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Intelligent Business
Upper Intermediate
Anglitina I/2
Milan Bohek
spring 2009
Table of Contents:
Introductory information .............................................................................................. 3
Unit 8 BRANDS ............................................................................................................. 6
Coursebook, page 68, exercise LISTENING 1................................................................ 6
Coursebook, page 69, exercise READING ..................................................................... 6
Coursebook, page 72, exercise LISTENING 2................................................................ 8
Workbook, page 34, exercise READING ....................................................................... 8
Grammar exercises .................................................................................................... 11
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................14
Unit 9 INVESTMENT .....................................................................................................16
Coursebook, page 77, exercise READING ....................................................................16
Coursebook, page 80, exercise LISTENING 1.............................................................. 18
Workbook, page 39, exercise LISTENING ....................................................................19
Workbook, page 38, exercise READING ..................................................................... 20
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 23
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 25
Unit 10 ENERGY .......................................................................................................... 27
Coursebook, page 87, exercise READING ................................................................... 27
Coursebook, page 89, exercise LISTENING 1.............................................................. 30
Workbook, page 42, exercise LISTENING ....................................................................31
Workbook, page 43, exercise READING ......................................................................31
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 35
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 43
Unit 11 GOING PUBLIC ................................................................................................. 45
Coursebook, page 94, exercise PREVIEW ................................................................... 45
Coursebook, page 95, exercise READING ................................................................... 45
Coursebook, page 96, exercise LISTENING 1 .............................................................. 49
Workbook, page 46, exercise LISTENING ................................................................... 50
Workbook, page 47, exercise READING ......................................................................51
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 57
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................61
Unit 12 COMPETITION ................................................................................................. 63
Coursebook, page 102, exercise PREVIEW ................................................................. 63
Coursebook, page 103, exercise READING ................................................................. 63
Coursebook, page 105, exercise LISTENING 1 ............................................................ 67
Workbook, page 49, exercise LANGUAGE CHECK ........................................................ 67
Workbook, page 50, exercise LISTENING ................................................................... 70
Workbook, page 50-51, exercise READING .................................................................71
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 75
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................77
Unit 13 BANKING ........................................................................................................ 79
Coursebook, page 112, exercise LISTENING 1 ............................................................. 79
Coursebook, page 113, exercise READING ..................................................................80
Coursebook, page 115, exercise LISTENING 2............................................................. 83
Workbook, page 55, exercise READING ..................................................................... 83
Workbook, page 55, exercise LISTENING ................................................................... 86
Grammar exercises ...................................................................................................88
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................91
ENGLISH I/2
spring 2009
Introductory information
teacher: Milan Bohek
floor:
7, office: 707
phone: 3544
e-mail: bohacek@mail.muni.cz, bohacek@econ.muni.cz
office hours: Tuesday
13 13.45
Wednesday 10.15 11
Course requirements:
minimum 80% attendance (maximum of 4 unexcused absences per
semester);
handing in two business letters (for details, see below);
active participation in seminars (systematic preparation for seminars and
fulfillment of assignments);
passing the credit test (minimum 60% of the total number of points) in the
last class of the semester, i.e., Thursday, May 14, 2009)
Electronic sources:
IS MU: PJI2A Jazyk I/2 Anglitina (interactive syllabus + interactive syllabi
for groups number 4, 11 a 16).
web: http://www.econ.muni.cz/centra-a-strediska/centrum-jazykovehovzdelavani/ or ESF homepage Rychl odkazy Centrum jazykovho
vzdlvn
Primary sources:
Business letters:
Your seminar work for this semester involves writing up and handing in two business letters.
The deadline for handing in the letters is Thursday, April 9, 2009. To meet the
requirements, you have to follow these guidelines:
first, you have to find another classmate to make a pair because you will be
cooperating on the business letters;
the concrete topics of the letters is up to you but they have to be relevant, i.e. they
have to relate to your business activities (that you choose to perform) e.g. a business
partners complaint about badly performed work/services or a reaction to a suppliers
offer or a bid from a competing company for cooperation or a letter from a state
authority because of your breaking rules/norms or a claim for a refund because of
low-quality goods/services you delivered, etc.
each of the letters should consists of at least 4 paragraphs plus formalities (i.e.
addresses, date, salutation, subject of the letter, closing sentence, your name, position
within the company and signature);
hand in your letters as a pair (i.e. 4 letters together) and mark each letter with
an appropriate number according to the logical sequence (first letter = 1, following
letter = 2, next letter = 3, final letter = 4);
hand in your letters in time (within the deadline), in the required extent and in a
printed form.
Model business letters as well as additional information on how to write a proper and good
business letter are available in a booklet called Intelligent Business: Style guide (it is a
supplement to your Intelligent Business textbook) on pages 16 19. Use this source as a
useful way of drawing inspiration for your own seminar work.
Tips and examples (copied from the Style guide, page 16):
Formal business correspondence is usually done by letter as this leaves a written record
which can be kept for reference. Business letters can be of different types with different
purposes: to apply for a job, to inform people of developments, to request action, to make
an enquiry, to complain, etc. To write a successful business letter you need to use the right
tone and to communicate your message to the reader using straightforward language. The
way a letter is written reveals a lot about the person who is writing it and it also sends a
message about the organisation that he or she is working for. It is, therefore, very
important to make sure that the information, layout, style and spelling are all correct before
you send it.
Language styles
Business letters are usually quite formal in style. A conversational style is therefore not
appropriate and you should avoid contractions, for example. Try to use verbs in the active
and not in the passive form as this will make your letter more dynamic. You should also
avoid writing sentences that are too long and that include complicated or unnecessary
language. A straightforward letter will get your message across more effectively than a long
wordy one. There are certain conventions concerning the correct way to address people
and to close your letter.
Opening
Letters always start with Dear ... followed by the correct form of address. If the letter is
going to someone whose name you do not know, it starts with Dear Sir, or Dear
Madam, or Dear Sir or Madam, ... . But if you do know the name, then you can begin
with Dear Mr/Ms Taylor, or Dear Greg Taylor, ... .
Closing
Letters are usually closed in standard ways. At the end of your letter you should include a
short sentence like I look forward to hearing from you. or Please do not hesitate
to contact me if you need further information. Below that, you should put a closing
phrase:
Yours sincerely, (formal, for letters beginning Dear + name)
Yours faithfully, (formal, for letters beginning Dear Sir/ Madam)
Yours truly, / Best regards, / Best wishes, (less formal)
Layout
references
date
opening
subject heading
closing
signature
enclosures
Unit 8 BRANDS
Coursebook, page 68, exercise LISTENING 1
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
to _______________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________________ =
8.
_________________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
_________________ =
11.
_________________ =
12.
to _______________ =
13.
_________________ =
the part of a business that does not meet and deal directly
with customers (par 5)
14.
_________________ =
15.
_________________ =
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
The manager talks about the way corporate identity and brand asset management are
(1) ___________. He points out that a corporate image has the power to (2) _________
and (3) _______________ one company from another. Identity of a company and a
brand is important as it serves as the companys (4) _____________ (5) ____________
to the world and it shows what its services and products (6) __________________
(7) ____________. There are many (8) ________________ companies have to face in
this area, so they stress the (9) ________________ (10) ______________ of identity
i.e. the right price. The price is a key (11) ________________ (12) ________________
for both expensive quality products and (13) ____________________ products. When a
company wants to check the (14) ___________________ of its corporate brand, it does a
(15) _______________ (16) ______________, i.e. (17) ______________ interviews
and (18) ____________ of many corporate artifacts (e.g. (19) __________________,
(20) ________________ (21) _____________, vehicles, (22) ________________,
(23) ____________________, ads, etc.). All these procedures should be carried out
(24) _________________ in, year (25) ____________. The manager also argues that
in many cases the brands and corporate name are (26) ________________. It is also
usual that many big (27) ______________ with many brands try to (28) ___________
a (29) ______________ corporate (30) ______________ while their brands are in the
(31) ___________________. Nevertheless, in case of any (32) __________________
or if their identity is (33) _________________, it can even affect the brand itself. Finally,
the corporate brands reputation affects the product brands reputation and (34) ________
(35) _____________.
to _______________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
to _______________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
to _______________ =
7.
_________________ =
8.
_________________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
_________________ =
11.
to _______________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
to _______________ =
14.
to _______________ =
15.
_________________ =
Many how adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. A few add -y, -ally, or
-ily, depending on the spelling of the original adjective.
slow slowly
full fully
slight slightly
dramatic dramatically
careful carefully
steady steadily
Some adverbs and adjectives have the same form. Examples include fast, hard,
early, late, high, low, right, wrong, daily/weekly/monthly/quarterly.
This is a fast machine. (adj.)
This machine goes very fast. (adv.)
Its a hard decision. (adj.)
Hes working very hard at the moment. (adv.)
Note that the adverb hardly is not related to the meaning of hard.
Its so noisy I can hardly think. (hardly = almost not)
boring.
interesting.
tiring.
satisfying.
depressing. (etc.)
interested
Julia is very interested in politics.
(not interesting in politics)
Are you interested in buying a car? Im
trying to sell mine.
surprising
It was quite surprising that he passed the
examination.
surprised
Everybody was surprised that he passed the
examination.
disappointing
The film was disappointing. I expected it to
be much better.
disappointed
I was disappointed with the film. I expected it
to be much better.
shocking
The news was shocking.
shocked
We were very shocked when we heard the
news.
10
Our holiday was too short the time went very quickly.
The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.
Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are made from an adjective + -ly:
adjective:
quick
serious
careful
quiet
heavy
bad
adverb:
quickly
seriously
carefully
quietly
heavily
badly
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too, for example:
friendly
lively
elderly
lonely
silly
lovely
Grammar exercises
1.
1.
confusing / confused
disgusting / disgusted
exciting / excited
exhausting / exhausted
interesting / interested
surprising / surprised
He works very hard. Its not surprising that hes always tired.
8. I asked Emily if she wanted to come out with us but she wasnt _______________.
9. Ive been working very hard all day and now Im _______________.
10. Im starting a new job next week. Im quite _______________ about it.
11. Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very _______________.
12. Liz is a very _______________ person. She knows a lot, shes travelled a lot and
shes done lots of different things.
11
2.
Complete each sentence with a verb (in the correct form) and an adjective
from the boxes.
feel
smell
1.
look
sound
seem
taste
awful
nice
fine
upset
interesting
wet
Ann seemed upset this morning. Do you know what was wrong?
6. Jim was telling me about his new job. It _____________ quite _____________, much better
than his old job.
3.
1.
4. Complete each sentence using a word from the list. Sometimes you need the adjective
(careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).
careful(ly)
happy/happily
1.
complete(ly)
nervous(ly)
continuous(ly)
perfect(ly)
financial(ly)
quick(ly)
fluent(ly)
special(ly)
Our holiday was too short. The time passed very quickly.
2. Tom doesnt take risks when hes driving. Hes always _______________.
3. Sue works _______________. She never seems to stop.
4. Alice and Stan are very _______________ married.
5.
Monicas English is very _______________ although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.
6. I cooked this meal _______________ for you, so I hope you like it.
7.
5.
1.
Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
Im tired because Ive been working hard. RIGHT
12
6. Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1.
8. There has been considerable growth in Korean GDP over recent years.
Over recent years Korean GDP _____________________________________.
7.
Complete the sentences with one word from the list A and one word from list B.
A:
B:
1.
badly
completely
delayed designed
easily extremely
helpful
illegal
heavily
quite
unexpectedly
well
late made
promoted recognizable
This suitcase is very well made. It will last for years and years.
2. The new product is being ___________________. You see the adverts everywhere.
3. This website is very ___________________. I cant find the information I need.
4. Youve been ___________________. I really appreciate it.
5.
Our offices are ___________________. Look out for the large flags at the front.
6. Im sorry, my flight has been ___________________. Ill call you when I arrive.
7.
Taking bribes is ___________________. Youll lose your job if they catch you.
8. Read this report about the convergence of mobile phones and handheld computers.
Underline either the adjective or adverb each time.
It seems (1) strange/strangely, but
some people are walking around
with a mobile phone, a handheld
computer like a Palm, a pager, and
even a notebook computer with a
(2)
conventional/conventionally
keyboard as well. These digital
devices are converging (3) rapid/
rapidly, but manufacturers are
finding it difficult to get all the parts
to integrate (4) proper/properly.
Contemporary mobile phones look
(5) good/well, are relatively
(6) good/well at sending short text
messages, but dont work (7) good/
well as handheld computers. They
lack memory, synchronize (8) bad/
badly with desktop PCs, and arent
13
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase:
REVIEW TEST
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 8 Brands
(2 points each)
Name:
Guccio Gucci deserved at least one _____________________ for building his successful
company.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
I. Listening:
III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary:
IV. Translation:
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
2.
3.
points
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used:
(1 point each)
------------------------
points
(2 points each)
1.
2.
3.
4.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets.
(1 point each)
(2 points each)
2.
