dei e destul de trziu; nu are
grij de sntatea lui.
16) Chiar acum rezolv problema la matematic i tie
toate rspunsurile.
17) Se gndete s renune la fumat pentru c e cel mai
ru obicei al ei.
18) tiu c i pregtete ntrebrile pentru examen, ns
nu-i imagineaz c acesta e cel mai greu.
19) Se ntampl s fie un elev foarte bun, ns acum e
suprat i nu e atent la lecii.
20) Aceleai rspunsuri sunt plictisitoare; chiar acum
ursc persoanele care tiu toate rspunsurile.
50

1) I made the wrong decision about my job.
Mary said..
2) You were supposed to help your relatives.
Your relatives...
3) I havent seen your cousin for 5 years.
The last time
4) They were sure of your statements.
They took.
5) Mary helped us with the right directions.
It was....
6) Some neighbours were out in the street yesterday morning.
There....
34. Give the present and past participles of the following
verbs:
Amaze - ...
Overwhelm -
Astonish - ....
Embarrass - ..
Improve - .
Threaten -
Warn -...
Surprise - .
Fascinate - ....
Defy - ...
Deny - ..
35. Choose the right participle of the following verbs to
fill in the blanks:
to amaze, to threaten, to surprise, to improve, to
overwhelm, to defy, to astonish
51
1) She came up with an ___________________ proposal,

but no one was paying attention.
2) The children were ___________________by the
robber who had broken into their house.
3) You have such a _____________________ behavior! I
wouldnt have expected so much help from you!
4) The manager had a very _________________ point of
view and all the employees were _________________.
5) All the students in the classroom were
_________________ by the amount of new information.
6) His speech has ________________, but still he didnt
have much to say.
1) Este incredibil ct este de dificil s nvei o limb
strin; etapa de nvare te ndrum, iar etapa de dobndire te
face mai bun.
2) Este probabil ca ei s te nsoeasc, dei au fost foarte
ocupai n ultima vreme.
3) Va fi mama cea care mi va da sfatul potrivit; a tiut
ntotdeauna ce e mai bine pentru mine.
4) Durerea de stomac a facut imposibil s pornesc maina
pentru a ajunge la timp la serviciu.
5) Este neobinuit s descoperi c muli oameni nu tiu ce
au de fcut; de cele mai multe ori, rnesc persoanele din jurul
lor doar pentru c sunt limitai.
6) A considerat o greeala s ncerce s te fac s nelegi.
7) Nu conteaz unde va merge; va ntalni colegi de
serviciu care l vor sprijini.
8) A fost romanul pe care l-am citit acela care m-a facut s
m gndesc la complexitatea vieii.
9) Au gsit ciudat s completeze o cerere i apoi s plece
acas.
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10) Se pare c nu a adus sufiicente argumente i exemple

ca s-i susin punctul de vedere.
37. Fill in the blanks with the missing words:
My curiosity about the sporting .
(1) was piqued by an episode that took (2) in
the US a number of years ago but came to .
(3) only recently in Britain, when Ffyona Campbell, a distance
walker, admitted that she had lied about a walk across the
United States. During a 1000-mile stretch, she said, she had
cheated, accepting occasional rides from her companion and
driver.
Nobody knew, nobody was hurt, I rationalized Campbell
wrote in her book The Whole Story, published ..
(4) controversy last November in Britain. Campbells
American crossing was the first of four tremendous walks,
totaling 19,586 miles, that won her a place in the Guinness
.(5) of Records.
Campbell is, to put it .. (6) a difficult
person. Restless, self-absorbed, and prone to moralistic
.(7), she covers her body with the logos
of corporate sponsors. She walks .. (8) than
any other woman before her but generally doesnt seem
.. (9) a single pretty thing .
(10) the way (text adapted from Advanced Gold, Longman, p.
221).
1 lie/ life/ lay
2 part/ place/ spirit
3 dark/ morning/ light
4 amid/ between/ before
5 book/ notebook/ keyboard
6 mild/ mildly/ wildly
7 prayers/ sayings/ pronouncements
8 further/ far/ farther
53
9 to grasp/ to notice/ to introduce

10 around/ along/ away
38. Make up sentences in which to use:
- a possessive pronoun as a predicative
- a demonstrative adjective of identity + a verb in the
present perfect simple, the negative form
- an interrogative adjective + a verb in the past tense simple
- a relative pronoun/adjective in the genitive + a verb in
the present tense simple
- the adjective far in the relative superlative (+time)
- the adjective far in the relative superlative (+distance)
- a possessive adjective and the verb to be in the past
tense simple, the negative form
- the verb to be + subject
- an ordinal numeral + a verb in the past tense continuous
- an irregular adjective in the relative superlative and a
verb in any tense, the negative form
39. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:
1) They take the worse decisions possible, but nobody
know theyre reasons.
2) Mary and John are some reliable peers, but are some
worst aspects of that behavior of them.
3) Than, he decides to turn of the light and annoy the
persons whose eyes are sensible to dark.
4) Most people face the lack of interested in strong
arguments.
5) They are seated in a queue every morning in order to
buy milk and fruits.
6) The next day, we founded out others matters who gave
us many clues.
54
7) The other were some friends of them whom they hadnt

seen for a hole life.
8) Everybody were in the nearby but nobody didnt have
time to help me.
9) He has never joined his career, but now he must had
have advices from his superviser.
10) Hes not idle but is busy with any others things.
40. Make up sentences with the following words in the
plural: half, phenomenon, country, mouse, knowledge, leaf.
41. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:
a.I (hope) to find the right
answers when the time was up.
b.Every afternoon, my mother (cook)
dinner and Mary .(help) her.
c.When I have a job, I (wake
up) earlier every morning.
d.In 1865, people . (not have) access
to information.
f.At the moment, we (try) to find
the advantages of this hobby.
g.My friend was making a fruit salad when I
.. (visit) her.
h.Mark ..(listen) to music every
morning, but it .. (not be) what he was
doing last morning.
i. My friends (bring) the popcorn
and I .. (make) the pancakes yesterday
evening.
j. (be) you happy with the news
about the weather?
55
k.She (not understand)

why you were so angry.
l. Last week I . (not find) my skates and that is
why I (spend) my time watching TV.
m. Their friends (take) a trip to
London this time next week.
n. Every Sunday, she ..(go) to church
and then she . (cook) lunch.
o. I ..(lose) my keys a few days ago, it
.. (be) impossible to enter my house so I
. (pay) him a visit.
p. When she came, the kids ... (have) a pillow
fight; the house . (be) a disaster.
q. I am sure he .. (help) us when he
comes to town.
42. Ask the questions whose answers are the following:

Q...
?
A. I think I was watching TV.
Q...
.?
A. No, I slept like a log last night.
Q...
.?
A. I dont know what she looked like.
Q...
.?
A. I dont think there were any engineers in the conference
hall.
Q...
.?
A. His bad English reflects his lack of interest.
56
43. Fill in the blanks with the right word:

Any complicated situation complicated has two ways: a
way out and a way ...(1) The moment you try to
find your way out, you cant avoid thinking .. (2)
possible solutions. The problem is you never know
(3) the best solution is. People avoid making
decisions because they are afraid .. (4) their
consequences. But, any decision is (5) than no
decision at all.
For instance, a student cant decide whether to take guitar
lessons or English lessons in his/her free .. (6)
The best solution is to take them both, but there is not enough
time. Another possible solution is to take guitar lessons
because he/she likes music, or to take English lessons because
they . (7) more useful. (8)
can he/she do? Give him/her any other ideas!
44. Choose the correct answer:
1. My mates said they fond of
foreign literature.
a. are
b. will be
c. were
2. She understands she doesnt have
confidence when it comes to competitions.
a. no
b. any
c. none
3. .. dont agree with your point of view.
a. Others
b. Same
c. Other
4. When I met her, she lived .. from the
supermarket; later, she bought a car.
a. the furthest
b. farther
c. further
5. . elementary school begins when you are 7.
a. b. the
c. an
57
45. Use the following words to fill in the blanks:

seem, bored, trip, open, excited, fight, gloves, luggage
It was a nice winter day. My family decided to take a
..(1) in the mountains; we were all very
..(2) about it. The night before, I didnt sleep
at all, I was thinking of all the snow in the mountains.
In the morning, we were ready to go, but my younger
sister overslept; her (3) wasnt ready.
So, we left an hour later. There was a traffic jam because
everybody was going to the mountains that weekend. We got
..(4) in the car because all the other cars
didnt ..(5) to move. At noon, we were
hungry. We were lucky to have some sandwiches in our bags.
We finally got to a cottage which was fully booked.
Fortunately, we found another cottage which had some
..(6) rooms. Soon, I was trying to find my
(7) in the bags; I found them and I went
out to play with the snow. We all had a snow
..(8); then, we built a snowman.
Use the above text to identify the following parts of speech:
a. A verb in the past tense continuous
b. A verb in the negative form
c. A compound noun
d. A personal pronoun as a direct object
e. A possessive adjective
f. A word which is formed by derivation
Further practice:
Translate into English:
1) ncearc s nu deranjeze pe nimeni, dar de cele mai
multe ori nu reuete s fac lucrul sta.
58
2) Ceilali nu gsesc nimic interesant de fcut i de aceea

se plictisesc; cu ct se plictisesc mai mult, cu att privesc mai
mult la TV.
3) Se ateapt s fie contactat de nite persoane
importante, dei nu recunoate, nu se atept la rezultate
pozitive.
4) Alte situaii pe care el ncearc s evite s le nfrunte nu
au cele mai bune soluii.
5) Muli oameni tiu destul despre acele probleme cu dieta
terapeutic, dar nu e nicio diferen pentru ei.
6) Valorile sociale despre care vorbete au fost
ntotdeauna destul de apreciate, dar, n ceea ce l privete, nu-i
d seama de lucrul sta.
7) Se ntampl s vorbeasc despre multe adevruri
generale, ns nu gsete mijloacele de comunicare potrivite.
8) Dei pretinde c alege cei mai buni prieteni, nimeni nu
ncearc vreodat s-l ajute.
9) O schimbare privitoare la starea vremii i face pe muli
oameni s se team c planeta va disprea n curnd.
10) Viitoarele lui probleme vor prea neimportante cnd
va ncerca s nfrunte ceea ce e pe cale s se ntample.
11) ncerc s fiu atent, dar nu se merit s-l ascult.
12) Are mai multe preri, nsa nu-i acord nicio atenie
evident.
13) Nu spune niciodata nimic interesant; a devenit
plictisitor de ceva vreme ncoace.
14) Cu ct mbatrnete mai mult, cu att nelege totul
mai bine.
15) Gsete interesant s ne supere cu aceleai ntrebri,
aa c este absurd s-l considerai un prieten al nostru.
16) Fie va veni la timp, fie l vom astepta acolo; nu exist
nicio ndoial c e o persoana de ncredere.
17) Nu are cea mai bun prere despre tine; pare a fi
prietenul nostru, de fapt, i plac brfele.
59
18) Dei l cumprm n fiecare zi, sunt multe persoane

