~epublit

of tbe

~bilippines

QI:ourt
;-manila

~upreme

FIRST DIVISION

THE
DEPARTMENT
OF
HEAL TH,
represented
by
SECRETARY ENRIQUE T.
ONA, and THE FOOD AND
DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
(Formerly the Bureau of Food
and Drugs), represented by
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF
HEALTH
NICOLAS
B.
LUTERO III, Officer-in-Charge,
Petitioners,

G.R. No. 202943

Present:
SERENO, CJ., Chairperson,
LEONARDO-DE CASTRO,
BERSAMIN,
PEREZ, and
PERLAS-BERNABE, JJ.
Promulgated:

MAR 2 5 2015

- versus -

PHILIP
MORRIS
PHILIPPINES
MANUFACTURING, INC.,
Respondent.

x-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x
DECISION
PERLAS-BERNABE, J.:
Assailed in this petition for review on certiorari 1 are the Decision2
dated August 26, 2011 and the Resolution3 dated August 3, 2012 rendered
by the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 109493, finding grave
abuse of discretion on the part of petitioners the Department of Health
(DOH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), then known as the
Bureau of Food and Drugs (BF AD), for denying respondent Philip Morris
Philippines Manufacturing, Inc.'s (PMPMI) permit applications for its
tobacco sales promotions.

Rollo, pp. 38-63.

Id. at 70-90. Penned by Associate Justice Noel G. Tijam with Associate Justices Marlene GonzalesSison and Jane Aurora C. Lantion concurring.
Id. at91-97.

Decision

G.R. No. 202943

The Facts
On November 19, 2008, PMPMI, through the advertising agency PCN
Promopro, Inc. (PCN), by virtue of Article 1164 of Republic Act No. (RA)
7394 5 or the Consumer Act of the Philippines, applied for a sales
promotion permit before the BFAD, now the FDA, for its Gear Up
Promotional Activity (Gear Up Promo). 6 The application included the
mechanics for the promotional activity, as well as relevant materials and
fees.7
With more than fifteen (15) days lapsing without the BFAD formally
acting upon the application, PMPMI then inquired about its status. However,
PMPMI was only verbally informed of the existence of a Memorandum
issued by the DOH purportedly prohibiting tobacco companies from
conducting any tobacco promotional activities in the country. On January 8,
2009, PCN requested8 the BFAD to formally place on record the lack of any
formal action on its Gear Up Promo application.9
Meanwhile, on November 28, 2008, PMPMI, through another
advertising agency, Arc Worldwide Philippines Co. (AWPC), filed another
application for a sales promotional permit, this time for its Golden Stick
Promotional Activity (Golden Stick Promo) which the BFAD, however,
refused outright, pursuant to a directive of the BFAD Director that all permit
applications for promotional activities of tobacco companies will no longer
be accepted. Despite inquiries, the BFAD merely advised AWPC to await
the formal written notice regarding its application.10
Eventually, in a letter 11 dated January 5, 2009, the BFAD, through
Director IV Leticia Barbara B. Gutierrez, M.S. (Dir. Gutierrez), denied
PMPMIs Gear Up Promo application in accordance with the instructions of
the Undersecretary of Health for Standards and Regulations, directing that as
of July 1, 2008, all promotions, advertisements and/or sponsorships of
tobacco products are already prohibited, based on the provisions of RA
921112 or the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003.13

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

13

Inadvertently mentioned as Section 16; id. at 71.

Approved on April 13, 1992.
Rollo, p. 71.
Id.
See letter dated January 8, 2009; id. at 474.
Id. at 71.
Id. at 71-72.
Id. at 475.
Entitled AN ACT REGULATING THE PACKAGING, USE, SALE, DISTRIBUTION AND ADVERTISEMENTS OF
TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES; approved on June 23, 2003.
Rollo, p. 72. See also memorandum dated February 16, 2009; id. at 131.

