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SYSTEM
A LECTURE
DELIVERED DURING THE
PSPE LUZON CONVENTION
ON OCTOBER 17-18, BAGUIO CITY
BY
JESSIE M. MARIANO
Table-1A
Table-1B
Table -1C
Table 1D
Friction Pressure Demand in PSI (Pa) is the fiction loss in piping between the farthest
(pressure wise) head and point of supply. (For the various pipes, fittings, valves, etc, the
unit friction losses are found in Table-2)
Table-2
Static ( Elevation ) Pressure Demand is the pressure in PSI (Pa) corresponding to the vertical
distance in feet between elevation of highest head, and elevation of point of supply ( such as
bottom of gravity tank or bottom of pump suction reservoir, elevation of point where city flow
test was made, etc. ) Static Pressure is calculated between discharge heads that are at different
levels, between heads and junction or reference points where pressure adjustments must be
made, and between heads the level of point of supply. Static Pressure has no relation to size or
length of piping.
Velocity Pressure Demand is the Velocity Pressure in PSI (Pa) caused by velocity of water in
pipes. This is so relatively insignificant and tedious to figure that it is practically always ignored;
it is not to be calculated unless specifications require it.
Supply Flow (GPM ) and Supply Pressure ( PSI ) are determined to meet the Total Demand at
a point horizontally and vertically common to both Supply and Demand at any time within any
24-hour period of a year.
SUPPLY in Flow and Pressure is equal or greater than the Minimum Required Demand
consisting Flow (Total Heads x Required GPM per Head) and Total Pressure (Orifice, Friction,
Static and Velocity)
Uniform Practice. In an effort to arrive at a uniform practice in hydraulic calculations for fire
protection systems, a recommended standard method and standard forms were introduced in the
1957 revision of NFPA-15, STANDARDS FOR WATER SPRAY SYSTEMS FOR FIRE
PROTECTION. This standard method embraced the principles and practice set up and used by
Automatic Sprinkler Corporation of America since 1930 and published in AUTOMATIC
HYDRAULIC DATE in Nov. 1944.
This section of AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER HYDRAULIC DATA explains and
illustrates, by examples, the standardized method as we interpret and practice it.
Fractions of GPM and PSI. In sprinkler branch lines, take volumes to the nearest
0.1GPM. In all cross mains, feet mains and supply mains, and Fire-Fog Systems throughout, take
volumes to the nearest GPM, as, 15.4 = 15 GPM and 15.5 = 16 GPM. All pressure, friction,
orifice and static are taken to nearest 0.1 PSI.
CORRELATION WITH NFPA 15. The following outline follows the paragraph
headings of Section A23.20 of NFPA-15, Water Spray Systems, July 1957 Edition
CALCULATION FORM. The four forms used are listed below and explained in
detail pages. See example 1 for forms for Title sheet, Hydraulic Calculation Sheet,
Graph Sheet and Summary of Hydraulic Calculations.
FITTINGS. Loss through standard screwed fittings, in equivalent feet of steel pipe, is
taken from Table 2, which was made up from Figure 12 of Section A23.20 of the
NFPA 15 Standard.
Automatic practice regarding pressure loss due to fittings is not strict conformance with the
standard, but we feel that it is more consistent and as accurate and our calculations are being
accepted on this basis. Automatic s practice is as follows:
1. The fitting is included with the pipe on the discharge side of the fitting ( that is, the
pipe the water is flowing into ), at the size of the outlet. See Fig - 1 for Screwed
Fittings in Steel Pipe and Fig - 3 for Flanged Fittings in Headers and Socket Fittings
in Underground Piping.
Table 3A
Table 3B
FRICTION LOSS IN BLACK STEEL PIPE (SCHEDULE 40)
EXPRESSED IN PSI PER LINEAL FOOT
Table 3C
FRICTION LOSS IN BLACK STEEL PIPE (SCHEDULE 40)
EXPRESSED IN PSI PER LINEAL FOOT
Table 3D
FRICTION LOSS IN BLACK STEEL PIPE (SCHEDULE 40)
EXPRESSED IN PSI PER LINEAL FOOT
Table 3E
FRICTION LOSS IN BLACK STEEL PIPE-EXPRESSED IN PSI PER LINEAL FT. (SCHED.40
FOR 6-IN. AND SMALLER, SCHED.30 FOR 8-IN. AND LARGER
Table 3F
FRICTION LOSS IN BLACK STEEL PIPE-EXPRESSED IN PSI PER LINEAL FT. (SCHED.40
FOR 6-IN. AND SMALLER, SCHED.30 FOR 8-IN. AND LARGER
Table 3G
TITLE SHEET is filled out for each individual system. Where there are two or
more typical systems completely indentical so that no additional calculation is
required, show a single system number in the space provided at upper right-hand
corner of sheet, and beneath it write: Typical for System
,
,
,
It is of prime importance to study carefully every item in the Title sheet, because
here is determined the kind of system to be installed, and the basis for all calculations
on subsequent sheets. Any error in the beginning must be corrected thru out the
calculations.
Title Block. Each space should be filed in carefully. After Building and Area
protected, if building or area has a specific name or number, be sure to include it; if
it has not use a descriptive note as to location, size, number of stories, occupancy, or
other identifying data.
Item Protected space is to show the area covered by the system being calculated
or, if protection is on equipment, the item or items specially protected. Combustible
Material space should indicate the principal hazard definitely and exactly, e.g. Baled
Cotton, Rubber Tire Storage; or Transformer Oil, Benzene, Aircraft fuel, etc. always
describe Combustible Material separately regardless of how descriptive Item
Protected may be.
Design Made. On next line, cross out the organization name that does not apply,
and add the Standard Number. Name any other organization and specification if those
shown do not apply.