care susin c acest ziar de scandal nu merit cumprat.
19) Niciunul dintre ei nu-i accept contribuia privitoare
la rezultatele sedinei.
20) Gsesc a nu fi interesant s faci aceleai lucruri n
fiecare zi; te plictiseti.
21) Cele dou fete ale lor merg la coal dimineaa, de
aceea nu a fost nimeni acas.
22) Se ntampl s greim cnd suntem siguri de bunele
sentimente ale oamenilor.
23) Celelalte dou ziare nu au fost pe mas cnd am luat
micul dejun ieri diminea.
24) Au fost niste obiecte vechi ntr-o cutie sub pat, dar
caietele tale de englez nu au fost acolo.
25) Nu nelege complexitatea acestor situaii; chiar acum
ncearc s descopere motivul lor i nu i imagineaz c mai
muli factori necunoscui la produc n fiecare zi.
26) Alt fel de tiri apar n asemenea ziare care vorbesc
despre evenimente zilnice; chiar acum, toate ziarele vorbesc
despre un furt neobinuit.
27) Acele idei ale lor nu au nicio consecin care merit
menionat; acum lucreaz la ceva nou, ns nu este o idee mai
bun dect cele anterioare.
28) i pregtete micul dejun chiar acum; face asta la 6:45
n fiecare diminea de cnd avea 18 ani.
29) Se ntmpl s tim despre ce vorbeti; suntem mai
interesai de subiect dect tu nsui!
30) Nu este la fel de harnic ca i acei colegi ai lui i nu
spun asta doar pentru a provoca o prere proast despre el: n
timp ce vorbesc, lucreaz la planul lucrrii i spune c a avut
mai multe probleme cu ea n timp ce ali colegi au terminat-o
acum cteva zile.
31) Nici nu plou, nici nu ninge, ns vremea e destul de
neplacut!
60
32) E dispus s nvee lucruri noi; chiar acum nva

despre tehnicile de autoaprare.
33) Citete romane n fiecare an, ns de cteva luni citete
nite poezii pe care le gsete foarte expresive.
34) Spune multe glume pe care aproape nimeni nu le
nelege niciodat i e singurul care le gsete mai mult dect
amuzante; chiar acum vorbete cu o doamn n vrst creia,
sunt sigur, i spune una din acele glume ale lui.
35) Nite ntrebri ale lor au avut mai multe variante corecte
i nu fusesem destul de inspirat s-mi dau seama de asta.
36) Cnd va prezenta nite noi prieteni, i vei saluta i vei
ncerca s zmbeti larg.
37) ntr-adevar, nite elevi au avut un comportament
ciudat i agresiv, ns acest punct de vedere ni se pare extrem.
38) Tu pari devotat acestei misiuni, dar lui nu-i pas de
succesul activitii.
39) Jane pare mai tnr, dar are un comportament matur;
cu ct mbtrnete, cu att prerile ei sun mai interesant.
40) Te voi ajuta cu bagajul sau i voi mprumuta bani
pentru taxi, dar, te rog, nu-mi cere s te nsoesc la gar.
41) Acel loc i-a adus multe amintiri neplcute i de aceea
evitase s viziteze acele rude.
42) Dac va pierde cheile, se gndete c o va suna pe sora
ei, de aceea nu-i face prea multe griji.
43) El nu are nicio idee interesant, cu toate acestea, e
foarte zgomotos cnd se gndete la ceva.
44) Nu tie cine a fost acolo cnd a luat micul dejun
45) Vorbete despre lucururi interesante, dar e felul de
persoan ale crei idei nu sunt legate logic i de aceea e dificil
s o nelegi.
46) Nu ne-a neles niciodat i nu a fost de acord cu acest
comportament al nostru.
47) Vrea sa i ajute? Nu, nu prea, pentru c acei prieteni ai lui
nu au auzit niciodat proverbul Prietenul la nevoie se cunoate.
61
48) Alte preri au avut consecine negative, dar rezultatul

a fost unul mulumitor.
49) Adaug mai multe legume oricrei salate pentru c
iubete legumele i fructele indiferent de anotimp.
50) E suparat de cteva zile, dar nu tiu de ce; pare
bolnav, dar tiu c e doar obosit i foarte suprat.
51) Alt cuvnt potrivit completeaz acest text; s scurtm
textul i s evitm cuvintele necunoscute!
52) ntotdeauna ne sun dimineaa devreme dei nu are
nimic interesant de spus; spune O zi plcut! i apoi nchide.
53) Nu a fost nimeni pe strad dar au fost nite zgomote
ciudate.
54) Nu este nimic n acea camer i de aceea a prut mai
ncptoare.
55) Nu are nimic care ar putea fi duntor n aceste
mprejurri.
56) Cu toate acestea, nu a aflat niciodat despre existena
vreunui frate/sor.
57) Nimeni nu a fost niciodat mai interesat de aceste proiecte
dect noi, dar nu am avut timp suficient s participm la ele.
58) Cel mai nou stil n ceea ce privete arhitectura a fost
inspirat de acea cldire strveche.
59) Aceast jignire este specific unei persoane a crei
lips de educaie a fost evident.
60) Ne atrage atenia de fiecare dat cnd privim n alt
parte i spune c nu suntem ateni la subiect.
61) Vacana nu a fost la fel de plcut ca i perioada cnd
am avut acel succes profesional.
62) Eecul lor este cel mai enervant pentru c arat prile
negative ale personalitii lor.
63) Nu ai avut niciodat cele mai bune sfaturi care sunt, de
obicei, utile n astfel de situaii.
64) Acea experien a avut un efect benefic asupra noastr
pentru c ne-a deschis calea ctre noile ntmplri ce aveau s vin.
62
65) Un lucru neobinuit a avut consecine dezastruoase,

adic a fost ciudat c planul a avut defecte din cauza lipsei ei
de interes i experien; ns, rezultatul a fost mai bun dect cel
pe care l ateptaserm.
66) Nici nu a avut mai multe ntrebri suplimentare, nici
nu a tiut rspunsurile.
67) Fie nu a vorbit cu nimeni, fie nu a fost acolo.
68) Acele ndoieli ale lor au fost considerate la fel de
importante ca i afirmaiile anterioare.
69) Niciunul dintre ei nu m-a ajutat dei erau toi colegii mei.
70) Niciunul dintre cei doi membri ai echipei nu a avut
niciun indiciu privitor la motivele nenorocirii.
71) Au fost ntotdeauna mai multe ntamplri nefericite i
de aceea am renunat.
72) Oricine merge la munte se ndrgostete de acele
peisaje la fel de impresionante ca i basmele.
73) Nu nelege nimic n ceea ce ne privete i sunt
mndr s spun c nu m simt deranjat de toate nenelegerile.
74) Nimic nu este mai neplcut dect o persoana gata s
izbucneasc n lacrimi pentru orice mic amnunt.
75) Al 33-lea articol a fost mai puin interesant dect
celelalte; nu e nicio pierdere c nu l-ai citit; sunt multe astfel de
articole n ziarele de scandal.
76) Lungimea povetii a fost factorul principal al plictiselii
noastre.
77) Ceilali colegi au fost mai ocupai dect noi, dar s-au
distrat mai mult n timpul lor liber fcnd o excursie n acele
pri ale rii.
78) Nici tu, nici ceilali nu avei nicio idee despre greelile
lor i comportamentul adecvat n situaii de criz; altceva
trebuia fcut.
79) Prima recenzie a fost interesant, a doua a fost
plictisitoare i apoi am plecat din ncpere cnd alii intrau n
slile de curs.
63
80) Era ceva pe mas ns nu cred c banii ti au fost acolo.

81) Nici nu tiu nimic despre ei, nici nu vreau s aflu ceva.
82) Nu tie pe nimeni n oraul sta, nu are nici rude nici
prieteni i de aceea se simte singur din cnd n cnd.
83) Nu a vorbit niciodat despre acea minciun a ei; se
simte prea jenat s i-o aminteasc.
84) Acel copil nu are nimic n mn, dar pare foarte
suspect n mijlocul acestei mini de oameni.
85) Cei care sunt prea obosii nu vor s se ridice n
picioare i astfel colegii i consider a nu fi de ncredere.
86) Daca l vezi pe Kevin, spune-i c acele copii xerox ale
lui nu sunt gata; dac va avea nevoie de ele mine, amintete-i
s vin mai devreme.
87) n mare, susine c am fcut nite greeli i cifrele,
rezultatul muncii noastre, nu sunt exacte.
88) Fie va gsi acei bani n alta parte, fie va vorbi cu eful
cu prima ocazie cnd l va vedea.
89) Cnd va ajunge acas, va deschide televizorul i va
petrece mai multe ore uitndu-se la nimic, irosindu-i timpul.
90) Nu era nicio revist pe tejghea; baiatul ia toate
revistele vechi i le arunc de fiecare dat cnd vine la lucru
dimineaa.
91) Dac te va nelege, nseamn c te va ajuta, dar nu
putem fi siguri de nimic.
92) Unul dintre cei mai cunoscui competitori care adesea
particip la asemenea concursuri televizate nu are nicio idee
care e lungimea rului Dunrea.
93) Dac ieea asear, nu termina de citit romanul.
94) Aceste rude ale noastre pe care le apreciez cel mai
mult nu ne-au mai vizitat de o eternitate.
95) Se pregtea s nceap jocul; nu jucase niciodat roata
norocului i nu tia ce s fac.
96) Nu ni s-au facut prezentrile, dar ari ca o veche
cunotin de-a mea.
64
97) Ar fi deschis ua dac ar fi auzit soneria; probabil c

nu era acas.
98) Deveniser prieteni cnd i-am cunoscut; cu ct se
cunoteau mai bine, cu att deveneau mai puin egoiti privitor
la prietenia lor.
99) Dei nu era pe list, a reuit s gseasc o invitaie la o
astfel de petrecere la care nu fusese niciodat invitat.
100) Dac ar fi citit scrisoarea ta la timp, te-ar fi iertat si
ai fi nc prieteni astzi.
III.2. Vocabulary exercises

1. Match the following words with their definitions and
then use them in sentences of your own:
1) Robber
a) caught in the act
2) Thief
b) person who breaks into
a building in order to get
stuff which doesnt belong
to him
3) Red-handed
c) person who deals with
the financial matters of
an institution
4) Accountant
d) proof of a certain
action or lack of action
5) Evidence
e) a person who is used to
stealing
2. Most of the lines of the following text contain an extra
word; identify and take them out:
Some people agree with the forthcoming end of the world.
Others dont understand why so many people accept such a
predicament with no sound strong evidence. Of course, the end
65
of the world is not something we are eager to embrace and

none of us hopes to experience it one day.
Nevertheless, there are persons who they believe everything
they are told; either they are used to believing everything or they
are innocent enough not to look out for indications of the
imminent danger.
Indeed, there are foretellers, but it doesnt mean that
theyre have always right. Nostradamus is one of the most
famous such foretellers, but should we blindly obey his sayings
or should we just go on with our lives? Life it is hard as it is;
why should we make it harder while trying to find possible
solutions to escape to the end of the world?
3. In most lines of the text bellow there is a spelling error.
Find the errors and correct them:
When I first tried to find a job, I realized that life was
hard. You need strong knownledge, you need experience,
personal and professional skils and competences.
Durring high school, students dont realize the importance
of this matter. The moment you try to find a job, you become
aware of the fact that your parents where right when they said
life wasnt easy. Everything seems to be perfect when you just
go to school, but latter, things really get very complicated.
Nevertheless, many people think a good education is a
crucial element in ones life.
What about work experience? How do we get that?
If we atend classes, we are likely to get a good education.
Unless someone gives you the chance to work, irrespective off
your lack of previous experience, you will never get a job. But,
in order to get a well-payed job, you need a good education.
Consequentlly, you need both of them, everything seems to
go round and round. Yet, how can a young man get a good job?
4. Use the words at the end of each line in order to get the
proper adjectives to fill in the blanks:
66
People never get . messages. If they did, World