Decision

G.R. No. 202943

On January 19, 2009, PMPMI filed an administrative appeal14 before

the DOH Secretary, assailing the BFADs denial of its Gear Up Promo
application, as well as its refusal to accept the Golden Stick Promo
application. In its appeal, PMPMI maintained that under RA 9211,
promotion is not prohibited but merely restricted, and that while there are
specific provisions therein totally banning tobacco advertising and
sponsorships, no similar provision could be found banning promotion.15 It
likewise averred that it had acquired a vested right over the granting of its
sales promotional permit applications, considering that the BFAD has been
granting such applications prior to January 5, 2009. Finally, it insisted that
the denial of its promotional permit applications was tantamount to a
violation of its right to due process as well as their right to property.16
The DOH Ruling
In a Consolidated Decision 17 dated April 30, 2009, then DOH
Secretary Francisco T. Duque III (Sec. Duque) denied PMPMIs appeal, as
well as all other similar actions filed by other tobacco companies and
thereby affirmed the action of the BFAD denying their sales promotional
permit applications, pursuant to the provisions of RA 9211.18
In denying PMPMIs and other tobacco companies promotional
applications, the DOH ruled that the issuance of permits for sales
promotional activities was never a ministerial duty of the BFAD; rather, it
was a discretionary power to be exercised within the confines of the law.
Moreover, previous approvals of sales promotional permit applications made
by the BFAD did not create a vested right on the part of the tobacco
companies to have all applications approved.19
The DOH likewise ruled that the intent and purpose of RA 9211 was
to completely ban tobacco advertisements, promotions, and sponsorships, as
promotion is inherent in both advertising and sponsorship. As such, if RA
9211 completely prohibited advertisements and sponsorships, then it is clear
that promotion, which is necessarily included in both activities, is likewise
prohibited, explaining further that the provisions of RA 9211 should not be
interpreted in a way as would render them ridiculous or meaningless.20

14
15
16
17
18
19
20

See letter of PMPMI, through its counsel, dated January 19, 2009; id. at 476.
Id. at 136.
Id.
Id. at 135-143. Penned by Secretary of Health Francisco T. Duque, III, MD, MSC.
Id. at 143.
Id. at 137.
See id. at 138-141.

Decision

G.R. No. 202943

Lastly, the DOH cited the Philippines obligation to observe the

provisions of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), an
international treaty, which has been duly ratified and adopted by the country
on June 6, 2005.21
Aggrieved, PMPMI elevated the matter to the CA via petition for
certiorari and mandamus,22 docketed as CA G.R. SP No. 109493, ascribing
grave abuse of discretion upon the DOH in refusing to grant its sales
promotional permit applications, maintaining, inter alia, that RA 9211 still
allows promotion activities notwithstanding the phase-out of advertising and
sponsorship activities after July 1, 2008.
The CA Ruling
In a Decision23 dated August 26, 2011, the CA granted the petition
and nullified the Consolidated Decision of the DOH upon a finding that the
provisions of RA 9211 were clear when it distinguished promotion from
advertising and sponsorship, so much so that while the latter two (2)
activities were completely banned as of July 1, 2008, the same does not hold
true with regard to promotion, which was only restricted. The CA held that
the DOH cannot exercise carte blanche authority to deny PMPMIs
promotional permit applications, adding that [w]hen the law is clear and
free from any doubt or ambiguity, there is no room for construction or
interpretation, only for application.24
Furthermore, it ruled that the DOH is bereft of any authority to
enforce the provisions of RA 9211, in view of the creation of the InterAgency CommitteeTobacco (IAC-Tobacco) under Section 29 of the said
law, which shall have the exclusive power and function to administer and
implement the provisions of [RA 9211] x x x.25 Thus, even though PMPMI
originally applied for sales promotional permits under Article 116 in relation
to Article 109 of RA 7394, from which the DOH derives its authority to
regulate tobacco sales promotions, the said provision has already been
repealed by Section 39 of RA 9211,26 which states:
Section 39. Repealing Clause. DOH Administrative Orders No.
10[,] s. 1993 and No. 24[,] s. 2003 are hereby repealed. Article 94 of
Republic Act No. 7394, as amended, otherwise known as the Consumer
Act of the Philippines, is hereby amended.