1.
using a successful brand name to sell new types of products; a new product that is sold
using an existing brand name:
3.
2.
the act of making changes to the form of something in order to improve its appearance,
how efficiently it works, etc.:
4.
points
2.
Bad news concerning the firm will result ________ the decrease in sales.
3.
4.
The new logo conjures ________ the idea of a strong and wealthy firm.
5.
6.
A few years ago the market was crowded ________ small firms.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones:
1.
(1 point each)
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 4.
(2 points each)
1.
2.
The teacher was very _________________ and the students were _________________.
A: confusing ... boring
C: boring ... bored
3.
(3 points each)
The taste of the soup was great although its appearance was quite bad.
B: extremely dramatic
D: made extremely dramaticly
The successful promotion of this product caused that people started buying it.
The ____________________________________ product started being bought by people.
3.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs:
(1 point each)
points
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
attempt, ATTACK) HBs position on the market. And they could ______________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
FORWARD, COOPERATE) Jennifer Lopez, who is going to be their main star. Although
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Unit 9 INVESTMENT
Coursebook, page 77, exercise READING
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
_________________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________________ =
8.
_________________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
_________________ =
11.
_________________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
_________________ =
14.
to _______________ =
15.
_________________ =
16.
_________________ =
17.
_________________ =
16
18.
_________________ =
19.
_________________ =
20. to _______________ =
21.
_________________ =
22.
to _______________ =
23.
_________________ =
24.
_________________ =
17
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
Bradley Hopper was interested in textiles and therefore he decided to invest his money in
this business. At first, he wanted to get into the (1) _____________ (2) _____________
but later he abandoned this idea and became an investor. As the interviewer points out, this
investment has (3) _____________ (4) ____________ since the (5) _____________
accounts for approximately a hundred million dollars. As far as Bradley is concerned, his
first (6) _____________ is making money, and that is the (7) _____________ to his
(8) _____________. Nevertheless, he cannot relax as he has to keep (9) ____________
himself and hope to get (10) _______________ by the best (11) _______________
(12) _____________. His competitors are (13) _____________ (14) _____________
because the market is very (15) ____________________. In the future, he plans to
(16) ________________ their first (17) _______________ (18) _______________
(19) ___________________ a T-shirt made from (20) ___________________
(21) _______________ (22) _______________ that has been 100% grown in the USA.
Bradley thinks that the market for (23) _______________ (24) _______________
products is (25) __________________. However, he is thinking about becoming a
(26) ______________ (27) _______________, or rather a (28) _______________
(29) ______________. What he wants is the (30) _______________ at the beginning
of a (31) ______________, but he is also interested in the (32) _______________ part.
18
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
ARTs main activity is providing (1) _________________ at (2) _________________
(3) _________________ to small businesses that have problems with finding funding
from (4) _________________ sources. The condition is that their business plans have to
be (5) _________________. This model has been (6) _________________ by even
other institution since it (7) ___________________ in 1997. However, their model for
(8) ______________ could not have been implemented without (9) _______________
information and support. It isnt easy to (10) _________________ ones own business
and entrepreneurs may feel (11) _________________ in case they decide to ask for
assistance. As far as Steve is concerned, he has directors (12) _________________ to
(13) ______________ him and he knows he can ask them for (14) _______________.
He also gives advice to businesspeople by claiming that being open to new ideas provides
them with a different (15) _________________ and they are thus able to see their
situation from a different (16) ______________, which produces (17) _____________
the best results.
ART cooperates with various types of (18) ________________ that may be, for example,
(19) ________________. Unlike a bank that lends money to (20) ________________
(21) _______________, ARTs (22) _______________ is to (23) _______________
companies to (24) ________________ and help the (25) ________________ succeed.
Nevertheless, Steve made even a bad decision during the early (26) _________________
of ART: he planned to have 50,000 (27) _________________ printed up to
(28) _________________ their services. He wanted to (29) _________________
10,000 of them by (30) _________________ them into a magazine that goes out to the
(31) _____________ homes in the area. Unfortunately, he didnt (32) _____________
a single (33) _______________ from the (34) ________________. Later he learned
that this wasnt the correct way to (35) _________________ a new concept and he has
started to see what other (36) _________________ are (37) _________________. If
he had (38) ______________ advice from people who are more (39) ______________,
he could have (40) _________________ the situation better. So he says that his worst
decision (41) _________________ (42) _________________ with his best decision.
Steve also says that its a bad thing to close yourself (43) ____________________ to
new ideas. Businesspeople should not be afraid to ask for help and take advice
(44) _________________ (45) _________________ because this will be not only
(46) _________________ for the business, but also for themselves.
19
1.
_________________ =
2.
to _______________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
_________________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
to _______________ =
20
Developing an argument
Words meaning and, but and so
Words like and, but and so are usually used to join parts of sentences. We can use
longer words and phrases with the same meaning to link both across sentences and
within more complex sentences.
and:
but:
so:
These words and phrases are typical of formal speech (for example presentations) and
writing. They usually come at the start of a sentence and have a comma afterwards, but
can come after a comma in the middle of a sentence.
Supplier A is cheaper, and their delivery times are good. However, supplier B has
better quality products and they have a good reputation in the market.
This new process produces less waste, and as a result its much better for the
environment.
Our stocks are moving in a downwards spiral, therefore the Fed must cut interest rates to boost
our confidence. That, at least, is the theory among investors this week. (Forbes.com website)
We can use for example or for instance. Note the possible positions.
Our costs have gone up. For example, the cost of steel has nearly doubled.
Our costs have gone up. The cost of steel, for example, has nearly doubled.
We use such as in the middle of a sentence to give examples. It is the same as like.
Such as is followed by a noun phrase, not a whole clause.
Some delays, such as strikes or bad weather, are beyond our control.
Some delays are beyond our control, such as strikes or bad weather.
We can use First, Firstly, First of all to begin a series of points in a formal argument.
For other numbered points we say Second, Secondly, etc.
To add a point without numbering we can say As well as this, Besides this or In
addition. At the end we can say Finally.
Why choose the Czech Republic? Well, first of all, it has lower labour costs than other
neighbouring countries, and secondly, it has a stable currency. As well as this, it has
a trained workforce with good labour relations, and finally, it has a strong local market.
21
To finish one point we can say Overall or Taking everything into consideration.
Overall, a record 67% of the adult population is employed or looking for work, mainly
because female participation in the labor force has jumped over the last two decades.
(Business Week website)
To finish a formal speech we can say In conclusion.
In conclusion, Id just like to thank you all very much for coming, and I look forward to
seeing you again at our next meeting on 31 September.
There are many words and phrases we can use to talk generally: In general, On the
whole, As a rule, Typically, All in all, Basically, Overall, Broadly speaking.
Organisations typically have five customer relationships: customers, business partners,
suppliers, employees, and shareholders. (e-business advisor website)
If we want to make a balanced argument we often use one of these phrases followed
by a contrasting idea with a word like but.
In general the Japanese economy has not been very dynamic over recent years.
However, some technology and telecom companies are growing very fast.
On the whole, I think youre right, although I disagree with you about the level of risk.
We can use So, In short, To put it simply, To sum up and In summary to summarize.
So, to sum up the main points of my presentation so far, we are a truly international
company offering a full range of services to corporate and private clients in the areas
of finance, banking and insurance.
To put it simply, food processors will lose competitiveness as a direct result of EU
membership. (Business Central Europe website)
We use either to begin a list of possibilities. We do not begin with or. The other
possibilities are introduced with or.
Either we could cancel the product launch, or postpone it. (NOT Or we could cancel)
But in speech we can begin with or to complete the other persons idea.
A: We could just cancel the launch.
B: Or perhaps postpone it.
We use instead (of) to mean in the place of something else. At the end of a sentence,
instead is used without of.
Can we have the meeting on Friday instead of Thursday?
Thursday is no good? OK, can we have it on Friday instead?
22
Grammar exercises
1.
2.
Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the list below.
actually
such as
as well as this
therefore
either
nevertheless
except
so
instead
in general
1. People think its expensive, but actually over the long term it isnt.
2. The restaurant is open every day __________________ Monday.
3. Shes out of the country and __________________ unable to attend the meeting.
4. I was going on Tuesday, but now Im going on Monday __________________.
5. __________________ I think the meeting went very well, although we didnt manage
to agree on the composition of the new team.
6. Some areas, __________________ recruitment, are outsourced to other companies.
7. Im sorry. __________________ you accept this price, or we cant do business.
8. Its reliable, safe and easy to use. _________________, its excellent value for money.
9. Its reliable, safe and easy to use. _________________, the maintenance costs can be
quite high.
10. __________________, in short, its reliable, safe and easy to use.
3.
23
4. Read this article about transport policy in city centres. Complete the article by
choosing the correct alternative from A, B, C or D below.
Sorry, you
youll have to pay.
Traffic congestion in city centres is
cars
and
traffic
jams
5.
cause
A but
B except for
C instead of
D such as
A As well
B First of all
C In fact
D As a result
A As well as
B Also
C For example
D Except
A For example
B However
C And
D Secondly
A either
B both
C as a result
D instead of
A However
B Therefore
C So
D In conclusion
A To sum up
B In addition
C Actually
D For example
A to sum up
B in addition
C actually
D for example
A such as
B as well as
C instead of
D except
10
A thirdly
B in conclusion
C instead
D also
Complete this speech made by the leader of a Korean trade delegation at the end
of a trip to Wales with the words and phrases from the list below.
first f all
in conclusion
instead of
as a rule
in addition
however
therefore
in fact
Could I just say a few words? Thank you. Well, (1) first of all Id like to thank everyone here at GNK for
organizing todays visit. We have enjoyed meeting all the staff, seeing your new products and looking
round your factory. (2) ________________, I would like to thank the local Chamber of Commerce who
made the whole trip possible. As you know, we see the European market as very important for our
company. (3) ________________, it is central to our future plans. (4) _______________, Im sure
that we can look forward to even closer cooperation between our two companies in the future.
(5) _________________ I think its better to keep the ceremonies short on occasions like this,
(6) ________________, I would just like to take this opportunity to leave you with something to
remember our visit, and so I have great pleasure in presenting this book with photographs of Korea to
your director, Chris Armstrong. (7) _________________, I hope that we may soon have the pleasure
of welcoming some of you to our country in the future. Perhaps the next time we meet it will be in Seoul
(8) ______________ Cardiff! Once again, thank you all very much.
24
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase:
REVIEW TEST
(2 points each)
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 9 Investment
1.
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
I. Listening:
III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary:
IV. Translation:
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
2.
MARK
3.
points
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used:
------------------------
(1 point each)
points
1.
He _____________________ accounts, i.e. deliberately put wrong data in them, and lost
a staggering total of 208m.
2.
The asking price _______________________ the seller tends to become accepted as the
price around which negotiations take place.
3.
4.
(2 points each)
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets.
____________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
Have you ___________________________ the tasks you are supposed to do this week?
(PRIORITY)
(2 points each)
(1 point each)
1.
3.
Buying the shares now is ________________________: you can earn a lot of money but
you wont have any money for the production expansion at the moment. (PRODUCE)
2.
an investor who helps new companies develop by lending them their own money, which
may involve a lot of risk:
4.
points
(1 point each)
1.
Why dont companies abandon projects _______ which they are losing money?
2.
3.
4.
5.
Its difficult to overemphasize the risk involved _______ buying fine art as an investment.
6.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones:
1.
(3 points each)
3.
(2 points each)
1.
The investment fund could buy shares of _______ banks _______ insurance companies.
A: either ... and also
B: either ... or
C: neither ... but
D: neither ... nor
2.
__________, the financial crisis can last longer than most people think.
A: In conclusion
B: In general
C: Either
D: On the whole
3.
Certain measures, ____________ increasing the interest rate, refusing to lend money or
others, arent very popular.
A: such as
B: for example
D: for instance
C: like
They shouldnt have expanded their portfolio on any account, because their track record
was very poor.
On no account ___________________________________________________________.
2.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 4.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs:
(1 point each)
points
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________ (DISCUSS, opportunities, INVEST, safe) has become a major issue for
many fund managers. Shareholders _____________________________________________
(recent, SURPRISE) managers failure to earn the promised profits. The income __________
______________________________________ (SEEM, KEEP, DECREASE) last month,
which was bad news. However, a positive trend ____________________________________
(EXPECT, BEGIN) in the following quarter.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Unit 10 ENERGY
Coursebook, page 87, exercise READING
_________________ =
2.
to _______________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
_________________ =
5.
to _______________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________________ =
8.
_________________ =
9.
to _______________ =
10.
to __________ ____ =
11.
to _______________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
_________________ =
14.
to _______________ =
15.
_________________ =
16.
to _______________ =
to draw or pull out, often with great force or effort (e.g. oil
from the ground) (par 3)
17.
________ ________ =
18.
to _______________ =
19.
to _______________ =
20. _________________ =
21.