War II
CAUTION
wouldnt have happened because they should have known
better. The children who
outlived such world conflicts could no longer be
when it came to
FAITH
sensible and affectionate human beings. Nevertheless,
there have been
.. attempts to reduce the harm caused by
the two
NUMBER
century.
world
wars
of
the
20th
Consequently,.
VOLUNTEER
actions of world powers tried to make Europe a better
place. Some
CREATE
minds came up with the idea of the European Union, but
it was the United States of America
that had an . role in creating this
union of European states.
ADVISE
Many politicians had the . mission of cleaning
the mess of the
ENVY
Second World War. The . management of
European country relations DISASTER
before the wars led to pain, death and destruction. People
should have
come up with ideas and avoid war because
the entire
ALTERNATE
surroundings of human beings crashed
together with
ENVIRONMENT
their hope for a better life.
5. Match the following words with their definitions:
1) Teenager
1. a jewel you wear around your neck
2) Tailor
2. a person who makes clothes
3) Scarf
3. a young person who is no longer a child
4) Belt
5) Tights
6) Necklace
7) Overcoat
67
4. people use it as a fastener

5. it protects your neck from cold
weather
6. a warm coat which people wear with
bad weather
7. very stretched trousers
6. Give the synonyms of the following words:

a) Smart =
f) sterling =
b) Hot=
g) questionable =
c) Strange =
h) handsome =
d) Ordinary =
i) elementary =
e) Large=
j) irritating =
7. Use the words at the end of each line to get the
appropriate new words:
a) You need to . your alternatives concerning your
future career.
BROAD
b) We all have an Achilles heel, that is we all have a
certain ..
WEAK
c) People used to admire.. heroes of ancient
times.
LEGEND
d) Large corporations have introduced the concept o.
judgment.
SITUATION
e) This child has always lacked the .. of his
age.
VITAL
8. Use the words at the end of each line to get the
appropriate new words:
a) She has always taken . pictures; she hates
the grim ones.
HUMOR
b) People talk about...................environmental
protection as a main human concern.
ELEMENT
68
c) The E.U. prevents us from using. chemical

substances.
HARM
d) My mother is the of self-respect and selfsacrifice.
BODY
e) This piece of information is for the national
security.
VALUE
9. Form new words to fill in the blanks:
1.We tried to find the persons who are .. for such
mistakes.
RESPONSE
2. Robinson Crusoe built an . where he kept his
wild animals.
CLOSE
3. You should know by now that all the exercises are
..
COMPULSION
4. Many sociologists have tried to . human
relations.
CLASS
5. Please, read the and you will find new
information. ATTACH
6. Your words are very ..., but your voice is
EXPRESS
10. Use the following words to get the right new word
which fills in the blanks:
1) We talk about . as an important cultural
movement in human history. LIGHT
2) Their point of view is a rather .one.
STATION
3) He cant use this pencil; it needs to be ..
SHARP
4) He hasnt found a new job, but hes rather
FAITH
5) Her is due to her language.
ELEGANT, ACCESS
6) This. can no longer be fixed.
UNDERSTAND
69
7) She has been very .... lately; she must be in a good

mood.
ENERGY
8) The novel is so....; I get bored while reading it.
INTEREST
11. Choose the appropriate suffix to complete the words in
the following sentences:
1) During the English literature lessons we talked about
modern as a literary movement of the 20th century.
2) My person.. problems are not something
you can easily understand.
3) The teacher needs to organ.. the activities of a
lesson, but the students are the most important members of the
teaching activity.
4) We talk about equal.. but only few persons
understand its true meaning and value.
5) If the exam(in) are very demanding, I will
definitely fail my English exams.
6) The Romanian students need to ..rich their
knowledge of the English language.
7) I want to special. in social sciences before I
go to law school.
12. Find the compound words which describe the
following situations:
- a machine which does the laundry =
- a place where plants are grown under the proper
climatic conditions =
- a document which allows a person to drive the car =
- a delay =
- the result of a situation =
- a tank which simulates the natural conditions of a pond
where fish is kept =
70
- the response you get from the others and which you
further use =
Use the above compound words in sentences of your own.
13. Give the synonyms of the following words and phrases
and use them in your own sentences:
- appropriate
- funny
- point of view
- queue
- everyday
14. Match the following words with their definitions:
a) Town
1) a person who lives in a city
b) Building
2) a place where you buy what you need
c) Shop
3)people build it out of bricks or concrete
d) Magazine
4) people read it when they are bored
e) Citizen
5) the person who lives next to you
f) Neighbor
6) a place where people live and which
is smaller than a city
15. Make
homographs:
-
up sentences in which to use the following

record
present
sound
read
close
bow
minute
tear
71
IV. PRACTICE
IV.1. Speaking
1. Travelling
Why do people take trips? Are you fond of travelling?
Where would you like to travel and why? What is sightseeing?
What is hitchhiking? Which are the best places to visit here in
Romania? Make a list of 3 (or more) such places.
2. Teenagers
Give a speech on the social complaints of the teenagers.
Think of your abilities as a teenager (as compared to a childs
abilities). Think of your social rights and obligations. Think of
the permission you get/you dont get as far as some of your
actions are concerned. Use as many modal verbs as possible.
3. Health
Do you ever go jogging in the park? Do you eat healthy
food? What do you do in order to keep fit? Are the home-made
products better than the commercial ones?
4. Holidays
Which is your favourite holiday? Which are the traditional
holidays in your country? How do you spend your holidays? Is
there a reason why people forget about holidays?
5. Life and family
What do you think of when you wake up in the morning?
Who are the persons who have always been close to you?
72
Which are your life goals? Have you got support from your
family members?
6. Fashion
Which are your favourite clothes? What is fashion? What
do you think about fashion nowadays? Why is it important in a
teenagers life?
7. Media
Do you often listen to the radio? Do you watch TV?
Which are the advantages and disadvantages of media in ones
life? How do you get informed?
8. Society
Do you thank the people around you? What is politeness?
Where is it taught? What are the social rules which need to be
obeyed?
9. Education
Are you happy with school nowadays? What is the school
of the future like? Is school forever? Are the teenagers aware of
the importance of school?
10. Games
Which is your favourite game? Why do people play
games? Do games necessarily involve competition? What is
competition?
IV.2. Writing
1. Informal letter (e-mail)
Your hobby is playing computer games. It is late at night,
you have just completed a difficult level of your favourite
game, but new ideas come to your mind; you think your ideas
could make the game better and you really need to share them.
73
Write an e-mail to your best friend to tell him/her about these

ideas. (100-150 words)
2. Formal letter
When you were a child, your parents bought you a guitar.
You havent learnt how to play it. You have just learnt about a
music school in England which enrolls Romanian students.
Write a letter to the contact person to inquire about the details
of these classes, the enrollment requirements and the payment
conditions. (200-250 words)
3. Preferences
Write about your favourite season. (200 words)
Write about your favourite book. (200 words)
Write about your favourite artist. (200 words)
4. Pollution problematical writing
Use this beginning to write your own essay about
pollution (250 words):
What is pollution?
Scientists try to explain it, but pollution is a very complex
matter because it is present in our everyday life. The air is
polluted, the water is not clean, the entire Earth is not a clean
environment.
But, we are the guilty ones. People never remember the
importance of a clean nature, we only think of our comfort and
our actions destroy the natural things around us: the animals,
the plants, and also our health.
5. Animal rights
argumentative writing
Write about the animal rights. Talk about the wild animals
and the pets. Think of our connection with the animals, the
similarities and the differences between human beings and
animals.
74
6. Article (narrative, descriptive, informative)

Write an article about a charity event in your school you
have just attended.
7. Report
Write a report on your school performance this year and hand
it to your form teacher who will give feed-back on your report.
8. Book review
You have just read an English or American novel on
children/teenagers (novels such as: Oliver Twist or David
Copperfield by Charles Dickens, The Catcher in the Rye by
J.D. Salinger, etc.). Write your own review of the novel.
9. Pros/cons
Adolescence is about learning, adulthood is about
teaching. Give pros/cons to express your opinions related to
the above statement.
10. Quotes
Comment upon the following: Without friends no one
would choose to live, though he had all other goods. (Aristotle).
IV.3. Reading
1)Read the text below. Are the sentences 1-7 Right (A) or Wrong
(B)? If there is not enough information to answer Right (A) or
Wrong (B), choose Doesnt say (C). Mark A, B, or C on your sheet.
Most people today are usually aware that fast food is not
the healthiest or "best" food to eat. Typically, the majority of
people eat it several times a week or more. People generally eat
fast food for a few main reasons, mostly because it's
convenient, cheap and usually tastes pretty good.
The cost factor is certainly an understandable reason given
the current state of the world economies and everyone's need to
75
tighten up on their spending. Nearly all books and

documentaries that have come out in recent years showing how
bad fast food is mostly focuses on its high fat/ high sodium
content. Very few of them truly reveal the real dangers of
consuming fast food and just why it is totally unfit for human
consumption.
Certainly anyone who is interested in overcoming illness
and disease and attaining higher levels of health and internal
purity must vastly limit or completely eliminate their
consumption of these so called foods. (www.naturalnews.com)
1. There are several reasons why people eat fast food.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
2. The fast food doesnt usually taste good.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
3. Today, people need to save money.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
4. The fast food is low in proteins.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
5. All books and documentaries reveal the dangers of
consuming fast food.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
6. The fast food is considered to be unfit for human
consumption.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
7. People should not limit their consumption of the fast
food.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
Wrong (B), choose Doesnt say (C). Mark A, B, or C on your
sheet.
Scientists have warned of a rise in new diseases passed

from animals to humans. At least 45 such diseases have been
76
reported to UN agencies over the past two decades and more

are expected to be identified in coming years.The researchers
believe we are now experiencing another transition driven by
the destruction of plant and animal habitats, the loss of species
and changes that have brought more humans into closer contact
with animals than at any stage in human history.
HIV is the best known example of a disease passed from
animals to humans which went on to cause the global Aids
pandemic. The virus is thought to have crossed from
chimpanzees to humans in West Africa in the last century and
more than 25 million people worldwide have since died from it.
The swine flu pandemic that emerged in Mexico last
March also resulted from the mixing of viruses that infected
pigs, birds and humans to create a new pandemic strain.
Urbanisation has been a key factor, which has resulted in
humans moving into previously undeveloped areas where they
have come into closer contact with animals. Globalisation has
compounded the problem because newly emerging diseases are
transmitted faster and more widely than in the past.
(www.telegraph.co.uk)
1. Scientists are not aware of the fact that diseases can be
passed from animals to humans.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
2. The UN agencies do not receive reports of such
diseases.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
3. Due to various changes, people have been brought into
closer contact with animals than ever before.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
4. The HIV virus was passed from chimpanzees to
humans during the last century.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
77
5. Experts have constantly tried to find a cure against the

HIV virus.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
6. The swine flu is a mixture of viruses.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
7. Urbanisation resulted in humans moving into areas
where they came into closer contact with animals.
A. Right
B. Wrong
c. Doesnt say
Much like punk music or the Goth subculture which

emerged in the early 1980s, the "emo" culture, which some
refer to as a cult or a sect, is currently stirring up a heated
controversy. The word "emo" short for "emotional"
encapsulates a trend that's been sweeping over hundreds of
thousands of teenagers from around the world. Its distinctive
marks are a very specific dress code, listening to a certain type
of music and an overall emotional attitude towards life, which
some have labeled as "reveling in self-pity". Let's have a closer
look at the characteristics of the emo dress code and the details
that mark it as particular and distinctive.
One essential characteristic of an emo is the jet-black,
dramatic hair. In fact, from what has been widely reported in
the media and from the information available on the Internet,
drama is an inherent part of the emo subculture, as is a sense
rebellion and non-conformity.
However, the boundaries of drama are pushed further by
emos than by most teenage fashion trends. Emo teens favor
mainly black clothes usually their street uniform comprises a
pair of black or dark tight jeans, tight T-shirts which often bear
the names of rock bands, studded belts, belt buckles, skate
shoes, or other black shoes (often old and beaten up), as well as
black glasses. Make-up is also important. Emos make liberal
78
use of black eyeliner, irrespective of whether we're talking

about boys or girls. Music also plays a major part in defining
their collective identity and they will often accessorize their
clothes with a music player.
It's essential to understand that emos regard themselves as
misunderstood, rejected by their peers because of the inability to hide
their feelings, and take great pleasure in brooding over their troubles
as a result, emo fashion reflects these attitudes and choices.
(www.news.softpedia.com)
1. The emo culture is currently extinguished.