21
22
23
24
25
26

See id. at 141-142.

Dated July 13, 2009. Id. at 478-516.
Id. at 70-90.
Id. at 82, citing Bolos v. Bolos, 648 Phil. 630, 637 (2010).
Id. at 83.
See id. at 84.

Decision

G.R. No. 202943

All other laws, decrees, ordinances, administrative orders, rules

and regulations, or any part thereof, which are inconsistent with this Act
are likewise repealed or amended accordingly.

Hence, the CA ruled that the DOH wrongfully arrogated unto itself
the authority given to the IAC-Tobacco to administer and implement the
provisions of RA 9211, which includes regulation of tobacco promotions.27
Dissatisfied, the DOH, through the Office of the Solicitor General
(OSG), moved for the reconsideration28 of the said Decision, which the CA
denied in a Resolution29 dated August 3, 2012, hence, this petition.
The Issues Before the Court
The essential issues to be resolved are: (a) whether or not the CA
erred in finding that the authority of the DOH, through the BFAD, to
regulate tobacco sales promotions under Article 116 in relation to Article
109 of RA 7394 had already been impliedly repealed by RA 9211, which
created the IAC-Tobacco and granted upon it the exclusive authority to
administer and implement the provisions thereof; and (b) whether or not the
CA erred in ascribing grave abuse of discretion upon the DOH when the
latter held that RA 9211 has also completely prohibited tobacco promotions
as of July 1, 2008.
The Courts Ruling
The petition is bereft of merit.
At the core of the present controversy are the pertinent provisions of
RA 7394, i.e., Article 116 in relation to Article 109, to wit:
Article 116. Permit to Conduct Promotion. No person shall
conduct any sales campaigns, including beauty contest, national in
character, sponsored and promoted by manufacturing enterprises without
first securing a permit from the concerned department at least thirty
(30) calendar days prior to the commencement thereof. Unless an
objection or denial is received within fifteen (15) days from filing of the
application, the same shall be deemed approved and the promotion
campaign or activity may be conducted: Provided, That any sales
promotion campaign using medical prescriptions or any part thereof or
attachment thereto for raffles or a promise of reward shall not be allowed,
nor a permit be issued therefor. (Emphasis supplied)

27
28
29

Id.
See Motion for Reconsideration dated September 20, 2011; id. at 408-432.
Id. at 91-97.

Decision

G.R. No. 202943

Article 109. Implementing Agency. The Department of Trade and

Industry shall enforce the provisions of this Chapter and its implementing
rules and regulations: Provided, That with respect to food, drugs,
cosmetics, devices, and hazardous substances, it shall be enforced by
the Department of Health. (Emphasis and underscoring supplied)

The DOH derives its authority to rule upon applications for sales
promotion permits from the above-cited provisions. On the other hand,
Section 29 of RA 9211 creating the IAC-Tobacco provides:
Section 29. Implementing Agency. An Inter-Agency CommitteeTobacco (IAC-Tobacco), which shall have the exclusive power and
function to administer and implement the provisions of this Act, is
hereby created. The IAC-Tobacco shall be chaired by the Secretary of the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) with the Secretary of the
Department of Health (DOH) as Vice Chairperson. The IAC-Tobacco
shall have the following as members:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

Secretary of the Department of Agriculture (DA);

Secretary of the Department of Justice (DOJ);
Secretary of the Department of Finance (DOF);
Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR);
Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST);
Secretary of the Department of Education (DepEd);
Administrator of the National Tobacco Administration (NTA);
A representative from the Tobacco Industry to be nominated by
the legitimate and recognized associations of the industry; and
A representative from a nongovernment organization (NGO)
involved in public health promotion nominated by DOH in
consultation with the concerned NGOs[.]