_________________ =
27
22.
to _______________ =
23.
to _______________ =
24.
_________________ =
25.
to _______________ =
26.
_________________ =
27.
to _______________ =
29.
_________________ =
30. _________________ =
31.
_________________ =
32.
________ ________ =
33.
_________________ =
34.
28
29
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
Energy sources are usually divided into two types: (1) ______________________
and (2) ________________. The first group refers to energies dependent on using
(3) ____________ or (4) ______________ (5) _______________. An example is
given to illustrate that if you use a (6) ________________ of oil for the production of
electricity or (7) ______________, it is clear that itll never be (8) ________________.
However, the second type of energy sources is dependent on (9) _________________
(10) _____________, such as (11) ______________, that are (12) ______________.
It means that the same (13) ________________ of energy will always be available.
People nowadays see many wind (14) ____________ or wind (15) ______________
that use wind (16) ______________ that originates from like many other renewable or
(17) _______________ energies (18) ________________. The sun not only creates
wind, but it also (19) ______________ heat, which makes water (20) _____________.
Other renewable sources include (21) _____________ (22) _____________, water and
(23) ______________ (24) ______________, and (25) ______________ energy.
Nevertheless, there are renewable energies that are not dependent on the sun, such as
(26) ________________ energy or (27) ________________ energy which uses the
(28) ________________ effect of the (29) ________________.
Mia says that alternative energy sources will play an important role in the future because
they are (30) __________________, unlike the traditional sources, and they are
(31) ________________ you neednt (32) ________________ anything to produce
electricity. They produce no gases that (33) _____________ the (34) _____________
or (35) _______________ health problems. Unfortunately, there is no simply way people
can suddenly (36) _______________ to using these sources.
The problems associated with these energies include high costs, the fact that many of
these technologies are (37) _____________, and the nature itself because for example if
the wind doesnt (38) ________________, you have to (39) ________________ for
(40) _______________ in the (41) _______________ of energy that can be produced.
An example of the UK shows that the main uses of energy there are (42) ___________
(43) ____________ and (44) _____________. Then to a (45) ____________ degree
there is industry and services. If somebody wanted to (46) _______________ the energy
that the first two sectors (47) ________________ with electricity from wind, they would
have to build a huge number of wind (48) _______________, which is not nowadays
possible because of technical and (49) ________________ reasons. Therefore the UK
government has (50) ___________ a fairly (51) ____________ (52) ____________
25% of energy from clean sources by (53) _____________. (54) _____________ energy
can be a solution but nobody wants to live next to a (55) ___________ (56) __________
(57) _________________. So it is obvious that alternative energy sources can help but
they wont (58) ______________ a (59) ______________ (60) _______________.
30
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
31
3.
_________________ =
4.
_________________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________ _______ =
8.
_________________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
_________ _______ =
11.
_________ _______ =
12.
to _______________ =
13.
_________ _______ =
32
Conditional clauses
If we sold ... (possible past)
When we want to talk about past events which possibly happened, we use If + past
simple in the condition clause, and any tense or modal in the result clause.
If you went to the meeting yesterday, you probably heard the news.
If you missed the TV programme last night, you can borrow the recording I made.
(result)
If Clinton and Gore had won the election, they would have promoted free trade agreements with
other nations in the same way as Bush. (Yahoo Business News website)
There is often a suggestion of criticism or regret:
If the economic situation had been better, we wouldnt have lost so many customers.
The examples above are about two actions in the past. If the result clause refers to the
present we use would + infinitive.
If I had done an MBA, I would be on a higher salary now.
Conditionals without if
We use if for something that might happen in the future, or something imaginary. We
use when for something that we know will happen.
Ill call you if I get a chance.
We can use provided that, providing, on condition that, as long as and so long as for
emphasis. The meaning is if and only if.
As long as there is new technology, consultants will continue to be in demand. (Sunday
Times website)
We can use in case to talk about doing something to avoid a possible problem later.
The result clause usually comes first and often uses going to.
Im going to give you my mobile number in case you need to contact me.
33
Wish
For the present and future, use I wish followed by the past simple or continuous.
I wish we didnt have so many meetings.
I wish / wasnt working next weekend.
If the wish is a good one, use I hope followed by the present simple or will.
I hope your presentation goes well.
I hope the merger will be a success.
If the wish is about doing something that is difficult or impossible, use I wish I could.
I wish I could contact him, but he hasnt got a mobile phone.
We can replace I wish with If only for emphasis. We stress only in speech.
If only I hadnt eaten the oysters.
If only I could contact him.
The examples in unit 17 were with will. But other modal verbs like can, could, may might,
must and should are common in conditional sentences and have their normal meanings.
If you deal with the Middle East you must be available to your customers on Saturdays and
Sundays. (Overseas Trade magazine)
If the euro were weak in the long term, companies might slow down their drive to increase
productivity and governments might put the brake on their structural reforms. (Le Monde
diplomatique website)
Compaq CEO Michael Capellas commented on the recent decline of dot.com firms, which were so
popular on the U.S. stock market a few months ago. If you dont have a sound business plan, you
cannot succeed. (International Herald Tribune website)
We often use present forms like will and can with likely futures, and past forms like would
(d) and could with imaginary futures.
If you sign now, well/can deliver by Friday.
If you signed now, wed/could deliver by Friday.
(likely future)
(imaginary future)
But it is also common to find mixed tense sequences because modals keep their normal
meanings:
If Hungarian farmers respond to competition by improving productivity and becoming more efficient
at marketing, they could have a bigger share of the market. (Business Central Europe website)
With a present form (respond) we might expect can. However could is used here with
its normal meaning of uncertainty (can does not express uncertainty).
34
Grammar exercises
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.
Read these sentences and decide if the events are likely or imaginary. Complete
the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the present simple + will or the
past simple + would. Use contracted forms where possible.
1. Its not far. If you follow (follow) this road, youll come (come) to the station.
2. If I was (be) on the Board of this company, Id argue (argue) against the merger.
3. If you ________________ (have) any questions, I ______________ (deal) with them at
the end of my presentation.
4. If the council ______________ (ban) all cars from the city centre, there ____________
(not be) so much pollution.
5. A: I have no idea what the other side are going to propose in the negotiation tomorrow.
B: Neither do I. If I ____________ (know), I ___________ (tell) you.
6. A: My train leaves in forty minutes.
B: It only takes ten minutes to the station by taxi. If you _______________ (leave) now, you
_______________ (catch) it.
7. A: Is that the time? I really should be going.
B: If you ________________ (wait) a moment, I _________________ (give) you a lift.
8. A: Would you like to go to English evening classes with me?
B: Im sorry, but I cant. Im really busy. If I _____________________ (have) more time, I
________________ (love) to.
3.
Complete the sentences with the correct pair of possible forms, a) or b).
2. When ________ a lot of orders, we always employ extra staff in the factory.
a) well get/we got
b) we get/weve got
35
4.
will (x2) wont (x2) would (x2) wouldnt unless (x2) be is is going to be dont didnt
PAULA:
Luis. Arent you worried about the proposed strike?
LUIS:
Well, sure ...
PAULA:
LUIS:
PAULA:
LUIS:
PAULA:
LUIS:
PAULA:
LUIS:
PAULA:
LUIS:
PAULA:
LUIS:
PAULA:
5.
You see, if the factory workers go on strike, we (1)ll lose a lot of production. If we lose production,
we (2) ____________ be able to supply all our customers.
Yes, I know, but ...
And if we (3) ____________ supply our customers, theyll probably buy other makes of car. If
that happens, our market share (4) ___________ go down. Its not looking good.
Well, thats right, but ...
And whats more, in my experience, when workers go on strike there (5) _____________ a bad
atmosphere for months afterwards.
Yes.
So, (6) _____________________ you can come to an agreement with the workers soon, there
(7) __________________________________ a lot of trouble ahead. If you want my advice,
(8) _____________ very careful.
Look, dont worry.
Dont worry?
Yes. Look, the workers know that the success of the company depends on this new model.
(9) _______________ theyre stupid, they (10) ______________ go on strike.
Oh?
Now, just imagine if it sold really well, we (11) _________________ increase our market
share and our profits. If that happened, we (12) _________________ need to make so many job
cuts. And if we (13) _______________________________ have to cut jobs, the trade unions
(14) __________________ be much happier.
Well, I suppose youve got a point.
You are talking to a friend about your new job. Use your thoughts to complete the
sentences you say. Put the verb in brackets into either the present simple, past simple,
imperative, will + infinitive or would + infinitive.
You think: People say that hard work usually results in promotion in this company.
You say: (1) They say that if you work (work) hard, you get (get) promoted.
You think: I want to show them that Im good at my job so that I can have more job security.
You say: (2) I hope that if I ________________ (do) my best, they _________________ (give) me a
permanent contract after a few months.
You think: Ive been late in the morning a few times. I wish I could work at the Leiria site which is nearer
my home.
You say: (3) Im sometimes late for work. If I _______________ (work) at the Leiria site, it __________
(not be) such a problem.
You think: One thing worries me. I had a health problem a few years ago, but its very unlikely that it will
reoccur.
You say: (4) I wonder what _____________ (happen) if my health problem _____________ (reoccur)?
You think: Maybe its not a problem. In general they seem to be very reasonable about illness.
You say: (5) Actually, if you _____________ (miss) one or two days because of illness, they ___________
(not seem) to mind.
You think: Goodbye. I hope Ill see you soon.
You say: (6) If you ______________ (fancy) a drink one evening, just ______________ (give) me a ring.
36
6.
1.
Underline the correct words. This exercise includes revision of imaginary futures.
If you phoned/had phoned me yesterday, I had told/would have told you.
2. If you took/would have taken more exercise, you might feel/had felt better.
3. If Tim would have listened/had listened more carefully, he wouldnt have made/didnt make
that mistake.
4. If wed found/we found suitable premises, wed have moved/we had moved earlier.
5.
If people kept/had kept their offices more tidy, it might present/presented a better image to our
visitors.
6. If Id known/I would know about their financial problems, I wouldnt do/wouldnt have done
If our side had been/was better prepared, we succeeded/could have succeeded in the
negotiations.
7.
Complete the sentences with the words from the list below. Each word is used twice.
when
1.
as long as
in case
unless
Ill speak to you again when Ive looked at the contract in detail.
2. Leave your return flight open ____________ the negotiations take an extra day.
3. We can start the project next week ____________ everyone agrees.
4. We can start the project next week ____________ anyone disagrees.
5.
The Board will be happy ____________ our share price remains high.
The new stock will arrive ____________ the Christmas sales are finished.
8. Well probably make a loss this year ____________ sales improve in the last quarter.
Ive been waiting thirty minutes for the bus. I wish I took/had taken a taxi.
37
9.
Patrick and Jurgen are discussing a negotiation that went wrong. Complete the dialogue
with words from the list below.
if
as long as
in case
can
would have
unless (x2)
ll
d (x2)
d have
wouldnt have
PATRICK:
Jurgen, (1) if youve got a moment, (2) ______________ I have a word with you?
JURGEN:
Sure. (3) _____________ it doesnt take too long, Ive got a meeting in five minutes. Is it
about that contract that we lost?
PATRICK:
Yes. What went wrong? Do you think we (4) ______________________ got the deal if we
(5) _______________ offered a better price? Maybe we (6) ________________ lost the
business.
JURGEN:
PATRICK:
No? Well, was it a problem with the delivery time? If we (7) _______________ given a
shorter delivery time, (8) ______________ we ______________been more successful?
JURGEN:
PATRICK:
Hmm, this is strange. We really should find out what went wrong (9) _______________ a
situation like this happens in the future. You know, (10) _________________ we learn from
our mistakes, we (11) _________________ lose more orders. Now, Jurgen, tell me what do
you think could really have happened?
JURGEN:
Well, nothing, (12) ________________ they didnt like our sales rep.
PATRICK:
Oh?
JURGEN:
PATRICK:
10.
A supplier is thinking about a negotiation in the future. Match his thoughts 14 with his words a)d).
1.
2.
3.
4.
___
___
___
a)
b)
c)
d)
The same supplier is thinking about a negotiation in the past. Match his thoughts 58 with his words
e) h).
5.
6.
7.
8.
___
___
___
___
38
e)
f)
g)
h)
Mixed Conditionals
Sometimes Unreal Conditional sentences are mixed. This means that the time in the if-clause
is not the same as the time in the result. Study the examples below to learn how to mix
conditional verb forms like a native speaker.
Verbs in green are in the Present Unreal Conditional.
Verbs in red are in the Past Unreal Conditional.
Verbs in purple are in the Future Unreal Conditional.
PRESENT
Examples:
If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
BUT I DIDNT WIN THE LOTTERY IN THE PAST AND I AM NOT RICH NOW.
If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job opportunities.
BUT I DIDNT TAKE FRENCH IN HIGH SCHOOL AND I DONT HAVE MANY JOB OPPORTUNITIES.
If she had been born in the United States, she wouldnt need a visa to work here.