A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
2. The emo teenagers have specific clothes and they listen
to a certain type of music.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. Performance is an important part of their life.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
4. Only emo girls use black eyeliner.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. The emo subculture also means violent, irresponsible
actions.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
6.The emo teenagers consider themselves unable to hide
their feelings.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
7. The attitude of emos reflects their pride in knowing how
to solve their troubles.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
Studies show that people learn words best by engaging as

many of the five senses as possible. Associating a new word
with a smell, touch, taste, or sound helps us recall the word for
later use. So in addition to reading on a daily basis and
79
listening to speakers who use a different vocabulary than you

do, you can add words to your working vocabulary list by
exploring new activities. The following suggested activities
will boost your vocabulary by engaging more of your senses
and putting you into word-rich environments.
1. Take a class, any class. Learn a new skill. The skill could
be knitting or sport fishing, cooking or carpentry, dancing or
playing an instrument. Choose something you are interested in
and which requires you to use your hands. Each craft or skill will
have its own vocabulary. There will be words to describe the
equipment, the processes, and the materials. Since you will be
doing something with your hands (and maybe more parts of your
body as in dancing), you will trigger more activity in your brain
than if you just read the words on a page. The increased activity
will create more connections in your brain.
2. Visit a museum. Children's museums are a great choice
because they often feature interactive displays.
3. Go to the zoo. You'll find interesting animals with
exotic names which originate from many different languages
depending on where the animal normally lives. English is a
living language which adopts foreign words to name things.
4. Garden. The lexicon of gardening is rich with Latinbased words describing plants their names, the parts of the
plant, and their life cycles. Latin provides the roots to many
English words in the areas of law, science, and religion.
Learning new words can be easier, more enjoyable, and
result in better retention if you can use multiple senses in the
word-learning process. So add a new activity to your life and
you'll soon master a whole new group of words!
(www.edarticle.com)
1. People add new words to their vocabulary by reading
and listening to other speakers.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
80
2. People can learn new words better by using their five

senses.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. When you perform an activity, your brain has a rest.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
4. The zoos have names depending on where the animals
normally live.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. Gardening is a very relaxing activity which many
people enjoy on a regular basis.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
6. Many English plants have Latin roots.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
7. Better word retention occurs when you associate words
with senses.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
True friendship is seen through the heart not through the

eyes. Friendship is one of those parts of life that we at times
take for granted. It rolls off of our tongues as if we expect it to
be present in all areas of our lives. We hear our friendship is
forever or friends always; sometimes they are just words.
But in truth how many true friendships do you have? Think for
a moment and list those you feel are true friends and those with
which you have a close relationship. Are they true friends? Is
their friendship from the heart? How many people do you truly
see as friends?
When you look at your true friends you will uncover who
you are. You will see a reflection of your soul and will in turn
become educated in the pathway you follow. You will see your
world before you and will see without any doubts the truth of
your way. You see true friends are simply your self in disguise.
81
By uncovering that disguise you see before your eyes the world
you created and the being your have become.
Friendship is a gift that two people give to each other.
True friends form a special connection that will survive any
storm. True friends understand being human and give the other
room to grow. True friends are there even when they are not
expected to be present.
Each friend represents a world in us, a world possibly not
born until they arrive, and it is only by this meeting that a new
world is born. (www.authorsden.com)
1. True friends are everywhere.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
2. Most of us take friendship for granted.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. True friends reveal nothing about who you are.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
4. Friendship can be defined as a special human
connection.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. Friends are meant to limit and suffocate the
development of your personality.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
6. The matter of friendship has thoroughly been discussed.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
7. One characteristic of true friendship refers to permanent
support.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
Television is one of the most prevalent media influences

in kids' lives. According to Kids' Take on Media, a survey
conducted in 2003 by the Canadian Teachers Federation,
82
watching TV is a daily pastime for 75 percent of Canadian

children, both boys and girls from Grade 3 to Grade 10.
How much impact TV has on children depends on many
factors: how much they watch, their age and personality,
whether they watch alone or with adults, and whether their
parents talk with them about what they see on TV.
To minimize the potential negative effects of television, it's
important to understand what the impact of television can be on
children. Television can affect learning and school performance
if it cuts into the time kids need for activities crucial to healthy
mental and physical development. Most of children's free time,
especially during the early formative years, should be spent in
activities such as playing, reading, exploring nature, learning
about music or participating in sports.
As well as encouraging a sedentary lifestyle, television
can also contribute to childhood obesity by aggressively
marketing junk food to young audiences. (www.mediaawareness.ca)
1. A lot of children in Canada watch television on a daily basis.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
2. There are some factors which need to be taken into
consideration when we talk about TV influence on children.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. The potential negative effects of television can not be
avoided.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
4. Many children watch TV documentaries in order to get
new information.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. School helps children get mental and physical
development.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
6. Television helps children live an active life which
prevents obesity.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
83
7. Many children eat fast food because of the TV

commercials.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
George Washington (1732-1799) was the dominant military

and political leader of the new United States of America from
1775 to 1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the
American Revolutionary War as commander in chief of the
Continental Army, 1775-1783, and presiding over the writing of
the Constitution in 1787. As the unanimous choice to serve as
the first President of the United States (1789-1797), he
developed the forms and rituals of government that have been
used ever since. The president built a strong, well-financed
national government that avoided war, suppressed rebellion and
won acceptance among Americans of all types. Acclaimed ever
since as the "Father of his country", Washington, along with
Abraham Lincoln, has become a central icon of republican
values, self sacrifice in the name of the nation, American
nationalism and the ideal union of civic and military leadership.
Abraham Lincoln (1809 1865) served as the 16th
President of the United States from March 1861 until his
assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the country
through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War,
preserved the Union, and ended slavery. Reared in a poor
family on the western frontier, he was mostly self-educated.
Lincoln has consistently been ranked by scholars as one of the
greatest U.S. Presidents. (en.wikipedia.org)
1. George Washington is often praised as the Father of
His Country.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
2. The American Constitution was amended in 1787.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
84
3. G. Washington made his own will, disregarding

acceptance among the American people.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
4. At the beginning of American history, most presidents
paid no attention to their families.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
5. A. Lincoln was the British president during the
American Civil War.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
6. Lincoln is the president who ended slavery in American
history.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
7. Both G. Washington and A. Lincoln have become
central icons of republican values, American nationalism and
union.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenaged or underaged

girl (usually within the ages of 1319) becoming pregnant. The
term in everyday speech usually refers to women who have not
reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who
become pregnant. Whether fertility leads to early pregnancy
depends on a number of factors, both societal and personal.
Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per
1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in
South Korea. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same
obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there
are additional medical concerns for younger mothers,
particularly those under fifteen and those living in developing
countries. For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a
risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with
socioeconomic factors.
85
Data supporting teenage pregnancy as a social issue in

developed countries include lower educational levels, higher rates
of poverty, and other poorer "life outcomes" in children of
teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is
usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many
communities and cultures. For these reasons, there have been
many studies and campaigns which attempt to uncover the causes
and limit the numbers of teenage pregnancies. In other countries
and cultures, particularly in the developing world, teenage
pregnancy is usually within marriage and does not involve a
social stigma. (en.wikipedia.org)
1. Teenage pregancy never happens in developed countries.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
2. Teeange pregnancy means a young girl gets pregnant.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
3. Parents never support pregnant teenage daughters.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
4. The law of every country never agrees with pregnant
teenagers.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
5. The medical dangers with teeanage pregnancies are
more in the developing countries
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
6. Teenage pregnancies within marriages are judged by all
societies.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
7. There is a constant concern with limiting the number of
teenage pregnancies through studies and campaigns.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of

theatrical shorts, television shows and specials, feature film,
86
home films created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer that centered on a never-ending rivalry
between a cat (Tom) and a mouse (Jerry) whose chases and
battles often involved comic violence.
The popular series features comedic fights between an
iconic set of enemies, a house cat and mouse. The plots of each
short usually center on Tom's numerous attempts to capture
Jerry. Since Tom rarely attempts to eat Jerry and because the
pair actually seem to get along in some cartoon shorts, it is
sometimes unclear why Tom chases Jerry so much. Some
reasons given may include normal enmity, Jerry's attempt at
ruining a task that Tom is entrusted with, Jerry eating Tom's
master's food which Tom has been entrusted with safeguarding,
revenge, Jerry saving other potential prey (such as ducks,
canaries, or goldfish) from being eaten by Tom, competition
with another cat, and Jerry ruining Tom's attempts to seduce
feline femme fatales, which Jerry does either out of disgust,
jealousy, or just to be mean.
Music plays a very important part in the shorts,
emphasizing the action, filling in for traditional sound effects,
and lending emotion to the scenes. Generally, there is little
dialogue as Tom and Jerry almost never speak, however minor
characters are not similarly limited.
Tom and Jerry has a worldwide audience that consists of
children, teenagers and adults, and has also been recognized as
one of the most famous and longest-lived rivalries in American
cinema. In 2000, TIME named the series one of the greatest
television shows of all time. (Adapted from Wikipedia)
1. Tom and Jerry is about a never-ending rivalry between
a cat and a mouse.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
2. Most of the times, Tom tries to catch Jerry, but he fails.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
87
3. The viewer is always aware of Toms reasons to chase

Jerry.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
4. Tom and Jerry are very talkative characters and all the
entertainment is based on their discourse.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
5. Both children and adults like it when the two
characters are friends.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
6. People all over the world, people of all ages watch Tom
and Jerry.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
7. Tom and Jerry is a television show which has never
been ranked by film criticism.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural

environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort
to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy,
such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution,
can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring;
when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants
when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as
point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith
Institute issues annually a list of the world's worst polluted
places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in
Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and Zambia.
In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500
scientists from more than 130 countries, said that humans have
88
been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans

have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the
consequences of global warming, a major climate report
concluded. But in order to change the climate, the transition
from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within
decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air,
water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from
consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate
or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of
controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more
desirable than pollution control. (en.wikipedia.org)
1. Pollution is referred to as disorder of the ecosystem
because of contaminants.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
2. The elements of pollution are mainly chemical
substances.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. The worst polluted places in the world come from
nonpoint source pollution.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
4. Humans have been considered the main source of
global warming.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. The transition from fossil fuels to environmentally safer
fuels occurs within decades.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
6. The health of both children and adults is affected by
pollution.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
89
7. Pollution control is worse than pollution prevention and

waste minimization.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
Whats the plane?