The Department Secretaries may designate their Undersecretaries

as their authorized representative to the IAC. (Emphasis and underscoring
supplied)

It is the CAs pronouncement that the creation of the IAC-Tobacco

effectively and impliedly repealed 30 the above-quoted provisions of RA
7394, thereby removing the authority of the DOH to rule upon applications
for sales promotional permits filed by tobacco companies such as those filed
by PMPMI subject of this case.
On the other hand, while the DOH and the BFAD concede that the
creation of the IAC-Tobacco expressly grants upon the IAC-Tobacco the
exclusive power and function to administer and implement its provisions,
they nevertheless maintain that RA 9211 did not remove their authority
under RA 7394 to regulate tobacco sales promotions.31 They point out that
30
31

See Section 39 of RA 9211.

Rollo, pp. 52-53.

Decision

G.R. No. 202943

this much can be deduced from the lack of provisions in RA 9211 and its
implementing rules laying down the procedure for the processing of
applications for tobacco sales promotions permit. 32 As such, the DOH,
through the BFAD, retains the authority to rule on PMPMIs promotional
permit applications.
The Court agrees with the CA.
After a meticulous examination of the above-quoted pertinent
provisions of RA 7394 and RA 9211, the Court finds that the latter law
impliedly repealed the relevant provisions of the former with respect to the
authority of the DOH to regulate tobacco sales promotions.
At this point, the Court notes that both laws separately treat
promotion as one of the activities related to tobacco: RA 7394 defines
sales promotion under Article 4 (bm), while RA 9211 speaks of
promotion or tobacco promotion under Section 4 (l).
Sales promotion is defined in Article 4 (bm) of RA 7394, to wit:
Article 4. Definition of Terms. For purposes of this Act, the term:
xxxx
bm) Sales Promotion means techniques intended for broad
consumer participation which contain promises of gain such as prizes,
in cash or in kind, as reward for the purchase of a product, security,
service or winning in contest, game, tournament and other similar
competitions which involve determination of winner/s and which utilize
mass media or other widespread media of information. It also means
techniques purely intended to increase the sales, patronage and/or
goodwill of a product. (Emphases and underscoring supplied)

Identifying its Gear Up Promo and Golden Stick Promo to be

activities that fall under sales promotion as contemplated in the said
provision, PMPMI filed its permit applications under Article 116 of RA
7394 before the BFAD.
Meanwhile, Section 4 (l) of RA 9211 defines promotion as follows:
Section 4. Definition of Terms. As used in this Act:
xxxx
l. Promotion refers to an event or activity organized by or on
behalf of a tobacco manufacturer, distributor or retailer with the aim of
promoting a brand of tobacco product, which event or activity would
32

Id. at 55.

Decision

G.R. No. 202943

not occur but for the support given to it by or on behalf of the tobacco
manufacturer, distributor or retailer. It may also refer to the display of a
tobacco product or manufacturers name, trademark, logo, etc. on
non-tobacco products. This includes the paid use of tobacco products
bearing the brand names, trademarks, logos, etc. in movies, television
and other forms of entertainment. For the purpose of this Act, promotion
shall be understood as tobacco promotion[.] (Emphases and underscoring
supplied)