BUT SHE WASNT BORN IN THE UNITED STATES AND SHE DOES NEED A VISA NOW TO WORK HERE.
PAST
FUTURE
Examples:
If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow.
BUT SHE DIDNT SIGN UP FOR THE SKI TRIP LAST WEEK AND SHE ISNT GOING TO JOIN US TOMORROW.
If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai.
BUT MARK DIDNT GET THE JOB AND MARK IS NOT GOING TO MOVE TO SHANGHAI.
If Darren hadnt wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas, he would go
PRESENT
PAST
Examples:
If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
BUT I AM NOT CURRENTLY RICH AND THAT IS WHY I DIDNT BUY THE FERRARI YESTERDAY.
If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
BUT SAM DOESNT SPEAK RUSSIAN AND THAT IS WHY HE DIDNT TRANSLATE THE LETTER.
If I didnt have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.
BUT I HAVE TO WORK A LOT AND THAT IS WHY I DIDNT GO TO THE PARTY LAST NIGHT.
PRESENT
FUTURE
Examples:
If I didnt have so much vacation time, I wouldnt go with you on the cruise to
Alaska next week.
BUT I DO HAVE A LOT OF VACATION TIME AND I WILL GO ON THE TRIP NEXT WEEK.
If Cindy were more creative, the company would send her to New York to work on
39
FUTURE
PAST
Examples:
If I werent going on my business trip next week, I would have accepted that
new assignment at work.
BUT I AM GOING TO GO ON A BUSINESS TRIP NEXT WEEK, AND THAT IS WHY I DIDNT ACCEPT THAT
NEW ASSIGNMENT AT WORK.
If my parents werent coming this weekend, I would have planned a nice trip
FUTURE
PRESENT
Examples:
If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.
BUT I AM NOT GOING TO GO TO THAT CONCERT TONIGHT AND THAT IS WHY I AM NOT EXCITED.
If Sandy were giving a speech tomorrow, she would be very nervous.
BUT SANDY IS NOT GOING TO GIVE A SPEECH TOMORROW AND THAT IS WHY SHE IN NOT NERVOUS.
If Seb didnt come with us to the desert, everyone would be very disappointed.
BUT SEB WILL COME WITH US TO THE DESERT AND THAT IS WHY EVERYONE IS SO HAPPY.
Exercise:
1. She will take care of the children for us next weekend because her business trip was
canceled.
But, she (take, not) would not be taking care of the children for us next weekend if her
business trip (be, not) had not been canceled.
2. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday.
3. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married.
4. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going to
take six months off to spend more time with his family.
5. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on
African tribal groups.
But, Professor Schmitz (talk, not) __________________ so much about the Maasai
tribe if she (be, not) ______________________ an expert on African tribal groups.
40
7. Nicole speaks Chinese fluently because she lived in China for ten years.
8. I will not help you study for your test because you have spent the last two weeks partying
and wasting time.
But, I (help) _________________________ you study for your test if you (spend,
not) __________________________ the last two weeks partying and wasting time.
9. Eleanor and Ben are not going skiing with us this year because Eleanor just had a baby.
But, Eleanor and Ben (go) _________________________ skiing with us this year if
Eleanor (have, not, just) _________________________ a baby.
10. I am completely exhausted, so I will not go with you to the movies tonight.
11. She is not worried about the conference tomorrow because she is not giving a speech.
12. Frank is not going to the graduation ceremony because he broke his leg snowboarding
last week.
13. They are not releasing the prisoner next month because there was so much public
opposition to his release.
14. The hotels filled up months in advance because the festival is going to include jazz artists
from around the globe.
41
15. We are not worried about the recent string of robberies in the neighborhood because the
police have started regularly patrolling the area.
But, we (be) _________________ worried about the recent string of robberies in the
neighborhood if the police (start, not) ______________ regularly patrolling the area.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Kdyby generln editel ztra neodjdl do Kanady, mohli jsme vera jt dv dom.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
42
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase:
REVIEW TEST
(2 points each)
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 10 Energy
1.
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
I. Listening:
III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary:
IV. Translation:
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
2.
3.
One day well be able to use methods such as satellite power ______________________
to the Earth.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
points
------------------------
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used:
(1 point each)
points
(2 points each)
1.
2.
3.
4.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets.
1.
2.
(2 points each)
(1 point each)
1.
3.
2.
a situation or state when people are able to buy a product because it does not cost too
much money:
4.
points
(1 point each)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lets get Mary ________ the energy consumption research, shell do it.
6.
Europe will soon have to compensate ________ the oil it imports from Russia.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones:
1.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 4.
(2 points each)
1.
2.
(3 points each)
I didnt accept the job last year and therefore I cant go for a business trip to Alaska now.
3.
B: was here
D: could speak
B: I wish
D: Provided that
The machine wont keep making the noise if you turn it off.
points
(1 point each)
_________________________________________________________________________
3.
Jane didnt marry Paul in the past because she is always so indecisive.
Jane _______________________________ if she _______________________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs:
_________________________________________________________________________
CONSIDER, RUN) a nuclear power station for many years but the shortage of electricity
____________________________________ (soon, FORCE, they, START) a public debate
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Examples of corporations that have (1) _____________ (2) _____________ recently
(or announced their (3) ____________ to do so) exhibit some quite (4) ____________
(5) ____________. E.g. in the case of DreamWorks, its clear that the (6) ___________
(7) ______________ is to allow the original investors to (8) ______________ their
(9) ____________. However, in the case of Virgin Blue, the (10) ____________ is more
directly (11) ____________ (12) ____________ to the (13) ____________ of the
business airlines need a lot of (14) _________ to (15) __________ (16) __________,
and getting it from the public can be very (17) ____________. On the other hand, the
priorities of Dominos Pizza are slightly different as the firm is primarily interested in
(18) _____________ (19) _____________ some of its (20) _____________ and in
(21) ____________ some of its (22) ____________ (23) ____________.
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
to _______ ________ = to ask somebody not to interfere with your business (par 1)
4.
to _______________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
7.
_________________ =
8.
_________________ =
45
9.
_________________ =
10.
11.
12.
_________ _______ =
13.
to _______________ =
14.
_________________ =
15.
to _______________ =
16.
_________________ =
17.
_________________ =
18.
_________________ =
19.
_________________ =
20. _________________ =
21.
_________ _______ =
22.
_________ _______ =
23.
24.
25.
_________________ =
26.
to _______________ =
27.
_________________ =
28. to _______________ =
29.
_________________ =
46
30. _________________ =
31.
to _______________ =
32.
to _______________ =
33.
_________________ =
34.
_________________ =
35.
36.
to _______________ =
37.
to _________ ______ =
38. _________________ =
39.
_________ _________
_________ _______ =
40. to _______________ =
41.
_________________ =
42.
_________________ =
43.
_________________ =
44. _________________ =
45.
_________________ =
46. _________________ =
47.
to _______________ =
48. to _______________ =
49. to _______________ =
47
48
12. Why is it possible for Google to avoid using Wall Street and what are Googles founders
relying on?
_____________________________________________________________
13. What will happen in Wall Street when Google announces disappointing results?
_____________________________________________________________
14. Explain the two principles Google is based on in simple English.
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
15. What does the new breed of technocrat kings try to do?
_____________________________________________________________
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Jonathan thinks that the Google IPO wasnt very successful even if they did (1) _________
(2) ___________ dollars from the (3) ___________ of almost 20m (4) ___________,
because originally Google had thought the IPO would bring in almost (5) ___________
dollars. If you compare the price they actually sold for with what the firm had (6) __________,
then its obvious that it didnt really (7) ___________ (8) ___________ that well. He
also thinks that the (9) ___________ (10) ___________ made some mistakes, which is
the reason why they didnt make their (11) ______________. One of them was the
(12) ________________ of the IPO because summer is not the best time to get the
(13) ___________ (14) ___________ (15) __________ (16) __________. Secondly,
there was the (17) ___________ concerning the (18) ___________ of their plans they
were never published in (19) ______________ detail and investors were left in some
(20) ___________. Lastly, the (21) ___________ process of the (22) ___________
was complicated and instead of (23) ___________ things it made it more difficult to buy
the (24) _________. Overall, the Google IPO was a great (25) __________ for investors.
49
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
part 1:
part 2:
50
1.
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
_________________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________________ =
8.
to _______________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
_______ _________ =
11.
_________ _______ =
12.
to _______________ =
13.
_________________ =
14.
_________________ =
15.
_________________ =
16.
_________________ =
17.
18.
19.
_________________ =
51
to ___________ _____
20.
21.
_________________ =
22.
23.
_________________ =
24.
_________________ =
25.
_________________ =
26.
_________________ =
27.
to _______ ________ =
28. to _______________ =
29.
_________________ =
30. _________________ =
31.
_________________ =
32.
_______ _________ =
33.
34.
to _________ ______ =
35.
_________________ =
36.
_________________ =
37.
to _______________ =
38. _________________ =
39.
_________________ =
40. _________________ =
41.
_________________ =
42.
_________________ =
43.
_________________ =
44.
_________________ =
52
45.
_________________ =
46.
_________________ =
here: too high but not justified for being so high (par 6)
47.
53
Future forms
will
We can use will + the infinitive (without to) to refer to the future. Will is usually
shortened in speech and informal writing to ll. The negative of will is wont.
We can use will with an introductory phrase to give other meanings. For example, a
personal opinion (I think) or a hope (I hope):
I think well probably open a subsidiary in Russia next year.
I hope hell agree with you.
Will can be used for instant decisions and thoughts that come into our head at the
moment of speaking.
Ill wait for you outside.
Ill phone you tomorrow.
I think Ill stop now.
Going to
We use the verb be + going to + the infinitive to make a connection between the
present and the future.
We use going to for plans and intentions. These are things we have already decided to
do.
I believe that Greenspan is going to lower rates. There are some signs of liquidity problems in
the credit markets at this point in time, and a smart central bank responds by casing credit.
(New York Times website)
The time in the future can be near or distant:
Im going to call Fiona Clarke this afternoon.
Were going to open a factory in Hungary next year.
We use going to to make predictions when there is some evidence in the present
situation:
Be careful! Its going to fall.
I think were going to lose this deal.
54
Present continuous
We can use the present continuous tense to talk about things we have arranged to do
in the future. There is nearly always a time expression.
Ann is leaving tomorrow morning.
HSBC are moving to new premises next year.
The arrangements are often social arrangements or appointments.
What are you doing on Tuesday afternoon?
Im seeing Jack at two, and after that Im meeting my bank manager.
Will is used for instant decisions. Going to is used for plans and intentions.
Compare:
OK, I know what to do. Ill call Jane. (an instant decision)
Do you have the information for Jane? Im going to call her this afternoon. (an intention)
Will is used for general beliefs, opinions, hopes and things the speaker sees as facts.
Im sure theyll like the new design.
In the future, more people will work from home.
When will is used with a phrase like I think and/or words like probably then the
belief/opinion becomes less certain, like a prediction.
I think youll like this idea.
The world will probably end in about five billion years.
But if there is strong evidence in the present situation then going to is usually used for
predictions:
I think its going to rain.
(I can see black clouds)
Were going to make a loss on this project. (I have the figures in front of me)
Will is more usual in writing. ll and going to are more usual in speech.
For future plans and arrangements there is often little difference between going to and
the present continuous.
Im going to give/Im giving my presentation on Friday.
Going to can suggest that the details of the arrangement have not been finalized. The
present continuous can suggest that the arrangement is more fixed, with a time and a
place.
Im going to meet him next week.
(just a plan time and place are still unknown)
Im meeting him at ten in my office. (a definite, fixed arrangement)
Time expressions
Common time expressions for the future include: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,
on Friday, at the weekend, next week, in a few days time.
55
We use the present simple or the present perfect (not will) to refer to the future after these
words: when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, until, by the time, the next time:
When I see her, Ill tell her you called.
Well discuss it again after you get back.
As soon as Ive finished the report, Ill email it to you.
You can wait here until she comes back.
Notice that a future form (will, can) is used in the other part of the sentence.
We often use the present simple (or present continuous) when we talk about events in the
future based on a fixed timetable, programme or calendar:
Jims plane leaves (is leaving) at 12.15.
Our boss retires (is retiring) next year.
Future continuous
The future continuous is formed with will + be + the -ing form of the verb:
One thing that is clear is that more and larger Taiwanese companies will be investing in China
and that the new government will allow them to. (Asiaweek website)
The future continuous is often used to say that something will definitely happen:
Well be holding a meeting soon, so we can make a decision then.
Future perfect
We use the future perfect to look back from one point in the future to an earlier event or
period of time. We often use by or by the time with the future perfect:
By the time we prepare our proposal theyll have found another supplier.
By the end of the year well have sold around 1,000 units.
It is common to use a simple will form in place of the future perfect, although some people
think this is not grammatically correct:
By the time weve prepared our proposal theyll find another supplier.
