Components of A System Unit

Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview
Differentiate among various

styles of system units on
desktop computers,
notebook computers, and
mobile devices
Identify chips, adapter

cards, and other
components of a
motherboard
Describe the control unit

and arithmetic logic unit
components of a processor,
and explain the four steps in
a machine cycle
Identify characteristics of
various personal computer
processors on the market
today, and describe the
ways processors are cooled
Define a bit and describe

how a series of bits
represents data
Explain how program

instructions transfer in and
out of memory
See Page 209

for Detailed Objectives
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Chapter 4
Objectives Overview
Differentiate among the various

types of memory
Describe the purpose and types

of expansion slots and adapter
cards, and differentiate among
slots for various removable flash
memory devices
Differentiate between a port and

a connector, and explain the
differences among a USB port,
FireWire port, Bluetooth port,
SCSI port, eSATA port, IrDA port,
serial port, and MIDI port
Describe the types of buses in a

computer
Explain the purpose of a power

supply and describe how it keeps
cool
Understand how to clean a

system unit on a computer or
mobile device
See Page 209

for Detailed Objectives

Chapter 4
The System Unit

The system unit is a case that contains electronic
components of the computer used to process data
Page 210
Figure 4-1

Chapter 4
The System Unit

The inside of the system unit on a desktop
personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory
Page 211
Figure 4-2

Chapter 4
The System Unit

The motherboard is the main circuit board of the
system unit
A computer chip contains integrated circuits
Page 212
Figure 4-3

Chapter 4
Processor
The processor, also called the central processing
unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
Multi-core
processor
Page 213
Dual-core
processor
Chapter 4
Quad-core
processor
7
Processor
Page 213
Figure 4-4

Chapter 4
Processor
The control unit is the component of the
processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Control Unit
below Chapter 4
Page 214

Chapter 4
Processor
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of
four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle
Page 215
Figure 4-5

Chapter 4
10
Processor
Most current personal
computers support
pipelining
Processor begins
fetching a second
instruction before it
completes the machine
cycle for the first
instruction
Pages 215 216

Figure 4-6

Chapter 4
11
Processor
The processor contains registers, that

temporarily hold data and instructions
The system clock controls the timing

of all computer operations
The pace of the system clock is called the clock
speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Page 216

Chapter 4
12
Processor
The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are Intel
and AMD

then click Multi-Core
Processors below Chapter 4
Pages 216 217

Figure 4-7

Chapter 4
13
Processor
Determine how you plan to use a new computer
before selecting a processor
Page 218
Figure 4-8

Chapter 4
14
Processor
A processor chip
generates heat that
could cause the chip to
burn up
Require additional
cooling
Heat sinks
Liquid cooling
technology
then click Liquid Cooling
below Chapter 4
Pages 219 - 220

Figures 4-9 4-10

Chapter 4
15
Processor
Parallel processing uses multiple processors
simultaneously to execute a single program or task
Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of
processors
Page 220
Figure 4-11

Chapter 4
16
Data Representation
Analog signals are continuous and vary in
strength and quality
Digital signals are in one of two states: on
or off
Most computers are digital
The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
Bits and bytes
Page 221

Chapter 4
17
Data Representation
A computer circuit represents
the 0 or the 1 electronically by
the presence or absence of an
electrical charge
Page 221
Figures 4-12 4-13
Eight bits grouped together as a

unit are called a byte. A byte
represents a single character in
the computer

Chapter 4
18
Data Representation
ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the most
widely used coding
scheme to represent
data
Page 221
Figure 4-14

Chapter 4
19
Data Representation
Page 222
Figure 4-15

Chapter 4
20
Memory
Memory consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
Stores three basic categories of items:
The operating
system and other
system software
Page 223
Application
programs

Chapter 4
Data being
processed and the
resulting
information
21
Memory
Each location in memory has an address
Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes
(TB)
Page 223
Figure 4-17

Chapter 4
22
Memory
The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile memory
Nonvolatile memory
Loses its contents when

power is turned off
Does not lose contents

when power is removed
Example includes RAM
Examples include ROM,

flash memory, and
CMOS
Pages 223 - 224

Chapter 4
23
Memory
Page 224
Figure 4-18

Chapter 4
24
Memory
Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
Dynamic RAM
(DRAM)
Page 225
Figure 4-19
Static RAM (SRAM)

Chapter 4
Magnetoresistive
RAM (MRAM)
25
Memory
RAM chips usually reside on a memory module
and are inserted into memory slots
Page 225
Figure 4-20

Chapter 4
26
Memory
The amount of RAM necessary in a computer
often depends on the types of software you plan
to use
Page 226
Figure 4-21

Chapter 4
27
Memory
Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer
because it stores frequently used instructions and data

then click Windows
ReadyBoost below Chapter 4
Page 227
Figure 4-22

Chapter 4
28
Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips
storing permanent data and instructions
Firmware
A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a

blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently
EEPROM can be erased
then click ROM
below Chapter 4
Page 228