As adverted to elsewhere, the IAC-Tobacco shall have the exclusive

power and function to administer and implement the provisions of RA 9211,
which includes the conduct of regulating promotion.
The Court has judiciously scrutinized the above definitions and finds
that there is no substantial difference between the activities that would fall
under the purview of sales promotion in RA 7394, as well as those under
promotion in RA 9211, as would warrant a delineation in the authority to
regulate its conduct. In fact, the techniques, activities, and methods
mentioned in the definition of sales promotion can be subsumed under the
more comprehensive and broad scope of promotion.
In order to fully understand the depth and scope of these marketing
activities, the Court finds it necessary to go beyond the ambit of the
definitions provided in our laws.
Outside RA 7394, sales promotion refers to activities which make
use of media and non-media marketing communication for a predetermined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market
demand or improve product availability, 33 to provide added value or
incentives to consumers, wholesalers, retailers, or other organizational
customers to stimulate immediate sales and product interest, trial, or
purchase. 34 Examples of devices used in sales promotion are contests,
coupons, freebies, point-of-purchase displays, premiums, raffle prizes,
product samples, sweepstakes, and rebates.35
On the other hand, promotion is a term frequently used in marketing
which pertains to raising customer awareness of a product or brand,
generating sales, and creating brand loyalty36 which utilize the following
33

34

35
36

Charles M. Futrell. Just the Facts 101 Textbook Key Facts: Fundamentals of Selling, 11th Ed., 2015.
<https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=B8yJBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_sum
mary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=promotion&f=false > (visited February 28, 2015).
Rob Peters. The Social Media Marketing Handbook Everything You Need to Know About Social
Media, 2012. <https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=QUQQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&d
q=to+provide+added+value+or+incentives+to+consumers,+wholesalers,+retailers,+or+other+organiza
tional+customers+to+stimulate+immediate+sales&source=bl&ots=RA0UkAA8Mt&sig=knt2-rN89xQ
ObChQgYYPBhfw108&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_3U0Ve6xGMPFmwXroCgBA&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=
snippet&q=to%20provide%20added%20value%20or%20incentives%20to%20consumers&f=false>
(visited April 20, 2015).
Id.
Supra note 33.

Decision

G.R. No. 202943

subcategories: personal selling, advertising, sales promotion, direct

marketing, and publicity.37 The three basic objectives of promotion are: (1)
to present information to consumers as well as others; (2) to increase
demand; and (3) to differentiate a product. 38 Promotion can be done
through various methods, e.g., internet advertisements, special events,
endorsements, incentives in the purchase of a product like discounts (i.e.,
coupons), free items, or contests.39
Consequently, if sales promotion is considered as one of the
subcategories of promotion, it is clear, therefore, that promotion
necessarily incorporates the activities that fall under sales promotion.
Considering that the common and fundamental purpose of these marketing
strategies is to raise customer awareness in order to increase consumer
demand or sales, drawing a demarcation line between promotion and
sales promotion as two distinct and separate activities would be
unnecessarily stretching their meanings and, accordingly, sow more
confusion. Moreover, the techniques, methods, and devices through which
sales promotion are usually accomplished can likewise be considered as
activities relating to promotion, like raffle contests, which necessarily
require prizes and drawing of winners, discounts, and freebies.
Concomitantly, while the Court acknowledges the attempt of the
Department of Justice (DOJ), through its DOJ Opinion No. 29, series of
2004,40 (DOJ Opinion) to reconcile and harmonize the apparently conflicting
provisions of RA 7394 and RA 9211 in this respect, to the Courts mind, it is
more logical to conclude that sales promotion and promotion are
actually one and the same. The DOJ, in fact, referred 41 to product
promotion in RA 9211 as promotion per se which, therefore, can be
taken to mean an all-encompassing activity or marketing strategy which may
reasonably and logically include sales promotion. Besides, the DOJ
Opinion is merely persuasive and not necessarily controlling.42
Furthermore, the declared policy of RA 9211 where promotion is
defined includes the institution of a balanced policy whereby the use, sale
and advertisements of tobacco products shall be regulated in order to
promote a healthful environment and protect the citizens from the hazards of
tobacco smoke x x x. 43 Hence, if the IAC-Tobacco was created and
37