By the end of the year well sell around 1,000 units.
We use the continuous form of the future perfect to look back from one point in the future
at an activity in progress:
Next year well have been manufacturing the same model for ten years.
56
Was going to
Was/were going to is not a future form. We use it to refer to something that we planned
in the past but did not do:
Im sorry, I was going to phone you this morning, but I had to see one of our clients.
We often use modals and related verbs like should, be likely to, could, may, might to
refer to the future.
We use the verbs expect, hope, intend, would like, plan, want followed by an infinitive
(to do) to refer to the future:
German automaker BMW is planning to build a production plant in Central or Eastern Europe
by the middle of 2001 and the Czech Republic is hoping to get the contract. (praguepost
website)
Notice the negative forms:
I expect/hope I wont ...
We dont intend/plan/want to ...
I wouldnt like to ...
We can use be about to for things that will (will not) happen very soon:
A look at the stock-market valuations of big software houses such as Cisco and Oracle show that
the pace of development in new technology is not about to slow. (Forbes.com website)
In modern English Shall I/we ...? are used to make suggestions, not to refer to the future.
Shall I open the window?
Shall we meet again next week?
Shall is still used for the future in formal situations, for example legal documents.
Grammar exercises
1.
__d__
2. Im sorry to hear that. Ill find out what the problem is right now. _____
3. Im sorry, but I wont be here tomorrow. Ill be in Paris. _____
4. Im meeting Angela for lunch. Do you want to join us? _____
5. Their share price will probably rise when the market recovers. _____
6. With so much competition its going to be difficult to increase sales. _____
57
_b_
a)
2.
___
3.
___
4.
___
5.
___
6.
___
7.
___
8.
___
58
a)
you leave.
5.
Complete this dialogue by putting each of the verbs in brackets into the future.
Choose between will and going to. Sometimes either answer may be possible, but
decide which form is the most natural. Use contractions where possible.
JOANNA: Please, come in, have a seat. Would you like a drink? Coffee? Mineral water?
GREG:
Oh, I (1)ll have (have) a coffee please.
JOANNA: Lucy ... could you make two coffees? (sighs) Well, thanks for coming this morning. I
(2) ________________ (tell) you why I asked you here. Um, as you know, there
(3) ________________ (be) some big changes in the company. In fact, we
(4) ____________________ (restructure) the whole department.
GREG:
Yes, I know. When (5) ____________________ (it/happen)?
JOANNA: Everything (6) _______________ (be) finished by the summer. Um, the thing is,
under the new structure your job (7) ________________ (probably/disappear).
GREG:
Really? Is that certain?
JOANNA: Well, we (8) _____________ (have) a meeting next week to finalize all the plans,
and of course I (9) ________________ (let) you know what we decide. Anyway,
you dont have to worry.
GREG:
Oh?
(coffee arrives)
JOANNA: Well, as I was saying, you dont have to worry. We (10) _______________ (offer)
you a new job. You (11) ________________ (have) more responsibility, and the
salary (12) ________________ (be) much better.
GREG:
Thats wonderful, thank you very much. What exactly (13) _________________
(the new job/involve)?
JOANNA: Well, we (14) __________________ (expand) the whole customer services area.
If you accept the job, you (15) _________________ (be) responsible for the new
team. Um, it (16) _________________ (mean) a lot more work, of course. What
do you think?
GREG:
It sounds great, but I (17) ______________ (need) a day or two to think about it.
JOANNA: Of course, no problem. Look, I (18) __________________ (not/be) in the office
for the next few days I (19) ____________________ (visit) our subsidiary in
Hungary. (20) ________________ (you/have) an answer for me by next week?
GREG:
Yes, I (21) _________________ (give) you my decision on Monday.
6. Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the most appropriate
future form. Choose between will, going to and the present continuous.
1. Have you heard the news? Vivendi is going to buy (buy) Seagram.
2. I _________________ (meet) Andrea at nine next Thursday morning outside the station.
3. Ive just had a call from Richard he _________________ (be) late.
4. Next year _________________ (be) the companys centenary year.
5. This taxi driver is terrible. He _________________ (have) an accident.
6. In the future video-conferences _________________ (probably replace) many
international meetings.
7. We _________________ (test) the new machine sometime next week.
8. I _________________ (go) to Manchester on Friday.
9. Would you mind waiting for a moment? I _________________ (not be) long.
59
7.
An economist has prepared a short report about his country next year. Read it,
then choose the correct alternative from A, B, C or D below to complete the report.
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
is wanting to
predict
will be fallen
probably will
about to
dues to
will have begun
will be fought
is planning
happening
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
is liking to
expect
will been falling
will probably
soon
due to
will be begun
will be fighting
planning to
will happen
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
would like to
believe
will falling
probably is
being
is due to
has begun
will fighting
is planned to
happens
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
due to
hope
will fall
is probably
expecting
is duing to
will begin
will have fight
is planning to
happen
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase:
REVIEW TEST
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 11 Going public
(2 points each)
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
I. Listening:
III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary:
IV. Translation:
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
3.
points
------------------------
2.
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used:
(1 point each)
points
(2 points each)
1.
2.
3.
4.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets.
(1 point each)
1.
2.
(2 points each)
1.
the act of forming a new, independent company from part of an existing one; a company
formed in this way:
3.
2.
an official financial record that gives details of all a companys income and expenses for a
particular period and shows if it has made a profit or a loss:
4.
points
(1 point each)
1.
2.
3.
Our firm has embarked _________ a long but hopefully successful journey.
4.
I tried to bid _________ my rival but finally I didnt have enough money.
5.
6.
1.
3.
(3 points each)
B: will be talking
D: is going to talk
B: is married
D: will be married
We will receive the money and after that I will let you know.
Brokers will try to sell your shares. On Monday next week.
The brokers __________________________________ your shares on Monday next week.
3.
1.
(2 points each)
2.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones; try to use the
most suitable future form:
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 4.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs:
points
(1 point each)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
as possible about the firms financial position. Also, if a chosen strategy _________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
a new brand can be quite difficult for the original staff too. Nevertheless, this has to be done if
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Unit 12 COMPETITION
Coursebook, page 102, exercise PREVIEW
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Competition is a (1) _____________ factor for businesses as knowing your position in
relation to your rivals is (2) _____________. This has become a (3) _____________
(4) ________________ for many firms. To find it out, there are various ways you can
(5) _____________ it: one of the (6) _____________ (7) _____________ is based
on Michael Porters theory. He claims there are five (8) _____________ forces affecting a
companys (9) ___________ position. If we put this into the form of a (10) __________,
we would mark several key concepts there: (11) _____________ (12) _____________,
(13) _____________ of (14) _____________ (i.e. the (15) _____________ that
others will (16) ____________ to enter your (17) ____________), (18) ___________
of (19) _____________, (20) _____________ of (21) _____________ (this is quite
(22) _______________ and it just refers to the (23) _____________ both these groups
can (24) _____________ e.g. if a company is selling to a major (25) _____________
(26) _____________, buyers can (27) _____________ certain conditions on you while
if a supplier depends on one source, they dont have much (28) ________________ for
(29) _____________), and (30) _____________ or (31) _____________ products.
In practice the theory is helpful as it (32) _____________ a number of ways that firms
can (33) _____________ (34) _____________ to (35) _____________ others from
entering the market. For of these ways are important: (36) _____________ (making your
product (37) ______________), (38) ______________ of (39) ______________ (a
(40) _____________ advantage), (41) _____________, and (42) _____________
(43) _____________ (making it (44) _____________ expensive for customers to
change to a (45) _____________ product or service.
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
to _______________ =
63
4.
to _______________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
to _______________ =
8.
_________________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
to __________ _____ =
11.
_________________ =
12.
to _______________ =
13.
to _______________ =
14.
_________________ =
15.
_________________ =
16.
_________________ =
17.
to _______________ =
18.
to _______________ =
19.
_________________ =
20. _________________ =
21.
to _______________ =
22.
to _______________ =
23.
_________________ =
24.
_________________ =
25.
_________________ =
26.
to _______________ =
27.
_________________ =
28. _________________ =
29.
_________________ =
30. _________________ =
64
31.
_________________ =
32.
33.
_________________ =
34.
_________________ =
35.
_________________ =
36.
__________ ______ =
37.
_________________ =
38. to _______________ =
39.
_________ _______ =
41.
_________________ =
42.
_________________ =
43.
_________________ =
44. _________________ =
45.
_________________ =
46. _________________ =
47.
_________________ =
48. _________________ =
49. to _______________ =
51.
to _______________ =
52.
_________________ =
53.
_________________ =
54.
_________________ =
55.
_________ _______ =
56.
57.
_________________ =
65
66
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Honda has successfully entered new markets by using a (1) _____________ combination
of quality (2) ____________, (3) ____________ production, and (4) ____________
(5) ______________. The original company, set up in 1946, was (6) ______________
just a small (7) _______________ (8) _______________ of (9) _______________
(10) _____________. Their first (11) _____________ product came out a year later and
it was a small (12) _____________ (13) _____________ to be (14) _____________
to bikes. Ten years later they produced the Supercub, the first really successful
(15) ______________ (16) ______________. They introduced it to the US market in
(17) _____________. It was then followed by a whole (18) _____________ of new
models. The company also started to move into a new (19) _________________ the
(20) _________________ industry. After producing a (21) _________________ of
(22) _____________ cars like Civic, the Accura model became the (23) ____________
car in America. They had (24) ___________ taken the car market by (25) ___________.
Honda also focused on other activities, such as (26) ____________, (27) ___________,
and (28) ____________. One of their most (29) _____________ (30) ____________
was into (31) _____________(32) _____________. A (33) _____________ of their
plane, the Honda Jet, has already (34) ____________ and with 441 (35) ____________
supporting the companys (36) _________________ worldwide, Honda represents a
(37) _____________ impossible to (38) _____________.
to _______________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
________ ________ =
5.
_________________ =
manipulation (par 1)
6.
_________________ =
7.
________ ________ =
67
8.
to _______________ =
9.
__________ ______ =
10.
_________________ =
11.
_________________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
_________________ =
14.
_________________ =
15.
to _______________ =
to have the care of; watch over; look after; to apply ones
attention (par 2)
16.
_________________ =
17.
_________________ =
18.
__________ _______
_________ _______=
19.
_________________ =
20. _________________ =
21.
_________________ =
22.
to _______________ =
23.
to _______________ =
24.
_________ _______ =
25.
_________________ =
26.
_________________ =
27.
_________________ =
28. _________________ =
29.
_________________ =
30. _________________ =
31.
_________________ =
68
32.
_________________ =
33.
_________________ =
34.
to _______________ =
35.
_________________ =
36.
to _______________ =
37.
_________________ =
38. _________________ =
39.
_________________ =
69
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
Consumer power is important as it has (1) _____________ (2) _____________ for
companies. Many of them already describe themselves as (3) __________________ or
(4) ________________. Because of the existence of the internet their (5) ___________
will be (6) _____________ as never before for example (7) _____________ on
(8) ___________ (9) ___________ will no longer be possible because people will find out
that (10) ___________ in a different place are cheaper or that certain (11) ___________
are (12) ___________. The internet is working (13) ___________ in (14) ___________
standards.
Another aspect is that (15) ___________ (16) ___________ takes place online, i.e.
people can (17) ___________ products, prices and (18) ___________. They can read
about the products and even discover what (19) _____________ (20) _____________
have to say. In addition, (21) ______________ and (22) ______________ constantly
(23) ___________ the products.
In the past, people would often visit a (24) _____________ (25) _____________ or
(26) ___________ to (27) ___________ around, (28) ___________ out products and
(29) _____________ (30) _____________ from a (31) ______________, look at the
(32) _________________ from him and buy or go to a (33) ___________. Nowadays,
however, each of these steps is (34) ___________. For example, 80% of Fords customers
know what they want to buy before they arrive at a (35) ___________, which means that
having (36) _____________ (37) _____________ is of little (38) _____________.
People now spend as much time (39) ___________ the (40) ___________ as they do
with other activities, but (41) _____________ the (42) _____________ of information
(43) ______________ available, consumers are (44) ______________ ever to become
(45) ___________ (46) ___________. (47) ___________ and (48) ___________ will
(49) ___________. Although brands will probably stay popular, brand (50) ___________
are (51) ___________. A (52) ___________ or a (53) ___________ can cost companies
(54) ___________ and (55) ___________ the advantage to an (56) _____________
(57) _________. This is what happened to Apple when its iPod (58) _________ from Sony
the (59) __________ (60) __________ in (61) ___________ music (62) __________.
Pat (the interviewer) says that many firms do not yet seem (63) ___________ of the
(64) _____________ (65) _____________ of newly (66) ___________ consumers and
Rob adds that, on the other hand, some businesses have (67) _____________ the internet
(68) _________________ and they have been (69) ___________ for it. For instance,
Dell has (70) ___________ retailers and used (71) ___________ (72) ___________.