In mathematics, a plane is any flat, two-dimensional
surface. The plane (geometry) is the abstract surface which has
infinite width and length, zero thickness, and zero curvature.
A plane is the two dimensional analogue of a point (zerodimensions), a line (one-dimension) and a space (threedimensions). Planes can arise as subspaces of some higher
dimensional space, as with the walls of a room, or they may
enjoy an independent existence in their own right.
When working in two-dimensional Euclidean space, the
definite article is used, the plane, to refer to the whole space.
Many fundamental tasks in geometry, trigonometry, and
graphing are performed in two-dimensional space, or in other
words, in the plane. A lot of mathematics can be and has been
performed in the plane, notably in the areas of geometry,
trigonometry, graph theory and graphing.
Euclid set forth the first known axiomatic treatment of
geometry. He selected a small core of undefined terms (called
common notions) and postulates (or axioms) which he then
used to prove various geometrical statements. Although the
plane in its modern sense is not directly given a definition
anywhere in the Elements, it may be thought of as part of the
common notions.
In addition to its familiar geometric structure, the plane
may be viewed at various other levels of abstraction.
(en.wikipedia.org)
1. In mathematics, the plane is considered one of Euclids
common notions.
90
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
2. The plane is the abstract surface which refers to the
whole space.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
3. The plane has constantly been used for the first
axiomatic treatment of geometry.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
4. Students in European schools learn about the plane in
secondary school.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
5. The subspace of a higher dimensional space is a plane.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
6. Euclid proved various geometrical statements.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
7. When viewed at different levels of abstraction, the
plane has an additional geometric structure.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt Say
The Ford Model T is an automobile that was produced by

Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company from 1908 through 1927.The
Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile became
popular. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile,
the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American;
some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including
assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting. The
first production Model T was produced on August 12, 1908 and
left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the Piquette Plant in
Detroit, Michigan. The Model T was the first automobile mass
produced on assembly lines with completely interchangeable
parts, marketed to the middle class.
There were several cars produced or prototyped by Henry
Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 until the
91
Model T came along. Although he started with the Model A,

there were not 19 production models (A through T); some were
only prototypes. The production model immediately before the
Model T was the Model S, an upgraded version of the
company's largest success to that point, the Model N. The
follow-up was the Ford Model A and not the Model U.
Company publicity said this was because the new car was such
a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over
again with the letter A.
The Ford Model T was named the world's most influential
car of the twentieth century in an international poll. Henry Ford
said of the vehicle: "I will build a car for the great multitude. It
will be large enough for the family, but small enough for the
individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best
materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs
that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price
that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one
and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in
God's great open spaces." (Adapted from en.wikipedia.org)
1. The ordinary American could not afford to buy a car
until the Ford model T was marketed.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
2. Because of Fords innovations, the Ford factory opened
in September 1908.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. The Ford Model T was hand crafted with completely
interchangeable parts.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
4. The Model S preceded the model T and came after the
model N.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. The Model U is a prototype model which was
conceived a century later.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
92
6. An international poll quotes what Henry Ford said of

the Model T.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
7. The Ford Model T was within the means of a man
making a good salary at the beginning of the 20th century.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
When your parents were young, people could buy cigarettes

and smoke pretty much anywhere even in hospitals! Ads for
cigarettes were all over the place. Today we're more aware about
how bad smoking is for our health. Smoking is restricted or
banned in almost all public places and cigarette companies are no
longer allowed to advertise on TV, radio, and in many magazines.
Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer,
emphysema, and heart disease; that it can shorten your life by
10 years or more; and that the habit can cost a smoker
thousands of dollars a year. So how come people are still
lighting up? The answer, in a word, is addiction.
Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains
nicotine, which is highly addictive. Like heroin or other
addictive drugs, the body and mind quickly become so used to
the nicotine in cigarettes that a person needs to have it just to
feel normal.
People start smoking for a variety of different reasons.
Some think it looks cool. Others start because their family
members or friends smoke. Statistics show that about 9 out of
10 tobacco users start before they're 18 years old. Most adults
who started smoking in their teens never expected to become
addicted. That's why people say it's just so much easier to not
start smoking at all. (kidshealth.org)
1. Cigarette advertisements are everywhere.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
93
2. There are laws which restrict or ban people from

smoking in public places.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. Beside health problems, smoking is also a very
expensive habit.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
4. The reason why people buy cigarettes is that it contains
nicotine.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. There is a wide range of reasons why people start
smoking.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
6. Millions of people die every year because of smoking.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
7. According to statistics, 9 out of 10 smokers regret
starting smoking before the age of 18 and say its so much
easier not to start smoking.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
14) Read the text below. Are the sentences 1-7 Right (A) or Wrong
For much of the world, vegetarianism is largely a matter

of economics: Meat costs a lot more than, say, beans or rice, so
meat becomes a special-occasion dish (if it's eaten at all). Even
where meat is more plentiful, it's still used in moderation, often
providing a side note to a meal rather than taking center stage.
In countries like the United States where meat is not as
expensive, though, people choose to be vegetarians for reasons
other than cost. Parental preferences, religious or other beliefs,
and health issues are among the most common reasons for
choosing to be a vegetarian. Many people choose a vegetarian diet
out of concern over animal rights or the environment. And lots of
people have more than one reason for choosing vegetarianism.
94
Different people follow different forms of vegetarianism.

A true vegetarian eats no meat at all, including chicken and
fish. A lacto-ovo vegetarian eats dairy products and eggs, but
excludes meat, fish, and poultry. It follows, then, that a lacto
vegetarian eats dairy products but not eggs, whereas an ovo
vegetarian eats eggs but not dairy products.
A stricter form of vegetarianism is veganism (pronounced:
vee-gun-izm). Not only are eggs and dairy products excluded
from a vegan diet, so are animal products like honey and gelatin.
Following a vegan diet could lead to nutritional
deficiencies in some people. Teens need to be sure their diets
include enough nutrients to fuel growth. If you're interested in
following a vegan diet it's a good idea to talk to a registered
dietitian. He or she can help you design meal plans that include
adequate vitamins and minerals. (kidshealth.org)
1. Food cost is a reason why people choose to become
vegetarians.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
2. Vegetarians think meat costs more than beans or rice.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. Eggs are excluded by all forms of vegetarianism.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
4. The number of vegetarians in the United States of
America is constantly growing.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. Dairy products can be eaten by lacto-ovo vegetarians.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
6. A vegan diet includes honey which could lead to
nutritional deficiencies in some people.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
7. A dietitian gives you the adequate vitamins and
minerals.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
95
15)Read the text below. Are the sentences 1-7 Right (A) or
Wrong (B)? If there is not enough information to answer Right
(A) or Wrong (B), choose Doesnt say (C). Mark A, B, or C.
Hollywood is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California

situated west-northwest of Downtown Los Angeles. Due to its
fame and cultural identity as the historical center of movie
studios and movie stars, the word "Hollywood" is often used as
a metonym of American cinema, and is often interchangeably
used to refer to the greater Los Angeles area in general. The
nicknames StarStruck Town and Tinseltown refer to
Hollywood and its movie industry. Today, much of the movie
industry has dispersed into surrounding areas such as the
Westside neighborhood, but significant auxiliary industries,
such as editing, effects, props, post-production, and lighting
companies remain in Hollywood, as does the backlot of
Paramount Pictures.
The first feature film made specifically in a Hollywood
studio, in 1914, was The Squaw Man, directed by Cecil B.
DeMille and Oscar Apfel, and was filmed at the LaskyDeMille Barn among other area locations.
By 1911, Los Angeles was second only to New York in
motion picture production, and by 1915, the majority of
American films were being produced in the Los Angeles area.
By 1920, Hollywood had become world-famous as the center
of the United States film industry.
After many years of serious decline, when many
Hollywood landmarks were threatened with demolition,
Hollywood is now undergoing rapid revitalization with the goal
of urban density in mind. Many developments have been
completed, typically centered on Hollywood Boulevard. Many
older buildings have also been converted to lofts and
condominiums. In addition, numerous fashionable bars, clubs,
and retail businesses have opened on or surrounding the
boulevard, returning Hollywood to a center of nightlife in Los
Angeles. (Adapted from en.wikipedia.org)
96
1. Hollywood is located in the state of California.

A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
2. Hollywood stands for American cinema.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. The only companies in Hollywood are film companies.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
4. The Squaw Man was filmed in a Hollywood studio in
1914.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. Hollywood aims to become densely populated.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
6. The Hollywood stars are interested in its rapid
revitalization.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
7. The wholesale businesses in Hollywood make it a
center of nightlife in Los Angeles.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
16)Read the text below and use the information it contains to
choose the correct answer: A, B, C or D.
New York is the most populous city in the United States,

and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is one
of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The
largest city in the USA, New York City has a significant
impact on global commerce, finance, media, culture, art,
fashion, research, education, and entertainment. As host of the
United Nations Headquarters, it is also an important center for
international affairs. The city is often referred to as New York
City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the state of
New York, of which it is a part.
Located on a large natural harbor on the Atlantic coast of
the Northeastern United States, the city consists of five
boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and
Staten Island. The city's 2009 estimated population approached
8.4 million, and with a land area of 305 square miles (790
97
km2), New York City is the most densely populated major city
in the United States. The New York metropolitan area's
population is the USA's largest, estimated at 19.1 million
people over 6,720 square miles
New York was founded as a commercial trading post by
the Dutch in 1624. The settlement was called New Amsterdam
until 1664 when the colony came under English control. New
York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until
1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. As many
as 800 languages are spoken in New York City, making it the
most linguistically diverse city in the world. (en.wikipedia.org)
1. New York city is:
a. a capital city of the world
b. one of the most populated areas in the world
c. one of the most populous towns
d. a sparsely populated metropolis
2. New York deals with international affairs because:
a. It is the host of many nationalities
b. the United Nations Headquarters are sited in New
York
c. It has a global effect
d. It is the largest city in the USA
3. The structure of New York consists of:
a. Boroughs
b. Districts
c. Neighbourhoods
d. Counties
4. The most populated city of the United States of
America is:
a. Washington DC
b. New York
c. Chicago
d. Kansas
98

th
5. At the end of the 18 century, the capital city of the

USA was:
a. Washington
b. Alabama
c. Detroit
d. New York
6. In 1790, New York was:
a. the most populated city of the USA
b. the largest city in the world
c. the largest city of its country
d. the wealthiest city in the USA
7. One distinctive feature of New York is:
a. It has its own English variant
b. Many hundreds of languages are spoken
c. It has 800 hundred languages which, in their turn,
have hundreds of dialects
d. It does not display linguistic diversity
Two and a Half Men is an American television comedy

series which premiered on CBS on September 22, 2003.
Starring Charlie Sheen, Jon Cryer, and Angus T. Jones, the
show is about a hedonistic jingle writer, Charlie; his uptight
brother, Alan; and Alan's growing son, Jake. Charlie's freewheeling life is complicated and altered when his brother gets
divorced and moves, along with his son, into Charlie's beachfront Malibu house.
There have been seven seasons of Two and a Half Men,
with an additional two seasons to come. The show has ranked
among the Top 20 programs every season since it first aired. In
2010, CBS and Warner Bros. Television reached a multi-year
broadcast agreement for the series, renewing it through at least
the 201112 season.
99
As of 2010, seven seasons have been broadcast and the