38

39
40
41
42

43

See Hasan, K. and Khan, R. (2011). Building International Brand Through Promotional Strategy.
University of Skovde, Sweden. <http://www.diva- portal.org/smash/get/diva2: 453926/ATTACHMEN
T01> (visited April 20, 2015).
Kurtz, Dave. (2010). Contemporary Marketing Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, cited in
<http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/6162?show=full > (visited April 20, 2015).
See Supra note 34.
Rollo, pp. 117-121.
Id. at 120.
Associated Communications & Wireless Services-United Broadcasting Networks v. NTC, 445 Phil.
621, 643 (2003).
SECTION 2. Policy. It is the policy of the State to protect the populace from hazardous products and
promote the right to health and instill health consciousness among them. It is also the policy of the
State, consistent with the Constitutional ideal to promote the general welfare, to safeguard the interests
of the workers and other stakeholders in the tobacco industry. For these purposes, the government shall

Decision

10

G.R. No. 202943

expressly given the exclusive authority to implement the provisions of RA

9211 in accordance with the foregoing State policy, it signifies that it shall
also take charge of the regulation of the use, sale, distribution, and
advertisements of tobacco products, as well as all forms of promotion
which essentially includes sales promotion. Therefore, with this regulatory
power conferred upon the IAC-Tobacco by RA 9211, the DOH and the
BFAD have been effectively and impliedly divested of any authority to act
upon applications for tobacco sales promotional permit, including PMPMIs.
Finally, it must be stressed that RA 9211 is a special legislation which
exclusively deals with the subject of tobacco products and related activities.
On the other hand, RA 7394 is broader and more general in scope, and treats
of the general welfare and interests of consumers vis--vis proper conduct
for business and industry. As such, lex specialis derogat generali. General
legislation must give way to special legislation on the same subject, and
generally is so interpreted as to embrace only cases in which the special
provisions are not applicable. In other words, where two statutes are of equal
theoretical application to a particular case, the one specially designed
therefore should prevail.44
In fine, the Court agrees with the CA that it is the IAC-Tobacco and
not the DOH which has the primary jurisdiction to regulate sales promotion
activities as explained in the foregoing discussion. As such, the DOHs
ruling, including its construction of RA 9211 (i.e., that it completely banned
tobacco advertisements, promotions, and sponsorships, as promotion is
inherent in both advertising and sponsorship), are declared null and void,
which, as a necessary consequence, precludes the Court from further delving
on the same. As it stands, the present applications filed by PMPMI are thus
remanded to the IAC-Tobacco for its appropriate action. Notably, in the
proper exercise of its rule-making authority, nothing precludes the IACTobacco from designating any of its pilot agencies (which, for instance, may
even be the DOH45) to perform its multifarious functions under RA 9211.
WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The Decision dated August
26, 2011 and the Resolution dated August 3, 2012 of the Court of Appeals in
CA-G.R. SP No. 109493 are hereby AFFIRMED with the
MODIFICATION in that the present permit applications filed by
respondent Philip Morris Philippines Manufacturing, Inc. for its tobacco
sales promotions are hereby REMANDED to the Inter-Agency CommitteeTobacco for appropriate action.

44

45

institute a balanced policy whereby the use, sale and advertisements of tobacco products shall be
regulated in order to promote a healthful environment and protect the citizens from the hazards of
tobacco smoke, and at the same time ensure that the interests of tobacco farmers, growers, workers and
stakeholders are not adversely compromised.
See Nieves v. Duldulao, G.R. No. 190276, April 2, 2014, citing Jalosjos v. Commission on Elections,
G.R. No. 205033, June 18, 2013, 698 SCRA 742, 762.
See Inter-Agency Committee on Tobacco Memorandum Circular (I-ACT MC No. 1 s. 2008), wherein
the DOH was designated as pilot agency in the implementation of provisions on Healthful
Environment and Advertising and Promotions.

Decision

G.R. No. 202943

11

SO ORDERED.

bi-ltuJJ

ESTELA ~JPERLAS-BERNABE
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:

MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO

Chief Justice
Chairperson

~~~&u

TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO

Associate Justice

EZ

CERTIFICATION
Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution, I certify that
the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation
before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court's
Division.

MARIA LOURDES P. A. SERENO

Chief Justice