The internet is also (73) ____________ the (74) ___________ business as people are able
70
to (75) ___________ flights, cars and hotels directly. And it has also allowed many small
businesses, from (76) ___________ stores to (77) ___________ of (78) ___________
on eBay, to (79) ___________ a (80) ___________ market.
Internet search firms are now offering more (81) ___________ services i.e. services
that consumers are sure to (82) ___________ up. At a (83) ___________, they will be
able to check the (84) ___________ from (85) ___________ (86) ___________ even as
they (87) ___________ the (88) ___________.
_________________ =
2.
to _______________ =
3.
to _______________ =
4.
to _______________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________________ =
8.
_________________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
to _______________ =
11.
_________________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
_________________ =
14.
to _______________ =
15.
_________________ =
16.
_________________ =
17.
to _______________ =
71
18.
_________________ =
19.
to _______________ =
20. _________________ =
21.
_________________ =
22.
_________________ =
23.
to _______________ =
24.
_________________ =
25.
_________________ =
26.
_________ _______ =
27.
_________________ =
28. to _______________ =
29.
_________________ =
31.
to _______________ =
32.
_________________ =
33.
_________________ =
34.
_________________ =
35.
to _______________ =
to adjust (par 6)
36.
_________________ =
37.
to ________ _______ =
38. _________________ =
39.
_________________ =
40. _________________ =
41.
to _______________ =
42.
to _______________ =
43.
_________________ =
72
73
Time clauses
When I do / When Ive done
When and if
The time in the sentence is future (tomorrow) but we use a present tense (get) in the
when-part of the sentence.
We do not use will in the when-part of the sentence:
The same thing happens after: while before after as soon as until or till
Im going to read a lot of books while Im on holiday. (not while I will be)
Im going back home on Sunday. Before I go, Id like to visit the museum.
Wait here until (or till) I come back.
You can also use the present perfect (have done) after when, after, until, as soon as:
Can I borrow that book when youve finished it?
Dont say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone.
But do not use the present perfect if two things happen together. The present perfect
shows that one thing will be complete before the other (so the two things do not happen
together). Compare:
When Ive phoned Kate, we can have dinner.
(= First Ill phone Kate and after that we can have dinner.)
When I phone Kate this evening, Ill invite her to the party. (not when Ive phoned)
(In this example, the two things happen together.)
After if, we normally use the present simple (if I do / if I see etc.) for the future:
Its raining hard. Well get wet if we go out. (not if we will go)
Hurry up! If we dont hurry, well be late.
74
Grammar exercises
1.
Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets. All the sentences are about
the future. Use will/wont or the present simple (I see / he plays / it is etc.).
1. Ill phone (phone) you when I get (get) home from work.
2. I want to see Margaret before she _________________ (go) out.
3. Were going on holiday tomorrow. I _________________ (tell) you all about it when we
_________________ (come) back.
4. Brian looks very different now. When you ____________________ (see) him again, you
_________________ (not/recognize) him.
5. We must do something soon before it _________________ (be) too late.
6. I dont want to go without you. I ____________________________ (wait) until you
_________________ (be) ready.
7. Sue has applied for the job but she isnt very well qualified for it. I _________________ (be)
surprised if she _________________ (get) it.
8. Id like to play tennis tomorrow if the weather _________________ (be) nice.
9. Im going out now. If anybody _________________ (phone) while I _______________
(be) out, can you take a message?
2.
1. You will be in London again. You must come and see us then.
You must come and see us when you are in London again.
2. Ill find somewhere to live. Then Ill give you my address.
I ____________________________ when _____________________________.
3. Ill do the shopping. Then Ill come straight back home.
_____________________________ after _____________________________.
4. Its going to start raining. Lets go home before that.
_____________________________ before ____________________________.
5. She must apologize to me first. I wont speak to her until then.
_____________________________ until _____________________________.
3.
1. A friend of yours is going to visit London. You want to know where she is going to stay.
You ask: Where are you going to stay when you are in London?
2. A friend of yours is visiting you. She has to go soon but maybe theres time for a cup of tea.
You ask: Would you like a cup of tea before ________________________________?
3. Your friend is reading the newspaper. Youd like it after her.
You ask: Can I have the newspaper when __________________________________?
4. You want to sell your car. Jim is interested in buying it but he hasnt decided yet.
You ask: Can you let me know as soon as __________________________________?
5. There are serious traffic problems in your town but they are building a new road.
You say: I think it will be better when ____________________________________.
75
4.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Budeme inzerovat nae sluby v asopise Week, pokud bude jejich nabdka pijateln.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Jakmile zaneme investovat vce penz do vdy a vzkumu, bude to pro nae zkaznky a
akcione pozitivn signl.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Zkaznci obvykle zmn sv chovn pedtm, ne je zmna daovho systmu pln zashne.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Pot, co se centrln banka rozhodne, jestli sn rokov sazby, budou ratingov agentury
vedt, jak hodnocen maj dt esk republice.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
76
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases and translate the selected phrase:
REVIEW TEST
(2 points each)
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 12 Competition
1.
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
I. Listening:
III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary:
IV. Translation:
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
3.
points
------------------------
2.
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used:
(1 point each)
points
(2 points each)
1.
2.
Last week IBM finally _______________________ to negotiating a new deal with Apple.
3.
4.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets.
1.
2.
(2 points each)
(1 point each)
1.
the amount of money that a customer needs to spend when they change from one
supplier, system, etc. to another:
3.
2.
4.
Toyota and Honda contest _________ the leading position on the market.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones:
1.
points
(1 point each)
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 4.
(2 points each)
1.
The bank made its biggest losses _____________________ money to unreliable firms.
A: as soon as it has lent
C: when it lends
2.
3.
(3 points each)
Greg will buy the shares. The price must go down by 5%.
B: after it lent
D: whenever it had lent
Lucy is going to leave for Jamaica. She must be given a visa first.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs:
(1 point each)
points
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
their systems, WIN) in the future but the preliminary results are promising.
_________________________________________________________________________
Unit 13 BANKING
Coursebook, page 112, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summaries:
Frank:
The department specializes in (1) ________________ and (2) ________________
(3) ____________ for (4) ____________ clients. They are businesses needing specialist
(5) ____________ with the management of their (6) ____________. Their help could
include (7) ____________ for a company to (8) ____________ (9) ____________ or
(10) ___________ (11) __________ to (12) __________ a firm to (13) ___________
another company. They also assist corporations that need to find new (14) ____________
of (15) ____________. In such a case they put together a plan to (16) ____________
(17) ____________ and to find out how the company could be (18) ____________.
Matt:
His department specializes in (19) ________________ businesses, i.e. companies
(20) ___________ markets with new products or services. His job is to (21) __________
the businesses with the development (22) _______________ and arrange for
(23) ___________ to take a (24) ____________ in the companys (25) ___________.
Their advising includes e.g. how to develop more (26) ___________ (27) ___________
solutions or how to find (28) ____________ partners. They can also (29) ___________
them in preparing for a (30) ____________ (31) ____________ of their stocks.
Claudia:
Claudia helps customers when they are considering (32) ____________ their
businesses or (33) ____________ (34) ____________ in new markets. Their job is to
(35) ____________ the chances of (36) ____________. They offer information about
market (37) ____________, (38) ____________, etc., as well as (39) ____________
for their sector. If the (40) ____________ look good, they (41) ____________ their
clients to go (42) ____________ with their projects.
79
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
_________________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________________ =
the extra money that you have to pay when you borrow
money or the extra money that you receive when you
invest money (par 1)
8.
_________________ =
9.
to _______________ =
10.
__________ ______ =
11.
to _______________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
_________________ =
14.
_________________ =
15.
to _______________ =
16.
_________________ =
17.
_________ _______ =
18.
_________________ =
19.
_________________ =
20. to _______________ =
80
21.
_________________ =
22.
_________________ =
23.
the ______________ =
24.
_________________ =
25.
to _______________ =
26.
to _______________ =
27.
_________________ =
28. _________________ =
29.
_________ _______ =
30. _________________ =
31.
_________________ =
32.
_________________ =
33.
_________________ =
34.
to _______________ =
35.
_________________ =
36.
_________________ =
37.
to _______________ =
38. _________________ =
39.
________ ________ =
40. _________________ =
41.
________ ________ =
42.
_________________ =
43.
_________________ =
44.
to _______________ =
45.
81
82
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
The alliance has been very interesting for the media because Cazenove has been in
London for (1) ___________ years and it is one of the few British (2) ______________
banks. Therefore people are (3) _____________ to be interested. The deal started when
Chase bought Robert Fleming for (4) ___________ pounds (i.e. (5) ___________
dollars) and later bought JP Morgan for (6) ___________ dollars. JP Morgan Chase is
now paying (7) ___________ pounds to Cazenove for a half (8) ___________ of the
investment-banking (9) __________ (10) __________ and putting in (11) __________
pounds of (12) ___________ and (13) ___________ of its (14) ___________.
According to the recent press (15) ___________, Cazenove is a (16) ___________
wonderful bank that (17) _____________ all (18) _____________ of the City of old and
(19) ____________ of its (20) ____________, and its (21) ____________ list is the
(22) ___________ of its competitors.
According to a (23) ______________ for JP Morgan, all of Cazenoves clients are
(24) ___________ about it. It is a good deal for the banks (25) ______________ and
most of them are its (26) ____________, who will (27) _____________ control of the
business. They will also see the (28) ___________ of another (29) ___________ pounds
of (30) ___________ from the bank, with the (31) ___________ of a lot more in the
(32) ___________. After five years, JP Morgan will be able to buy Cazenove out at a price
they (33) ___________ independently. Even though there are some (34) ___________
involved, it is clear that the American (35) ___________ will benefit from it.
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________ _______ =
83
7.
_________________ =
8.
to _______________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
to _______________ =
11.
to _______________ =
12.
to _______________ =
13.
_________________ =
14.
to _________ _______
_______ _________ =
15.
_________________ =
16.
_________________ =
17.
_________________ =
18.
_________________ =
19.
_________________ =
20. _________________ =
21.
_________________ =
22.
_________________ =
23.
_________________ =
24.
to _______________ =
to fight (par 4)
25.
_________________ =
26.
_________________ =
__________ ______ =
27.
28. _________________ =
29.
_________________ =
84
85
86
Determiners
Determiners
A determiner is a word used in front of a noun to show which thing you mean, or to
show the quantity of something. Determiners include: a/the, my/your, this/that,
all/most/some/any, no/none, much/many/a little/a few, each/every, both/either/neither.
We do not use a determiner if we are talking generally.
Our/Those/Some computers are expensive.
Computers are a part of everyones life.
(particular computers)
(computers in general)
Before a plural noun we can use all/most/many/some/a few. Note the structures:
All/most/many/some/a few employees have 25 days paid holiday.
All/most/many/some/a few of the employees have 25 days paid holiday.
All the employees have 25 days paid holiday. (NOT Most the ... /Many the ... etc.)
We can use my, your, etc., in place of the, and we can use pronouns:
All/most/many/some/a few of our employees have 25 days paid holiday.
All/most/many/some/a few of them have 25 days paid holiday.
Before an uncountable noun similar structures are possible. We use much in place of
many, a little in place of a few, and it for the pronoun.
All/most/much/some/a little of the information in this report is useful.
All/most/much/some/a little of it is useful.
With singular nouns we do not use the words above, except for a few special
expressions: all day, all night
We can use all + subject + verb to mean everything or the only thing:
Thats all I know about it.
All we need is a signature.
(all = everything)
(all = the only thing)
Both means the one and the other. Note the structures:
Both emails/both the emails/both of the emails/both of them are important.
The emails are both important. Ive read them both.
Either means the one or the other. Neither means not the one or the other.
Monday or Tuesday? Yes, either day/either of the days is fine.
Monday or Tuesday? Im sorry but neither day/neither of the days is convenient.
This is a hell of a gamble one that may pay off for both, one, or neither of the two
companies. (Fortune website)
87
No, none
We can use no with a singular noun, plural noun or uncountable noun.
No employee has more than 25 days paid holiday.
No new ideas were put forward at the meeting.
There was no useful information in the report.
We do not use no if there is another negative word. In this case we use any.
We havent dismissed any employees. (NOT We havent dismissed no employees.)
We do not use no of. Instead, we use none of or none on its own as a pronoun.
None of the employees have more than 25 days paid holiday.
None have more than 25 days paid holiday.
To emphasize the idea of none we can use None at all or Not one or Not a:
A: How many people came?
B: None at all!/Not one!/Not a single person!
Germanys Neuer Markt All Share index dropped below the 1,500 mark for the first time
yesterday. Not a single stock in the top 20 stocks showed a gain. (Yahoo Business News website)
Each, every
The meaning of each and every is similar and often either word is possible. They are
both followed by a singular noun.
We use each when we think of the members of a group as individuals, one by one. It is
more usual with smaller groups and can mean only two.
Make sure that each parcel has a label.