show has been renewed for two more seasons. Each episode is
titled with a quotation from it; unlike most episodic television,
the episode title usually bears no relationship to any of the
plotlines; the quote fragment being completely out of context.
The show's 100th episode ("City of Great Racks") aired on
October 15, 2007. To celebrate this, a casino-inspired party was
held at West Hollywood's Pacific Design Center. Warner
Brothers Television also distributed blue Micargi Rover bicycles
adorned with the Two and a Half Men logo along with the words
"100 Episodes." Each bicycle came with a note saying "You've
made us very proud. Here's to a long ride together." The cast
also gifted the crew with sterling silver key rings from Tiffany &
Co. The key rings were attached to small pendants with "100"
inscribed on one side and Two and a Half Men on the other.
Following a February 2010 announcement that Charlie
Sheen was entering rehab, filming of the show was temporarily
stopped. Filming of the show resumed on March 16, 2010. On
April 1, 2010, People.com reported that after 7 seasons Charlie
Sheen announced he was considering leaving the show. On
May 18, 2010 New Zealand website "Stuff" reported that a
press release issued by Charlie Sheen's publicist confirmed that
Sheen had signed a new contract for a further two years.
(en.wikipedia.org)
1. Television comedy series
a. started with Two and a Half Men
b. stars Charlie Sheen, Jon Cryer and Angus T. Jones
c. is illustrated by shows like Two and a Half Men
d. was premiered on CBS
2. The jingle writer character is:
a. pleasure-giving
b. self-gratifying
c. self-supporting
d. bad-tempered
100
3. The plot of Two and a Half Men:

a. is complicated when Alan moves to Charlies house
b. mentions Charlies free-wheeling life
c. is about Charlie, his brother Alan and Alans
son, Jake
d. is altered by Alans divorce.
4. The show:
a. has had good ranking every season since first aired
b. is the 20th comedy show in any rank
c. has been among the first programs ever aired
d. has ranked its seven seasons.
5. The shows 100th episode:
a. happened at a casino-inspired party
b. was celebrated
c. meant riding bicycles
d. was an episode about the distribution of sterling
key rings from Tiffany & Co.
6. Filming of the show:
a. has never been closed
b. has never been resumed
c. was stopped on February and resumed on March
d. started with its 7 seasons
7. After seven seasons, Charlie Sheen:
a. had been filming for two years
b. thought of leaving the show
c. signed a new contract with his publicist
d. issued a press release.
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the

19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on
the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It began
101
in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout

Europe, North America, and eventually the world.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in
human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in
some way. Most notably, average income and population began to
exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries
following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased
over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold.
Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a
transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour
and draft-animalbased economy towards machine-based
manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile
industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the
increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by
the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.
The first Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th
century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around
1850, when technological and economic progress gained
momentum with the development of steam-powered ships,
railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion
engine and electrical power generation. The period of time covered
by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians.
Some 20th century historians have argued that the process of
economic and social change took place gradually and the term
revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among
historians. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of
the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the
history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution).
1. The industrial revolution:
a. had no effect on human history
b. is a time of improvement of human conditions
c. is a time of irregular change
d. had social negative effects
102
2. The following aspects of human life were

influenced by the industrial revolution:
a. there was a notable growth of population
b. the income was average
c. the exhibitions were unprecedented
d. life was sustained
3. In the 19th and 20th centuries:
a. the income varied
b. there was over a sixfold growth of population
c. the worlds per capita income was folded
d. the average increased over 10-fold
4. The mechanisation meant:
a. transition to manual labour
b. machine-based manufacturing
c. techniques of the textile industry
d. a tradition
5. An aspect of the second industrial revolution deals
with:
a. the building of ships
b. the electrical power
c. paved roads
d. combustion of engines
6. Revolution isnt the appropriate term because:
a. it is a misnomer
b. there was a sudden economic and social change
c. the revolutionary process took place gradually
d. 20th century historians have an argument
7. The domestication of animals and plants:
a. is prior to the industrial revolution
b. takes the onset of industrial revolution as its
most important step
c. is a matter of agreement
d. is debatable
103

Between 5 to 6 liters of blood circulate around the body,

which accounts for 8% of human body weight. Normally noone gives blood circulation a second thought, until something
goes wrong, that is. Sometimes a number of red blood cells in
the circulatory system drops way below normal. This condition
is known as anemia. What can be done to counter anemia
naturally?
There are a number of causes of anemia. It can be caused
by a hemorrhage due to an accident or an illness. Slow
bleeding from a stomach or intestinal ulcer may also cause
varying degrees of anemia. Adolescents, pregnant women and
those consuming a poor diet are particularly prone to suffer
from anemia.
Macrocytic anemia is a condition which is caused by the
enlarged size of the red blood corpuscles. This may be due to a
deficiency of folic acid and/or vitamin B12. A deficiency of
folic acid and vitamin B12 is usually related to dietary
inadequacy, certain alimentary diseases or liver diseases.
Vegetarians may be at risk of developing macrocytic anemia
due to the lack of vitamin B12 in their diet.
Since one of the causes of macrocytic anemia is poor diet,
improving one's diet to include foods which are rich in folic
acid, iron and vitamin B12 will help remedy the problem.
Foods that are high in vitamin B12 include organic meat, fish,
eggs, raw milk and other dairy products, while sea vegetables
may also contain a certain amount. Leafy green vegetables,
such as spinach and lettuce, are a main source of folic acid.
Beetroot and beetroot juice contain many essential
elements such as potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulphur,
iodine, iron, copper, carbohydrates, protein, fat and vitamins
B1, B2, B6, niacin, and vitamin P. With its high iron content,
beetroot helps in the formation of red blood cells. The juice of
104
red beetroot strengthens the body's powers of resistance and

has proven to be an excellent remedy for anemia, especially in
children and teenagers.
One of the most important ways of combating the potentially
deadly condition of anemia is to maintain a healthy diet. Avoid
junk food and eat your vegetables! (www.naturalnews.com)
1. The human blood which circulates around the body:
a. accounts for 8% of human blood
b. forms the human circulatory system
c. is restricted to 5 or 6 liters
d. drops below normal.
2. Anemia is:
a. a blood disease
b. a human condition
c. bleeding
d. red blood cells
3. One cause of anemia is:
a. a bad stomach
b. headaches
c. pregnancy
d. the old age
4. Macrocytic anemia:
a. is related to deficiencies of folic acid and B12
vitamin
b. is a dietary inadequacy
c. contains a certain amount of red blood cells
d. includes varying developing forms.
5. A poor diet:
a. can never be a healthy diet
b. causes certain alimentary diseases
c. contains B12 vitamin
d. is one of the causes of macrocytic anemia.
105
6. Foods that are rich in B12 vitamin:

a. include milk, cheese, yoghurt
b. are not eaten by vegetarians
c. are a remedy to any health problem
d. cure liver diseases.
7. A healthy diet:
a. prevents the body from fighting diseases
b. means avoiding junk food
c. inflicts anemia
d. is a diet based on beetroot and beetroot juice.
Climate change is with us. A decade ago, it was

conjecture. Now the future is unfolding before our eyes.
Canada's Inuit see it in disappearing Arctic ice and permafrost.
The shantytown dwellers of Latin America and Southern Asia
see it in lethal storms and floods. Europeans see it in
disappearing glaciers, forest fires and fatal heat waves.
Scientists see it in tree rings, ancient coral and bubbles
trapped in ice cores. These reveal that the world has not been as
warm as it is now for a millennium or more. The three warmest
years on record have all occurred since 1998; 19 of the warmest
20 since 1980. And Earth has probably never warmed as fast as
in the past 30 years a period when natural influences on global
temperatures, such as solar cycles and volcanoes should have
cooled us down. Studies of the thermal inertia of the oceans
suggest that there is more warming in the pipeline.
Climatologists reporting for the UN Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) say we are seeing global
warming caused by human activities and there are growing
fears of feedbacks that will accelerate this warming.
People are causing the change by burning nature's vast
stores of coal, oil and natural gas. This releases billions of
106
tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) every year, although the

changes may actually have started with the dawn of agriculture,
say some scientists.
The physics of the "greenhouse effect" has been a matter
of scientific fact for a century. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that
traps the Sun's radiation within the troposphere, the lower
atmosphere. If current trends continue, we will raise
atmospheric CO2 concentrations to double pre-industrial levels
during this century. That will probably be enough to raise
global temperatures by around 2C to 5C.
Warming is bringing other unpredictable changes. Melting
glaciers and precipitation are causing some rivers to overflow,
while evaporation is emptying others. Diseases are spreading.
Some crops grow faster while others see yields slashed by
disease and drought. Strong hurricanes are becoming more
frequent and destructive. Arctic sea ice is melting faster every
year, and there are growing fears of a shutdown of the ocean
currents that keep Europe warm for its latitude.
As natural ecosystems such as coral reefs are
disrupted, biodiversity is reduced. Most species cannot migrate
fast enough to keep up, though others are already evolving in
response to warming. (www.newscientist.com)
1. Climate change:
a. deals with a present conjecture.
b. is seen through its different effects in different
areas of the world
c. is lethal
d. unfolds its future
2. The global temperatures:
a. have raised in the past three decades
b. are measured by scientists
c. are naturally influenced
d. faced a world record in 1998
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3. The global warming:

a. is caused by human activities
b. is a constant fear of climatologists
c. gives feedbacks on natural disasters
d. suggests acceleration.
4. The carbon dioxide:
a. is produced because of agriculture
b. changes according to the coal it comes from
c. is put in vast stores
d. is released in billions of tonnes every year.
5. The greenhouse effect:
a. happens because of the CO2 in the atmosphere
b. is a natural phenomenon, irrespective of human
activity
c. did not happen in pre-industrial centuries
d. will raise global temperatures by around 2C to
5C.
6. Because of warming:
a. heart diseases are spreading
b. crops grow naturally
c. the sun becomes destructive
d. rivers empty or overflow.
7. Many species:
a. migrate to colder areas
b. expand their reduced biodiversity
c. progress in order to keep up with warming
d. are disrupted.
IV.4. Listening
Tips to better listening skills:
1) listen to the audio file twice
2) initially, you listen for general comprehension (some
exercises are based only on general aspects of the text)
108
3) then, you listen for specific information which you can

write down on your paper while listening: you can write
numbers, names, or any other details
4) dont forget to browse the exercises if they are available
to you before listening to the audio file: it gives you a hint on
what you are about to listen to.
5) dont panic if you dont understand certain words: try
to pay attention to the words you understand instead of the
ones you dont understand
6) stay silent while you listen to the tape
7) dont miss information from the tape, especially at the
end of the tape
8) when you solve multiple choice exercises, avoid
choosing your answers while listening to the text: you might be
caught in choosing an answer and you miss the next correct
answer
9) identify the text type: a narrative text, a descriptive text,
a dialogue, a monologue in order to get the right message
10) remember the text you listen to as accurately as
possible
The topics of the listening exercises can be very different,
but you always need to find a familiar aspect of the text you
listen to in order to listen to it properly.
If you want to improve your listening skills, you need a lot
of practice: start listening to the lyrics of your favourite songs,
start watching English movies, or you can listen to your
English teacher carefully during your English lessons this a
primary form of practicing your listening skills.
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V. TESTS
TEST (1)
1. Choose the correct variant: They try to prevent us
. telling you the truth.
a. of
b. from
c. for
d. with
2. Choose the correct variant: The others are more
interested .. these matters.
a. in
b. of
c. by
d. for
3.Choose the correct variant: She is the one who decides
our future and I dont like this situation.
a. for
b. on
c. about
d. in
4. The right translation of the following sentence Hoii nu
au multe ieiri is:
a. The thifs dont have many ways out
b. The thieves dont have much ways out.
c. The thieves dont have many ways out.
d. The thieves have not many ways out.
5. Give the synonym of the following phrasal verb carry
out:
a. carry
b. complete c. happen
d. become
6. The subject of the following sentence There is nothing
wrong with him is:
a. nothing
b. wrong
c. is nothing d. no subject
7. The right translation of the following sentence El nu
are un comportament suficient de potrivit is:
a. He doesnt have an appropriate enough behaviour
b. He doesnt have an enough appropriate behaviour
c. He doesnt has an appropriate enough behaviour
d. He hasnt an enough appropriate behaviour.
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8. The meaning of the word to frighten is:

a. to scare
b. to scary
c. to fry
d. to find
9. The meaning of the word likely is:
a. pleasant
b. probably c. like
d. really
10. The function of them in the following sentence The
guns dont belong to them is:
a. subject
b. direct object
c. predicative
d. indirect object
11. Choose the correct sentence:
a. The crisis is as big than its consequences
b. The crises is as big as its consequences
c. The crisis is as big as its consequences
d. The crisis is as big as its consequences.
12. Choose the correct sentence:
a. Other face problems with terrorism.
b. Others face problems with terrorism.
c. Others faces problems with terrorism.
d. Others face problems with terorism.
13. Choose the correct variant: The Prime Minister
concentrates . the financial solutions:
a. in
b. on
c. of
d. to
14. Choose the correct variant: Boys are more
independent girls:
a. as
b. like
c. than
d. such
15. Choose the correct variant: That man is accused
robbery:
a. of
b. with
c. by
d. for
16. The correct translation of the following sentence Nu
sunt motive care arat lipsa lor de vin is:
a. There are any reasons which show their lack of guilt.
b. There are no reasons which show their lack of guilt.
c. There are no reasons which shows their lack of guilt.
d. There arent any reasons which show their lack of
guilty.
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17. The synonym of the word border is:

a. bored
b. boast
c. limit
d. ruler
18. The synonym of the word cautious is:
a. careful
b. careless
c. caution
d. curly
19. Choose the right sentence:
a. Great leaders of the world have great bibliographies.
b. Great worlds leaders have great biographies.
c. Great leaders of world have great biographies.
Great leaders of the world have great biographies.
20. The right translation of the following sentence Au
fost mai multe probleme de siguran naional is:
a. There were more national security problems.
b. There were more security national problems.
c. There were national security more problems.
d. It were more national security problems.
21. Choose the correct variant: This machine is out of
..; I cant use it.
a. question
b. mind
c. order
d. reach
a. The governors tasks are of utmost importance for the
future of the country.
b. The governors tasks are of utmost importance for the
c. The tasks of the governors are of utmost importance for
the future of the country.
d. The governors tasks is of utmost importance for the
23. Choose the right variant: It reminds us of the
.circumstances of the accident.
a. some b. same
c. so
d. such
24. Choose the antonym of the following word success:
a. failure b. failment
c. insuccess d. successless
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25. The right translation of the sentence: Nu are niciun

rost! is:
a. This is no any good!
b. This is any good!
c. This is no good!
d. No good this is!
26. Choose the right variant: Your uniform was the ..
a. twentyth one
b. twenty first
c. twentieth- one
d. twentieth first
27. The right translation of the following sentence Ne-au
fcut s nfruntm pericolul is:
a. They made us to face the danger.
b. They made us face the danger.
c. They made us facing the danger.
d. They made we face the danger.
28. Choose the right variant: They will protect the values
they believe
a. for
b. about
c. for
d. in
29. Choose the right variant: We always do in our
exams.
a. good
b. well
c. many
d. over
a. Those children learn English easily in the classroom
everyday.
b. Everyday, that children learns English easily in the
classroom.
c. Those children learn English easy in the classroom
everyday.
d. Those children learn English in the classroom easily
everyday.
3 points for each correct answer.
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TEST (2)
SUBJECT I
Read the following text, identify its ideas and comment
upon them. (250 words/ 25 lines)
All through that summer the work of the farm went like
clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never
conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an
acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food,
produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to
them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical
human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There
was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were.
They met with many difficulties--for instance, later in the year,
when they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the
ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath, since
the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with
their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always
pulled them through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody.
He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time, but now he
seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when
the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty
shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling,
always at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made
an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the
mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else, and would put
in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most
needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to
every problem, every setback, was "I will work harder!"-which he had adopted as his personal motto.
But everyone worked according to his capacity. []The
reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By
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the autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in

some degree.
As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly.
The dogs learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in
reading anything except the Seven Commandments.
THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS
1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
3. No animal shall wear clothes.
4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.
5. No animal shall drink alcohol.
6. No animal shall kill any other animal.
7. All animals are equal. (adapted from Animal Farm, by
G. Orwell)
SUBJECT II
Comment upon the following A thing of beauty is a joy
forever (J. Keats). Support your ideas with arguments and
examples. (250 words/25 lines)
SUBJECT III
Comment upon the following: Lost time is never found
again (B. Franklin). Give arguments and examples to sustain
your opinions. (250 words/25 lines).
Subject I 30 points
Subject II 30 points
Subject III 30 points
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TEST (3)
1. Read the following text, translate it, and then:
- identify 3 nouns, 3 adjectives, 3 verbs
- ask questions whose answers are the underlined words
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness the Founding
Fathers were the first politicians to produce the explosive
combination of individual rights and the pursuit of happiness in
a sentence which was remarkable at the time a perfect
summary, in a few words, of exactly what was new about the
new republic. It remains equally remarkable today, still the best
statement, of what makes America American.
2. Speak about England: its geography, its history, its
form of government, its people.
3. Use the following words in sentences of your own:
unhappy, channel, island.
a) Nimeni nu a vzut vreodata acel film foarte interesant.
b) Ce a fost pe mas cnd ai intrat n camer? Nu a fost
nimic pe mas, dar cred c era ceva pe scaun.
c) Ea nu va afla nimic despre elevii care i vor petrece
vacana n strintate.
d) A venit, a ntrebat despre noi i a plecat; nu tiu unde va
merge mine.
e) nelege ea de ce nu am timp s nv mai mult?
f) Ei au avut probleme cu maina i de aceea nu merg la
munte smbta aceasta.
g) Poluarea aerului este o problem major mondial, dar
nfruntm o lips de soluii.
h) Acel juctor de fotbal a avut talent, dar nu joac astzi
pentru c are probleme cu picioarele.
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i) Povetile lui nu sunt adevrate; nu cred ce spune despre

aceast companie aerian.
5. Comment upon the following: "Not everything that can
be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be
counted." (Albert Einstein). Give arguments and examples to
sustain your ideas. (250 words/25 lines).
Subject 1 15 points
Subject 2 25 points
Subject 3 10 points
Subject 4 15 points
Subject 5 25 poins
TEST (4)
1. Give the synonyms of the following words and then use
them in sentences of your own:
chance =
get =
talk=
tell=
enormous=
2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words and then
translate the sentences:
less expressive; biggest; worst; of the journey; neighbours
a) She doesnt speak about her mistake.
b) He tries to help the . children get the ball
back.
c) Our essays are than this review because
we dont have literary skills.
d) The tourists were interested in all the aspects
.. , including the weather conditions.
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e) The . thing about you is your lack of

honesty.
3. Speak about the most unbelievable happening of yours;
describe its circumstances, its outcome, and your wonder.
4. Comment upon the following: Reading is the smartest
way of spending our free time. Give arguments and examples
to sustain your ideas. (250 words/25 lines)
Subject 1 15 points
Subject 2 20 points
Subject 3 25 points
Subject 4 30 points
TEST (5)
Subject I. A Make questios from the following words:
a) your/football/which/favourite/team/is?
b) times/museum/you/visited/many/how/a/have?
c) write/morning/what/you/yesterday/did?
d) people/their/problems/where/do/health/overcome?
B. Answer the above questions.
Subject 2. Rephrase the following sentences, using the
word given:
a) Im afraid I cant remember the answer.
Im afraid ................... the answer (ABLE).
b) I havent talked to them since we were children.
The last ......................................... was 15 years ago
(TIME).
c) Many people have criticized the performance.
The performance ..................................... by many people
(HAS).
d) The traffic jams give people frequent headaches.
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The traffic jams are ........................... people have frequent

headaches (WHY)
Subject 3. Speak about your hobbies and your passions.
Give arguments and examples for your choice. (20- 25 lines)
Subject 1 30 points
Subject 2 30 points
Subject 3 30 points
TEST (6)
I.a) Read the following text and identify its main ideas (no
more than 50 words):
Television and audiovisual services are both cultural and
economic services. A cultural service, because they have a role
in safeguarding freedom of information; an economic service,
because audiovisual services are traded in markets like other
services. It is because of this double identity that television is
regulated by a special media law in the European Union and on
the national level, which takes into consideration both these
aspects.
During the last decade there has been a crucial change in
television technology, which results in different ways of
informing the general public. The internet with its different
platforms, cable providers and mobile phone networks allow
for a new generation of business models and offer the
consumer a previously unseen number of different services.
The main difference between these new services and traditional
TV broadcasting is that the former are transmitted on-demand
without a fixed programme schedule. These services are much
more individualized than in the past, providing the consumer
with more freedom of choice and an interactive approach.
Thus, when speaking about these information, education
and entertainment services nowadays, one can no longer mean
only television broadcasting. They have expanded to
audiovisual media services, and it is necessary to safeguard
119
consumers interests concerning freedom of information, the

protection of minors and transparency on advertising in this
non-linear world.
The definition of audiovisual media services includes
economic services whose principal purpose is the provision of
moving images with or without sound under the editorial
responsibility of an audiovisual media provider in order to
inform, educate or entertain and provided by means of
electronic networks to the general public
b) Comment upon the ideas of the text, taking into
consideration: two differences between new services and
traditional TV broadcasting; the necessity to safeguard
consumers interests.
II. Express your opinion on the following statement:
Children today are given too much freedom (250 words/25
lines).
Subject I 60 points
TEST (7)
I.a) Read the following text and identify its main ideas (no
more than 50 words):
I got my job almost by accident. My brother had just
become a Boy Scout, and we needed to buy his uniform. While
my parents shopped for him at the Boy Scout Supply Shop, I
stood in the doorway. After a few minutes, the store manager
came and asked me if I were interested in a job. At the time,
my only income came from occasional babysitting, so I
accepted, and was interviewed and hired on the spot.
From then on, every Thursday and Saturday, my mother
drove me to the shop where I am a clerk. I put the customers
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items in bags, hand them their receipt, and send them on their
way. In addition to operating the cash register, a clerk has to
fill out reports that allow the Boy Scouts to move up in
ranking, take orders over the phone, and guide first time
parents of Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts for boys ages 5 to 10)
through buying their first uniform.
Even though I dont have as much free time anymore, I
still love my job. The people I work with, including my boss,
are kind, helpful, and fun to talk to; also, because most of them
are adults, talking to them gives me a unique perspective on
life in the real world. Im also finally earning my own
money, which means I no longer have to borrow from my
parents every time I want to buy something. I have a degree of
independence that I havent had before.
b) Comment upon the ideas of the text, taking into
consideration: the responsibilities of having a job; the
economic independence provided by a job.
II. Write an account of the most amazing experience of
your life. (250 words/ 25 lines).
Subject I 60 points
TEST (8)
a) He told us he .read when he was 5.
a. must
b. could
c. need
b) We understood that she .to read the
book.
a. had
b. can
c. may
c) They saw ..there because it was foggy.
a. nobody
b. anybody
c. anyone
121
d) I read . poems last Sunday.