Chapter 4
29
Memory
Flash memory can be erased electronically and
rewritten
CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes
little power
Pages 228 229

Figure 4-23

Chapter 4
30
Memory
Access time is the amount of time it takes the
processor to read from memory
Measured in nanoseconds
Page 229
Figures 4-24 4-25

Chapter 4
31
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard
that can hold an adapter
card
An adapter card enhances
functions of a component of
the system unit and/or
provides connections to
peripherals
Sound card and video card
then click Video Cards
below Chapter 4
Page 230
Figure 4-26

Chapter 4
32

With Plug and Play, the computer automatically
can configure adapter cards and other peripherals
as you install them
Pages 230 231

Figure 4-27

Chapter 4
33

Removable flash memory includes:
Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules
Page 231
Figure 4-28

Chapter 4
34
Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or

communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred
to as a jack)
A connector joins a cable to a port
then click Digital Audio Port
below Chapter 4
Page 232

Chapter 4
35
Page 232
Figure 4-29

Chapter 4
36

On a notebook computer, the ports are on the
back, front, and/or sides
Pages 232 - 233

Figure 4-30

Chapter 4
37
Page 233
Figure 4-31

Chapter 4
38

A USB port can connect up to 127 different
peripherals together with a single connector
You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB
port with a USB hub

then click USB Ports
below Chapter 4
Page 234
Figure 4-32

Chapter 4
39

Other types of ports include:
Firewire
port
Bluetooth
port
SCSI port
eSATA
port
IrDA port
Serial port
MIDI port
Pages 234 - 236

Chapter 4
40

A Bluetooth wireless port
adapter converts a USB port into
a Bluetooth port
Page 235
Figures 4-33 4-34
A smart phone might

communicate with a notebook
computer using an IrDA port

Chapter 4
41

A port replicator is an
external device that
provides connections to
peripherals through ports
built into the device
A docking station is an
external device that
attaches to a mobile
computer or device
then click Docking Station
below Chapter 4
Page 236
Figure 4-35

Chapter 4
42
Buses
A bus allows the various
devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate with
each other
Data bus
Address bus
Word size is the number

of bits the processor can
interpret and execute at a
given time
Page 237
Figure 4-36

Chapter 4
43
Buses
Expansion slots connect to expansion buses
Common types of expansion buses include:
PCI bus

then click FireWire
below Chapter 4
Page 238
PCI Express
bus
USB and
FireWire bus
Accelerated
Graphics Port
PC Card bus

Chapter 4
44
Bays
A bay is an opening
inside the system unit in
which you can install
additional equipment
A drive bay typically
holds disk drives
Page 238
Figure 4-37

Chapter 4
45
Power Supply
The power supply converts the wall
outlet AC power into DC power
Some external peripherals have an AC
adapter, which is an external power
supply
Page 239

Chapter 4
46
Putting It All Together
Home
Intel Core 2 Duo or Intel
Celeron Dual Core or
AMD Sempron
Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Small Office/
Home Office
Intel Core 2 Quad or
Intel Core 2 Extreme or
AMD Athlon FX or AMD
Athlon X2 Dual-Code
Mobile
AMD Turion X2
Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Minimum RAM: 4 GB
Page 239
Figure 4-38

Chapter 4
47
Putting It All Together
Page 239
Figure 4-38
Power
Enterprise
Intel Itanium 2 or AMD

Quad Core Opteron or
Intel Quad Core Xeon or
Sun UltraSPARC T2
Intel Core 2 Quad or

AMD Athlon FX or AMD
Athlon X2 Dual-Core
Minimum RAM: 8 GB
Minimum RAM: 4 GB

Chapter 4
48
Keeping Your Computer

or Mobile Device Clean
Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a year
Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile device before
cleaning it
Use compressed air to blow away dust
Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case and a

cleaning solution and soft cloth to clean the screen
Page 240

Chapter 4
49
Video: The Leopard with a Time Machine
CLICK TO START
Chapter 4
50
Summary
Components of the
system unit
How memory stores

data, instructions, and
information
Comparison of various
personal computer
processors on the
market today
Page 241
Sequence of operations
that occur when a
computer executes an
instruction
How to clean the

exterior and interior of
a system unit

Chapter 4
51
Discovering
Computers 2010
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4 Complete

Components of A System Unit

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Discovering

Differentiate among various

Identify chips, adapter

Describe the control unit

Define a bit and describe

Explain how program

See Page 209

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Differentiate among the various

Describe the purpose and types

Differentiate between a port and

Describe the types of buses in a

Explain the purpose of a power

Understand how to clean a

See Page 209

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

The System Unit

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

The System Unit

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

The System Unit

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Click to view Web Link,

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Pages 215 216

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

The processor contains registers, that

The system clock controls the timing

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Click to view Web Link,

Pages 216 217

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Pages 219 - 220

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Eight bits grouped together as a

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Loses its contents when

Does not lose contents

Example includes RAM

Examples include ROM,

Pages 223 - 224

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Static RAM (SRAM)

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Click to view Web Link,

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Pages 228 229

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World