Samsung and Globetronics know they have to raise their brand profile. Management
consultants will debate each firms strategy, but in the end consumers will determine
whether these companies are successful in a more globalized world. (asiaweek website)
We use every when we think of all the members together, and it is usual with a larger
number.
Sales have increased every year for the last five years.
I believe every word he says.
Grammar exercises
1.
Match the phrases from the list below with an approximate value.
none of them
most of them
a few of them
many of them
some of them
all of them
1 0% ___________________
4 50-75% ___________________
2 5-25% ___________________
5 75-95% ___________________
3 25-50% ___________________
6 100% ___________________
88
2. Complete the sentences with a word or phrase from the list below.
all (x2)
any
no
not one
none
each (x2)
every (x2)
both
either (x2)
neither
dominated by Amsterdam-based
Economy
off-line
Aquarius.net
California-
agencies?
They
offer
guarantees
of
quality
revenue
advertising.
and
from
Both them
Both of them
Every of them
each one
every one
all of them
Either of them
Neither of company
Neither company
all its
most its
much its
all
all of
every
most
most of
every of
all
everything
89
translation
better
and
5.
Rewrite the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence and
contains the word/s in brackets. Some sentences have two possible answers.
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases and translate the selected phrase:
REVIEW TEST
(2 points each)
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 13 Banking
1.
Name:
The biggest investment bank had to close its ________________________ because of its
insolvency.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
I. Listening:
III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary:
IV. Translation:
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
2.
points
------------------------
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used:
points
(2 points each)
1.
2.
3.
4.
(1 point each)
(2 points each)
1.
money that is invested in a new company to help it develop or expand, which may involve
a lot of risk but can also bring good profits:
2.
the activity of controlling a group of investments with the aim of making the most profit
with the least risk:
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets.
(1 point each)
1.
2.
3.
4.
points
(1 point each)
1.
2.
The interest payment __________ your loan has to be conducted every month.
3.
Our bank can arrange __________ you to borrow a big sum of money.
4.
5.
6.
The insurance company will approach you __________ the damage investigation.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones:
1.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 4.
(2 points each)
1.
You can choose between IBM and Dell. _______ is cheaper while _______ looks better.
A: A former ... a latter
C: The latter ... a former
2.
(3 points each)
There are many factors that influence the demand. They include price and quality.
3.
B: old one
D: old those
There are many factors that influence the demand. ____________ include price and quality.
2.
He presented his view. But a view of this kind was unacceptable for us.
It was clear after his presentation that ______________________ was unacceptable for us.
3.
We produce cars in all colors. However, we are now out of red cars.
We produce cars in all colors. However, we are now out of the ______________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs:
(1 point each)
points
____________________ (hard, DENY, GIVE priority) rich clients but they cant _________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________ (BE USED, TREAT) safe institutions helps them make use of this
reputation and they _____________________________________ (START, OFFER) a new
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
(recent, WARN, clients, AVOID) internet banking since the security has become a problem. It is
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Unit 14 TRAINING
Coursebook, page 121, exercise READING
_________________ =
2.
to _______________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
_________________ =
5.
to _______________ =
6.
7.
_________________ =
8.
_________________ =
9.
to _______________ =
10.
to _______________ =
11.
_________________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
_________________ =
14.
to _______________ =
15.
16.
to _______________ =
17.
_________________ =
18.
_________________ =
19.
_________________ =
20. to _______________ =
21.
_________________ =
22.
_________ _______ =
23.
_________________ =
93
24.
_________________ =
25.
_________________ =
26.
_________________ =
27.
to _______________ =
28. _________________ =
29.
_________________ =
31.
_________________ =
32.
________ ________ =
33.
_________________ =
34.
_________________ =
35.
_________________ =
weapons (par 3)
36.
________ ________ =
37.
_________________ =
38. _________________ =
39.
_________________ =
40. _________________ =
41.
to _______________ =
42.
_________________ =
43.
to _______________ =
44. _________________ =
45.
____ ____________ =
46. to _______________ =
47.
_________________ =
48. _________________ =
49. _________________ =
94
50. _________________ =
51.
_________________ =
52.
_________ _______ =
53.
_________________ =
54.
_________________ =
55.
_________________ =
56.
_________________ =
57.
to _______________ =
58. _________________ =
59.
_________________ =
60. _________________ =
61.
_________________ =
the behavior of a person when they feel that they are more
important than others, so that they are rude to them or do
not consider them (par 6)
62.
_________________ =
63.
_________________ =
65.
_________________ =
66. to _______________ =
67.
to _______________ =
68. _________________ =
69. _________________ =
70.
_________________ =
71.
_________________ =
72.
to _______________ =
73.
________ ________ =
74.
to _______________ =
95
96
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Listeners should notice how the king uses we (1) ________________. This puts him in
the position of a (2) ______________ (3) _____________. It is very (4) __________
for the team to feel the leader is working (5) ______________________ the same
(6) __________________. They are a (7) ________________ of brothers. He makes
them feel part of an (8) _________________ (9) ________________. Indeed they are
(10) _______________ to be part of his team. They have been (11) _______________
while others have been (12) ________________________. And the people who really
(13) _______________ time and energy and make (14) __________________ will be
(15) _______________. They will be (16) ______________ as (17) _____________
and become gentlemen. If you put it in the (18) __________________ of a manager
today (19) __________________ e.g. his (20) __________________ team, you have
all the necessary (21) ______________________. Its like saying We have a difficult
(22) __________________ to complete but I wouldnt ask you if I didnt think you could
do it and there are big (23) __________________ and (24) __________________
in it for us all if we (25) __________________.
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
If you ask a (1) __________________ business schools or management books what
makes a good (2) __________________ and you may get 13 answers. However, they may
agree that a leader is able to (3) __________________ others, offer a plan that people
follow, (4) _______________ (5) _______________ and (6) _______________.
But should they be (7) __________________ or (8) __________________? Should
they allow their (9) __________________ enough room to look after the small thing?
The Centre was (10) __________________ in 1970 in (11) __________________
(12) __________________ and it is (13) ________________ of anyone of the different
(14) __________________ about (15) __________________. It is now one of the
best-known business (16) __________________ (17) __________________ not
(18) __________________ with a university. In the Financial Times most recent
(19) __________________, the centre (20) __________________ in the top 20.
97
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
_________________ =
inexact or inaccurate
5.
_________________ =
98
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________________ =
a mistake; an error
8.
_________________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
_________ _______ =
11.
_________________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
to _______________ =
to make possible
14.
_________________ =
15.
_________________ =
16.
to _______________ =
4. Based on the text, decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
Find an adequate passage in the text that supports your answer:
1. Views held by professor Mintzberg comply with the views of other experts in the field.
2. Reading his book is very exciting and keeps a readers attention all the time.
3. In the first part, he expresses an opinion that the traditional business degree, Master of
Arts, is not a suitable way.
4. He says blending personal reflection with sharing experience is the second best choice.
5. Case studies requiring students to find quick solutions should not be stressed in
business education.
6. The case studies requested from students are scarcely based on data that are incomplete.
7. Another criticism involves the fact that the analyses are uninteresting and even useless.
99
So that
Sometimes you have to use so that for purpose. We use so that (not to...):
i)
iii) when one person does something so that another person does something else:
Despite is the same as in spite of. Note that we say in spite of, but despite (without of):
She wasnt well, but despite this she went to work. (not despite of this)
You can say in spite of the fact (that)... and despite the fact (that)...:
I didnt get the job
100
Grammar exercises
1. Complete these sentences using a suitable verb.
1. The President has a team of bodyguards to protect him.
2. I didnt have enough time ________________ the newspaper today.
3. I came home by taxi. I didnt have the energy ________________.
4. Would you like something ________________? Yes, please. A cup of coffee.
5. We need a bag ________________ these things in.
6. There will be a meeting next week ________________ the problem.
7. I wish we had enough money ________________ a new car.
8. I saw Helen at the party but we didnt have a chance ________________ to each
other.
9. I need some new clothes. I havent got anything nice ________________.
10. Theyve just passed their exams. Theyre having a party ________________.
11. I cant do all this work alone. I need somebody ________________ me.
We wore ___________________________________________________.
3. The man spoke very slowly. He wanted me to understand what he said.
Please _____________________________________________________.
6. She locked the door. She didnt want to be disturbed.
__________________________________________________________.
7. I slowed down. I wanted the car behind to be able to overtake.
__________________________________________________________.
101
4. Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences.
1. I couldnt sleep. I was tired. (despite)
102
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase:
REVIEW TEST
(2 points each)
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 14 Training
1.
Name:
The American economy has to deal with the _______________________ of the financial
crisis.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
I. Listening:
III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary:
IV. Translation:
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
2.
Students were assigned a __________________ to consult their study matters with them.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3.
The _________________ includes all the employees and others who get a salary from us.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
points
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used:
------------------------
(1 point each)
2.
3.
Id like you _________________________ all your colleagues on the training course you
attended.
4.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets.
points
(2 points each)
1.
2.
(1 point each)
(2 points each)
1.
3.
2.
a company that expanded its operations worldwide, became a multinational company and
runs its subsidiaries in a number of countries all around the world:
4.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 4.
points
(1 point each)
1.
You should empower ________ your subordinate to make some decisions for you.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones:
1.
(2 points each)
1.
2.
3.
(3 points each)
B: because
D: as
John invested all his money although his financial situation wasnt very good.
In spite of ___________________________, John ______________________________.
2.
3.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs:
(1 point each)
points
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
areas but they rarely succeed without proper training. Despite _________________________
_____________________ (RECOMMEND, TAKE) courses, consulting firms also suggest
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________ (MAKE, workers, ENROL) these classes but ideally the employees
would ___________________________________________ (DEMAND, VOLUNTEER,
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Unit 15 CONSULTING
Coursebook, page 129, exercise READING
_________________ =
2.
to _______________ =
3.
_________________ =
very old; of the far past, esp. before the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire (par 1)
4.
_________________ =
5.
to _______________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________________ =
8.
to _______________ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
_________________ =
11.
_________________ =
12.
to _____ __________ =
13.
to _______________ =
14.
_________________ =
15.
to _______________ =
16.
__________ ______ =
17.
_________________ =
18.
to _______________ =
19.
_________________ =
105
21.
_________________ =
22.
_________________ =
23.
_________________ =
24.
_________________ =
25.
_________________ =
26.
27.
_________________ =
29.
_________________ =
30. to _______________ =
31.
_________________ =
32.
_________________ =
33.
34.
_________________ =
35.
_________________ =
36.
_________________ =
37.
_________________ =
38. _________________ =
39.
_________________ =
40. _________________ =
41.
_________________ =
42.
_________________ =
43.
_________________ =
44. _________________ =
45.
_________________ =
106
46. _________________ =
47.
_________ _______ =
48. _________________ =
49. _________________ =
50. _________________ =
51.
_________________ =
52.
_________________ =
53.
_________________ =
assessed very high within its field; among the best firms
within an industry (par 6)
54.
_________________ =
55.
_________________ =
56.
_________________ =
57.
_________________ =
58. to _______________ =
107
108
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
The managing director explains that their (1) _______________ (2) ______________
has been falling in the past years. He knows he is partly to (3) _______________ since he
failed to see the need to (4) _________________ their (5) _________________
(6) _________________ according to the competition. The consultant then asks if the
company has done any customer (7) _______________ (8) ______________ recently.
The director answers that they did and it really was a (9) _________________. Their
(10) _______________ of excellent customer service in their shops is expensive because
they aimed to make (11) _______________ a pleasant (12) _______________ but it
turns out that customers prefer the (13) _______________ (14) _______________
and cheaper (15) _________________ they find in the (16) _________________. The
director is thinking of two options: selling out to the hypermarket (they have made them an
(17) _______________) or possibly trying to (18) _______________ with them. The
company feels it needs a (19) _______________ to (20) _______________ them on
the best (21) _______________ of action. The consultant says he will have to do a full
(22) ___________________ before answering but his (23) __________________
(24) _____________ is: they should not sell. They will look at the (25) _____________
(26) _________________ a bit more and possibly even (27) _________________
(28) _________________ prices. The consultants job is to turn what seems to be a
(29) _________________ on its (30) _________________ and make it an
(31) _________________. It is a (32) _________________ and they may need to
(33) _______________ in a huge (34) _______________ (35) _______________
to (36) _________________ buyers back but it often (37) _________________
(38) _______________.
109
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
In the summer 2004, Nokia found itself on the (1) ___________. Its (2) __________
(3) _____________ had fallen to (4) _____________ percent, having hovered around
(5) ___________ percent. The company (6) ___________ prices but it was only a shortterm (7) ___________. Then it started addressing the (8) ______________ causes. The
(9) ___________ of its latest (10) ___________ of handsets (11) ___________ new
(12) ___________ that Nokia has decided for a change.