a. much
b. any
c. many
e) You solved .problem of all.
a. as difficult as b. the most difficult c. more difficult.
2. Complete the following sentences with the verbs
between brackets in the right tense:
a) He .(ask) as many questions as possible
yesterday.
b) We .(already meet) those friends
of yours.
c) She (not go) to work every morning
because she also works home.
d) Our friends .(do) their homework
when we called them.
e) I thought that he .(be) right, but I
couldnt tell for sure.
3. Talk about the importance of art in your lives; you may
refer to any kind or form of art. Give arguments and examples
to sustain your opinions. (20-25 lines)
Subject 1 30 points
Subject 2 30 points
Subject 3 30 points
TEST (9)
1. a) Read the following text and translate it:
General elections usually take place every four years in
Britain. The country is divided into about 650 local constituencies
and each district elects one Member of Parliament (MP). Anyone
can stand for election but voters choose only one candidate and
most of the seats in parliament are won by the main political
parties. Voting is not compulsory and the turnout is sometimes
122
very low, especially in places that are considered to be safe seats

for one of the big parties. The polling stations close at the end of
the day, and then, the results are announced.
b) make up questions whose answers should be the above
underlined words.
2. Complete the following sentences:
a) He is not here. If only ..
b) They didnt come on time. I wish
c) I forgot my documents at home. I wish
d) I dont like the rainy weather. I wish...
a) Ei vor veni dac vor termina mai devreme.
b) Nu am auzit niciodat o minciun mai mare
c) Revistele pe care le citete sunt foarte interesante; sunt
reviste politice.
d) Persoanele pe care le-a ntlnit acum dou zile sunt
aceleai pe care le-a ntlnit cnd a mers la mare.
4. Speak about political correctness and incorrectness and
give examples.
Subject 1 20 points
Subject 2 20 points
Subject 3 20 points
Subject 4 30 points
TEST (10)
1. Complete the following sentences with the right adverb
in the appropriate degree of comparison, and then translate
them:
a) If he doesnt act
(careful) when he chooses his friends, he will make some big
mistakes.
b) He did .. (good) in the exam and he is
happy with his results.
123
c) You should work . (hard) if you

want to improve your image.
d) The parents dont understand us
(much) than you do.
e) The terrorist attacks were ..
(successful) completed because of new technological devices.
f) The river flows ........................... (rapid), but it is very
polluted.
g) He doesnt play the violin . (bad)
than his colleagues.
h) He isnt right, but this isnt what he ..
(normal) does.
2. Translate the following sentences:
a) Voi ar trebui s gsii nite soluii mai bune la probleme
legate de mediu.
b) Ea nu a gsit nite ambalaje din hrtie.
c) Va participa la acele activiti sociale, dac va fi
interesat de temele lor.
d) Nu mergea la scoala cnd am ntlnit-o.
e) Dac va ntarzia, va pierde nceputul leciei.
f) Ar trebui s avem grij de mediul nconjurtor.
g) Ele nu ncercau s i ajute cu tema.
h) Vrea sa mearga la facultate pentru a invata despre
drepturile umane.
3. What do you think of your right to education? State your
opinions related to this social right and support them with
arguments and examples. (250 words).
Subject 1 30 points
Subject 2 30 points
Subject 3 30 points
124
TEST (graduation exam)

I. (READING A1, A2) Read the following text and
choose the right answer:
Christianity is the most widely practiced and declared
religion in England. The Anglican Church of England is the
established church of England holding a special constitutional
position for the United Kingdom. After Christianity, religions with
the most adherents are Islam, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, etc.
Many of England's most notable buildings and monuments
are religious in nature, including Stonehenge, Westminster
Abbey, St Paul's Cathedral and Canterbury Cathedral. The
festivals of Christmas and Easter, both of which are religious in
origin, are still widely commemorated.
Christianity was first introduced through the Romans.
Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to
appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. In 1536, the Church in
England split from Rome over the issue of the divorce of King
Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon. The split led to the
emergence of a separate ecclesiastical authority. Later the
influence of the Reformation resulted in the Church of England
adopting its distinctive reformed Catholic position known as
Anglicanism. (en.wikipedia.org)
1. Christianity is the prominent religion in the United
Kingdom.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
2. Many famous buildings in England are symbols of
minor religions.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
3. Westminster Abbey is the place of coronation of British
kings.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
125
th
4. Henry VIII ruled England in the 16 century.

A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
5. Anglicanism is a reformed Catholic religion.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesnt say
II. (WRITING a) A1, A2; b) B1, B2)
a) Write an e-mail to a friend inviting him/her to your
birthday party.
b) Write an essay on the following topic: Changes are the
excitement of life.
III. (SPEAKING A1, A2, B1, B2) Answer the following
questions:
a) Have you ever taken a trip abroad?
b) What is travelling in your opinion? Mention its
advantages and disadvantages
c) What do you think of the people who are not aware of
famous places in the world?
126
VI. FILLERS
Fillers are meant to help both the students and the teacher
relax during the English lessons, or they can just fill an amount
of time of the lesson.
They can take 3 minutes, up to 5 minutes, and they refer to
activities such as the following:
1) write as many words as possible you have heard lately
in the English language (the last week, or the last two weeks),
and then read your words
2) play the hangman the students pair up: one of them
thinks of a word and uses blanks to express its letters; the other
student guesses the letters unless he wants to be hung; then,
they change roles.
3) a student says a letter; the others must find as many
words as possible which start with that letter
4) a student draws something on the blackboard; the others
must guess what it is and talk about the picture on the
blackboard
5) a student says a word; another student is asked to use
that word in a sentence; the next student has to choose a word
from the previous sentence and use it in another sentence, and
so on until all the students say a sentence.
6) a student mimes certain actions; the other students must
guess what the actions are and say the verbs which express the
names of the actions.
7) the students form groups of 5 students at least; each
member of the group writes down the first English word that
comes to his/her mind. If they do it 3 times, they get 15 words
at least; then they are asked to form as few meaningful
127
sentences as possible which contain all their words; the group

with the fewest meaningful sentences wins.
8) a student is asked to say as many English words as
possible in a minute or a minute and a half. Then, the others are
asked to write down all the words they remember. At the end
of the activity, the student who told the words must give
feedback.
9) a student is asked to give a short definition of
something; the other students have 3 guesses to find what it is.
If the students dont guess, the student who gives the definition
is asked to give more details. There are 3 guesses again, and so
on until the students guess what the definition is about.
10) sing a little English song, a Christmas carol, a jingle of
a TV commercial, or any other musical pieces the students can
sing.
128
VII. CONCLUSIONS
English is a challenge today: many people want to be able
to speak English because it is widely spread around the world.
This book is meant to help both the students and the
English teachers with their learning and teaching. It addresses
students because it gives them both theoretical and practical
aspects of English morphology. Thus, they can improve their
knowledge of English morphology and they can also practice it.
There are no solutions to the exercises in this book,
because we think the students must be confident enough to
solve the exercises on their own, instead of cheating. The
students are likely to cheat when they are not sure of the
correct answers. So, they turn the pages to the keys of the
exercises and they just get the right answers. We want the
students to find the answers due to their efforts, because this is
the only way for them to understand and remember certain
grammatical structures which they may find problematic.
Moreover, this book is also meant to help the Romanian
students prepare for their exams, especially the graduation
exam. The students who finish high school are worried about
their English exam because its new methodology makes it a
rather difficult one. This is the reason why this book contains
some exercises which give the students indications concerning
their future exams: there are reading, speaking, writing and
listening exercises which are meant to improve all these skills
which are tested during the graduation exam.
The book also addresses English teachers because they can
use it as an auxiliary material during their English lessons. It is
both a theoretical and practical support which brings additional
exercises which can be combined with the exercises in the
129
textbooks. It also gives teachers some teaching ideas, thus it

has a vaguely methodological character.
In addition, teachers can also use this book to revise their
knowledge when it comes to their exams, because all the
theoretical aspects are explained in a rather schematic structure.
This structure is meant to make the book easy to be used. It is
not based on the morphological patterns used by different
linguists, but it merely tries to emphasize the general
knowledge of English morphology.
I would very much like to thank my students because they
have always been my constant source of inspiration when it
comes to teaching English, and I truly hope this book will
make you all better English speakers.
130
VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Close, R.A 1975 A Reference Grammar for Students of
English, Harlow, Longman
Gleeanu, G., Comiel, E. 1996 Gramatica limbii
engleze pentru uz colar, Ed. Omegrapres, Bucureti
Leech, G. 1989 An A-Z English Grammar and Usage,
Printed in Hong Kong
Levichi, L., Preda, I. 1994 Gramatica limbii engleze,
Editura Gramar, Bucureti
Levichi, L. 1970 Limba englez contemporan,
Morfologie, Editura Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti
Murar, I. 2004 The English Verb, Editura Universitaria,
Craiova
Nedelcu, C. 2004 English Grammar, Editura Universitaria, Craiova
Swan, M. 1980 Practical English Usage, Oxford
University Press, London
Thomson, A.J., Martinet, A.V. 1997 A Practical
English Grammar, Oxford University Press, London
Vince, M., Sunderland, P. 2003 Advanced Language
Practice, Macmillan
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CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................5
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND...............................................7
II.1. Why do we learn English? ......................................................7
II.2. Why is English said to be an easy language?.......................8
II.3. A synthesis of English morphology........................................9
II.3.1. The noun ..........................................................................9
II.3.2. The article ......................................................................11
II.3.3. The adjective..................................................................12
II.3.4. The pronoun...................................................................14
II.3.5. The numeral ...................................................................18
II.3.6. The preposition ..............................................................22
II.3.7. The verb .........................................................................22
II.3.8. The adverb .....................................................................29
II.3.9. The interjection ..............................................................31
II.3.10. The conjunction ...........................................................31
III. EXERCISES...............................................................................32
III.1. Morphology exercises..........................................................32
III.2. Vocabulary exercises...........................................................64
IV. PRACTICE.................................................................................71
IV.1. Speaking ..............................................................................71
IV.2. Writing ................................................................................72
IV.3. Reading................................................................................74
IV.4. Listening............................................................................107
V. TESTS .......................................................................................109
VI. FILLERS ..................................................................................126
VII. CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................128
VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................130
CONTENTS ...................................................................................131

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Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

CRISTINA IONELA IOSIFESCU

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

Editura Aius PrintEd este recunoscut CNCSIS (2010-2012)

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale Romniei

Editura Aius Printed, Craiova, 2011

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

CRISTINA IONELA IOSIFESCU

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

Thus, English has become an international language

II.2. Why is English said to be an easy language?

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

learns English as a foreign language to learn a very long list of

II.3. A synthesis of English morphology

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

Number deals with singular and plural.

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

We should pay attention to gender words which involve

II.3.2. The article

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

Do not use articles:

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

2) the form of the English adjective is invariable, that is it

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

b) absolute superlative it obeys the following pattern:

II.3.4. The pronoun

The personal pronouns as object

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

e.g. He is here. (=subject)

The possessive adjectives

E.g. The book was not theirs. (=pronoun)

E.g. These problems are so unpredictable.

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

E.g. Who helped you with the homework? (the

E.g. Somebody has just arrived.

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

6) The negative pronouns

Compound negative pronouns

E.g. Nobody helped me with the homework. (the verb is

E.g. I see myself in the mirror. (the reflexive pronoun is

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

8) The reciprocal pronouns

More than two objects/persons

E.g. Tom and Jerry fight each other.

they are used to express the number of objects

1) The cardinal numerals

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

Numerals such as: hundred, thousand, million, billion

Reading the years means reading the numerals two by two:

Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary

The ordinal numerals are used to show the days of the

they show the ratio, that is parts of numbers

4) The collective numerals

they show a group of objects

5) The multiplicative numerals

they multiply the number of objects