Type Protection. In NFPA 15, carefully study paragraphs 12.11, 12.12, 12.13,
12.14, 12.20 and references. Check the type that is the object of the protection. For
example, where the combustible is a material that can be extinguished by the system,
check Extinguishment, check Control. If the system is designed to cool equipment
such as tanks to reduce heat input, check Exposure Protection. In those cases where
the system is designed to do more than one of those things, check those that apply.
Type system. In most cases the system will be automatic, but if it is manual only,
check Manual. If an automatic sprinkler of deluge system is accompanied by inside
and outside hose streams, check both automatic and manual.
Type Valve. Check type of valve used. In manually operated systems, the control
valve is usually a gate valve, but in some cases it is a deluge valve which can be
operated either by manual pull or remotely.
Discharge Heads. Beside the type of head used, write in the size or symbol
number of the heads for the single system covered by the title sheet, including hose
nozzles.
Head Spacing. Fill in the data called for, for the system covered by the little
sheet. Note: In airplane hangars of the fire resistive construction, sprinkler spacing is
extra-hazard, based on floor area, with no limitation as to the projected spacing along
the sloping roof line; for other-than-fire-resistive construction, sprinkler spacing is
extra-hazard, based on floor area, but projected spacing along the roof line must not
exceed ordinary hazard. Extra spaces are provided in this column so that both roof
and floor spacing may be indicated for Hangar jobs, as shown in Example 1.
Table 4
4. Number of Heads Discharging. Show the number of open heads in the system, if
only a single system is to operate. If two or more systems of open heads are to operate
simultaneously, insert in this space, See above, and at top of each title sheet write:
FOR TOTAL EXPECTED DEMAND, SEE SHEET
OF SYSTEM
,
which will refer to the end of the straight-through Trunk Calculation, usually Sheet 1
or 1-A of System 1. Following this practice will save complications and assure that
reference will always be made to the true Expected Demand.
5. Number of Systems Operating. If the system covered by the title sheet is the only
one figured as expected demand, insert 1. If two or more systems are to operate
simultaneously, insert in this space, See above, and at top of each title sheet write:
FOR TOTAL EXPECTED DEMAND, SEE SHEET
, OF SYSTEM
,
as explained in a preceding paragraph.
In FIRE-FOG Systems and in Foam-water deluge systems for occupancies other
than hangars, the expected operation will depend upon the hazardous material
involved between equipment items protected, etc. Where a number of adjacent
systems are involved, the engineer must carefully review the situation with respect to
the water supply.
6. Hose Streams, GPM. If the expected demand is a single system plus one or more
small or large hose streams, insert the GPM. If the expected demand is a single
system plus one or more small or large hose streams, insert the GPM for hose
stream(s) here. If two or more systems are to operate simultaneously, insert See
Above, and make the notation at top of sheet referred to in Number of Heads
Discharging, above.
Starting Point. Identify location of starting point clearly. Put yourself in the place
of the person reviewing your calculation.
The lower half of the Title Sheet should be studied carefully, as it explains the
sequence followed in the calculations, the identifying number for discharge outlet and
letters for junctions, and the procedure for numbering the calculation sheet. Please note
that the Trunk (straight-through) Calculations are intended to give an uninterrupted path
from the far (or worst) head of the system straight to the supply point, and this can
generally be accomplished on a single Sheet 1. If additional sheets are required for the
straight through calculation, they are numbered 1, 1-A, 1-B, etc. If one sheet is sufficient
for straight through, the Graphical Demand and Supply sheet is 1-A, the Summary is 1-B,
etc. The subordinate or balancing Branch Calculations are numbered 2-3-4-etc. By
following this numbering plan and numbering each system independently, it is easy to
calculate all systems to a junction point and to rearrange the sets of sheets if the system
first selected proves not to have the maximum demand.
The calculation proceeds directly through the system from this starting point,
calculating in the direction opposite to the water flow, following the path of the water
back to the supply point, picking up the volume for each line and unit on the way. This
can nearly always be performed on Sheet 1.
Branch calculation are made on separate sheets 2,3,4,etc; the sheet number and
starting reference for each branch calculation are shown in the two right columns of the
Trunk Calculation Sheet 1. At the junction with each successive unit or system, the
volume for the unit or system is added into the Trunk Calculation; the added system has
likewise been calculated to this point.
Calculation Procedure. The best way to explain calculation procedure is by a
concrete example. Commencing with Problem 1, refer to the examples and their
explanations and follow the calculations step by step from the starting discharge point to
the supply point. The same general procedure is followed in FIRE-FOG and foam-deluge
calculations as in sprinkler calculation.
Problem - 1 was designed for the beginner. All the elements of this simple
problem are, for convenience, on one page. Mastery of this problem first will enable a
quicker and better understanding of the more intricate phases of the Example Problem,
should be accomplished before proceeding further.
Example: Problem - 1
Principle: -- At the same point (horizontally and vertically) the water supply must deliver
the required GPM discharge at equal or grater than the demand pressure.
Problem: -- A special hazard requires 1,000 SqFt of floor (20 x 50) to be deluged as
follows:
a.) Minimum density, 0.30 GPM/SqFt of floor.
b.) Ten standard sprinklers 10CC, branch lines 10CC = 100 SqFt/Spk.
c.) 100 SqFt/Spk x 0.30 GPM/SqFt = minimum 30 GPM/Spk (Table 5)
d.) With 30 GPM/SqFt the sprinkler orifice pressure is 28.7 PSI (Table -1C)
e.) A 50,000 gallon gravity tank to be 1,500 away from deluge valve.
f.) Find the height (h) (from grade to bottom of gravity tank) required to supply the
deluge system demand.
Table - 5
PSI
28.7
16.1
8.7
53.5
53.5