Nokias (13) ___________ had two causes: (14) _________________ products
failing to address consumers (15) ______________ for (16) _____________ or flipphone and (17) ________________ Nokias (18) _____________ of leadership in
(19) _____________, and the companys (20) ________________ to manufacture
(21) _____________ versions for mobile (22) _____________. Other manufacturers
have been able to supply custom handsets that are often sold by (23) _____________
under their own (24) _____________, to help (25) __________________ themselves.
The seven new handsets (26) ________________ by Nokia were telling. Four were
(27) ____________ designs where the (28) ____________ can be (29) __________
under the display, and two were (30) _____________. Whats (31) _____________ is
to see Nokia becoming a fast (32) _____________.
This follows the (33) _____________ in April of a new line of (34) _____________
handsets, the most (35) ___________________ of which includes iPod-style music
(36) _____________ from a (37) _____________ hard disk.
Nokia has also changed its approach to (38) _____________. Besides offering to
(39) _____________ the software on its phones to (40) _____________ particular
operators, it has started to offer (41) _____________ handsets. And having traditionally
been (42) _____________ to (43) _____________ manufacturing, it has started to use
ODMs to (44) _____________ any (45) _____________ in the product line.
(46) ____________ remain, however. Nokia had a weaker first (47) ____________
this year, mainly because of poor (48) _____________ in the USA. Nokia is said to have
done a (49) ____________ with a South Korean manufacturer, for (50) ____________
under its own brand. This would (51) _____________ up its (52) _____________ in
America, but would also be an (53) _____________ that Nokias own CDMA products are
not up to (54) _____________.
Nokia has changed its ways. The company has even (55) _________________
(56) ____________ and media-playback (57) ____________ from (58) __________,
its (59) _____________ rival in the field of (60) _____________ something that
would have been (61) _____________ a year ago. Nokia is so (62) _____________ to
stay on top, it would seem, that nothing is (63) _____________.
110
PART ONE:
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
_____ ___________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
7.
_________________ =
8.
_________ _______ =
9.
_________________ =
10.
11.
_________________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
_________________ =
14.
_________________ =
15.
to _______________ =
16.
_________________ =
17.
to _______________ =
18.
_________________ =
19.
_________________ =
20. _________________ =
21.
_________________ =
111
22.
to _______________ =
23.
_________________ =
24.
_________________ =
25.
_________________ =
PART TWO:
_________________ =
2.
_________________ =
3.
_________________ =
4.
_________________ =
5.
_________________ =
6.
_________________ =
112
7.
_________________ =
the hard work and effort that someone puts into an activity
or purpose because they think it is important (par 1)
8.
_________________ =
9.
____ ____________ =
10.
11.
to _______________ =
12.
_________________ =
13.
to __________ _____ =
14.
to ________ _______ =
15.
to ________ _______ =
16.
_________________ =
17.
to _______________ =
18.
_________________ =
19.
_________________ =
question (par 3)
20. _________________ =
22.
_________________ =
23.
_________________ =
24.
_________________ =
25.
26.
_________________ =
27.
_________________ =
28. _________________ =
21.
29.
_____ ___________ =
113
114
Reported speech
Reported speech
We often tell people what other people have said. This is called reported or indirect
speech. We very rarely try to report the exact words that someone says. Usually we
give the general meaning with a summary.
Look, Ive been phoning all day and hes always in a meeting. Can you tell him that Ill
give him a call sometime next week, please? (actual words)
Sandra phoned. She said shed call you next week. (report)
From what I can see, the advertising campaign is a great success. (actual words)
He said the campaign was a success. (report)
Note the change of tense in the above examples: will to would and is to was.
It is not always necessary to change tenses. If the statement is still true we can keep
the same tense as the original. (See further for more details.)
He said the campaign was a great success.
(the campaign is finished)
He said the campaign is/was a great success. (the campaign is still happening)
In writing we can repeat the exact words using speech marks ( ... ).
I have no further comment to make at this stage, said the company press officer
when he spoke to our reporter yesterday.
These examples use said as the reporting verb. See further for other reporting verbs.
Tense changes
Kiwwi, a Vienna-based telecoms company, said on Friday it was entering the Czech market by
offering cheaper voice services through the Internet. (czechtoday website)
Earlier in the week, a labor union report said that 751 deaths had occurred on the job in Italy
during the first six months of this year, up from 621 for the same period last year. (International
Herald Tribune website)
The Shading Aluminum Industry Co. said last week it would issue 160 million shares for listing
on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. (Shanghai Daily website)
Note that there is no change for the past perfect (had worked).
No tense change
115
In reported speech references to people, places, times and things often change,
because the point of view changes.
Ill see you here tomorrow, said Sue. Ive read your report about this project, he said.
Sue said shed see me there the next day. He said hed read my report about the project.
The examples in the previous paragraph show some of these typical changes:
People: I
you
my
your
Place:
here
Times:
now
today
yesterday
tomorrow
this afternoon
last week
next week
he/she
me
his/her
my
there, at the office
then, at that time
that day, on Monday
the day before, the previous day
the next day, the following day, on Monday
that afternoon
the week before, the previous week
the week after, the following week
a few days before, a few days earlier
that/the project
Say or tell
We use It + passive of a reporting verb + that to report what people in general feel or
believe. This is a formal use, for example in a newspaper story, a scientific report or a
written summary of a meeting.
It was announced at the conference that Argentina was losing Pesos $3, 000 million per annum
on grain prices compared with the average in the last ten years. It was pointed out that
international prices had not improved in two years, but this stability had allowed an increase in
production. (LatinTrade website)
Verbs that are often used in this way are:
be agreed, be announced, be believed, be claimed, be confirmed, be considered, be
decided, be estimated, be expected, be feared, be felt, be found, be pointed out, be
proposed, be reported, be rumoured, be said, be shown, be suggested, be thought.
116
There are many verbs to report what people say. Each verb has one or more possible
patterns. Common reporting verbs include:
Verb + -ing form
Verb + to infinitive
We can also report what people think or know. Verbs include: know, notice, think,
realize, etc.
Sorry, I didnt realize you were busy. I thought you had finished.
Reporting questions
The word order in reported questions is like a normal statement (this is the same rule
as for indirect questions). Tense changes follow those given above.
Where is it?
When we report question word questions (when, what, why, where, how, etc.) we use
the question word.
When will the goods arrive?
They asked me when the goods would arrive.
Why have your sales gone down? I was asked why our sales had gone down.
A year ago, I was asked how this wonderful merger between Daimler and Chrysler would work,
and I said I was waiting for the interpersonal problems. They were bound to happen, as our
experiences with Seat had shown. CEO of Volkswagen (Der Spiegel website)
When we report yes/no questions (Do you, Did you, Are you, etc.) we use if or whether.
Do you speak French?
She asked me if I spoke French.
Are you going to pay in cash? He asked me whether I was going to pay in cash.
Notice in the examples that reported questions have no question mark in writing.
117
He asked me to wait.
He asked us not to wait.
Grammar exercises
1.
Write the actual words that each person says. Use contractions where possible.
3. Look at the actual words spoken. Underline the correct words in the reported
version.
1. (Helens words) I wont do it until tomorrow.
Helen said I/she wouldnt do it until the previous/following day.
2. (Peters words) Its very busy in here. Ill call you later.
Peter said it was very busy here/there, and hed call me/him later.
3. (The sales managers words) We received your order last week.
He said theyd/wed received our/their order the week after/before.
4. (Mel Bowens words) Im sorry about the delay, Ill deal with this now.
She said she/I was sorry about the delay, and shed deal with it right then/later.
4. Read the words spoken in a conference presentation about the role of the Chief
Executive Officer.
Jack Welch, one of the most famous CEOs of all time, was head of General Electric for twenty
years. But he was an exception. In fact, two-thirds of all major companies worldwide have
replaced their CEO over the last five years. Whats the reason? The reason is that expectations
of CEO performance are far too high. Boards of companies look at their CEO as a kind of
superhero who can solve all the companys problems. This process started in the 1980s, and
the prototype was Lee Iaccoca, "the man who saved Chrysler Corp". Then in the 1990s, we had
CEOs from the technology sector, like Microsofts Bill Gates, or Ciscos John Chambers, who
managed to produce constantly rising share prices. But the situation is very different now and
economic growth is slowing down.
Now look at ways to report the words to a colleague. By each sentence write P/TC (if the
sentence is Possible because of Tense Change rules), P/ST (if the sentence is Possible because
it is Still True) or I (if the sentence is Incorrect).
The speaker said that ...
1. Jack Welch was CEO of General Electric for twenty years. P/TC
2. Jack Welch had been CEO of General Electric for twenty years. _______
3. Boards of companies look at their CEOs as superheroes. _______
4. Boards of companies looked at their CEOs as superheroes. _______
5. Boards of companies had looked at their CEOs as superheroes. _______
6. Lee Iaccoca started it all in the 1980s. _______
7. Lee Iaccoca had started it all in the 1980s. _______
8. Lee Iaccoca had been started it all in the 1980s. _______
9. The situation is different now. _______
10. The situation was different now. _______
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
6. On Friday morning you had a meeting with someone from your advertising
agency at his offices. The words he spoke are on the left. The next week you tell a
colleague about the discussion. Underline the correct words on the right.
7.
Read the extract from a meeting, chaired by Claudia. Then underline the most
appropriate reporting verbs in the written summary below.
CLAUDIA: Oh, hi. Take a seat ... Um, Id like to hear your views on the talks were having with
BCP about the possible merger. Do you think we should go ahead with the
discussions?
NIGEL:
Well, no actually. I dont think we should. Our company cultures are totally different,
and I cant see many opportunities to cut costs in a combined operation. Im sorry, but
Im against it.
TONY:
But, Nigel, cant you see that were too small to stand alone in the global economy.
Theres going to be rationalization in our market and now is the right time to act.
CLAUDIA: Um, right. How long do you think it would take to integrate the two companies?
TONY:
Probably about six months, maybe more.
NIGEL:
Thats six months of complete chaos and falling investor confidence. Its just too risky.
CLAUDIA: Well, I dont think we have enough information at the moment. Perhaps we could set
up a task force to look into the whole issue in more detail?
TONY:
Hmm.
CLAUDIA: Tony would you be willing to chair it?
TONY:
OK, Ill chair a task force, but Ill need representatives from the other departments as
well.
CLAUDIA: That shouldnt be a problem. When do you think youll be able to get the report done?
TONY:
Um, in about six weeks.
NIGEL:
Six weeks! Thats ridiculous.
TONY:
OK, well try to get all the information together in four weeks.
CLAUDIA: Right, thats settled. Well meet again a month from today, same time same place.
1. It was estimated/announced that it would take about six months to integrate the two
companies in the event of a merger.
2. It was rumoured/suggested that we could set up a task force to produce a report on
the implications of the merger.
3. It was proposed/ claimed that the task force would be chaired by Tony, with
representatives from other departments.
4. It was shown/agreed that the task force should produce its report in four weeks.
5. It was claimed/decided that the next meeting would be on July 28th at 9 am in the
main conference room.
120
8. Nigel (from Exercise 7) is talking to a colleague about the same meeting later in
the week. Underline the correct words in his report.
Claudia asked us (1) that we give/to give our opinions about the merger talks. I (2) told them/told to
them that I thought the whole thing was a bad idea, but they refused (3) to listen/listening. Of course
Tony disagreed, as usual. He (4) told/said that we were too small for the global market. Then Claudia
asked how long (5) would it/it would take to integrate the two companies, and Tony claimed it would
(6) take/to take six months. Claudia suggested (7) setting up/to set up a task force to look into the
whole thing. I decided (8) not saying/not to say anything. Tony offered (9) to chair/that he would
chair the task force. He proposed that the task force (10) reporting/should report back in six weeks,
but I (11) reminded them that/reminded that wed need the report much sooner. Anyway, we decided
(12) to meet/meeting again in a month.
9. Match the actual words in sentences 1-12 with the reported statements a)l).
1.
a)
He advised me to do it.
2.
___
b)
3.
___
c)
4.
___
d)
He invited me to do it.
5.
___
e)
6.
___
f)
7.
___
g)
8.
___
h)
9.
___
i)
10.
___
j)
He refused to do it.
11.
___
k)
He reminded me to do it.
12.
___
l)
10.
1. Are you on holiday for the whole of August? she asked me.
She asked me if/whether I was on holiday for the whole of August.
2. What do the letters URL mean? I asked him.
I asked him ______________________________________________________.
3. Have you prepared the figures? my boss asked me.
My boss asked me __________________________________________________.
4. When is your birthday? I asked Francesca.
I asked Francesca __________________________________________________.
5. Did you remember to back up the file? she asked him.
She asked him ____________________________________________________.
6. Why have you turned off the air conditioning? Ellen asked me.
Ellen asked me ____________________________________________________.
7. Do you speak Italian? they asked me at the interview.
They asked me at the interview _________________________________________.
8. How much did you pay for your car? I asked Pablo.
I asked Pablo _____________________________________________________.
121