CHINESEJOURNALOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

Vol.24,aNo. *,a2011

DOI:10.3901/CJME.2011.**.***,availableonlineatwww.cjmenet.comwww.cjmenet.com.cn

NumericalInvestigationon FluidStructureInteraction ConsideringRotor

DeformationforaCentrifugalPump
YUANShouqi*,PEIJi, and YUANJianping
ResearchCenterofFluidMachineryEngineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013,China
Received March16,2010revised March11,2011 accepted June,2011published electronically June,2011

Abstract: The existing researches forunsteady flowfieldand the correspondingflowinducedvibrationanalysisofcentrifugalpumpare

mainly carried out respectively without considering the interaction between fluid and structure. The ignorance of fluid structure
interaction(FSI)meansthattheenergytransferbetweenfluidandstructureisneglected.Tosomeextent,theaccuracyandreliabilityof
unsteady flow and rotor deflection analysis should be affected bythis interaction mechanism. In this paper, a combined calculation
betweentwoexecutablesforturbulentflowandvibratingstructurewasestablishedusingtwowaycouplingmethodtostudytheeffect
ofFSI.Pressuredistributions,radialforces,rotordeflectionandequivalentstressareanalyzed.TheresultsshowthattheFSIeffectto
pressure distribution in flow field is complex. The pressure distribution is affected not only around impeller outlet where different
variationtrendsofpressurevalueswithandwithoutFSIappearaccordingtodifferentrelativepositionsbetweenbladeandcutwater,but
alsointhe diffusion section of volute. Variation trendsof peak values of radial force amplitude calculated withand without FSI are
nearlysameunderhighflowrateanddesignedconditionswhilethepeakvaluewithFSIisslightlysmaller,anddifferently,thepeak
valuewithFSIislargerwithlowflowrate.Inaddition,theeffectofFSIontheangleofradialforceisquitecomplex,especiallyunder
0.5Q condition.Fluctuationofradialdeflectionoftherotorhasobviousfourperiods,ofwhichtheextentisrelativelysmallunderdesign
condition and is relatively large under offdesign condition. Finally, fluctuations of equivalent stress with time are obvious under
different conditions, and stress value is small. The proposed research establishes the FSI calculation method for centrifugal pump
analysis,andensurestheexistingaffectbyfluid structure interaction.
Keywords:centrifugalpump,fluid structureinteraction,coupledsolution,unsteadyturbulentflow,basictheory

of unsteady flow field and structural dynamic response of

pumpcomponent,butalsothestudyoninteractionbetween
flowfieldandpump structure shouldbedeveloped.
Centrifugal pump is one of the most important energy
The fluid structure interaction (FSI), which can lead to
conversion device widely used in almostall industrialand increased potential for flowinduced vibration, structural
agricultural applications: nuclear industry, petroleum, wearandevenstructuralfailureundertheworstconditions,
agribusiness, chemistry, as well as cryogenic propellant exists between complex inner flow and structures of
pumping,etc. Thecomplexinnerflowofcentrifugalpumps centrifugal pumps. That means hydraulic excitation will
including rotorstator interaction, cavitation and rotating change kinetic characteristics of structures and lead to
stall,etc.cangeneratehydraulicexcitationforcesandgive deformation, meanwhile the distribution of pump inner
rise to pressure pulsations. These dynamic pressure flowfieldwillbeaffectedbythedeformationaswell.Even
components then will lead to mechanical vibrations and in the absence of cavitation and its complications, these
alternating stresses in various pump components, called fluid structure interaction phenomena can cause serious
flowinduced vibration problem[1]. The vibrations problems[2].Inthepresentstudy,theunsteadyflowfieldto
transmitted to the foundations can spread as solidborne be considered is affected by mainly the rotorstator
noise throughout the building, and the vibrating pump interaction(RSI).
structures canalsoradiate airborneand fluidbornenoise.
FSI is a natural effect which is recognized by people
Toobtainthesolutionfortheproblem,notonlytheanalysis from aeroelastic problem in early 19th century.
ZIENKIEWICZ, et al[3], well defined FSI as: Coupled
* Correspondingauthor.Email:shouqiy@ujs.edu.cn
systems and formulations are those applicable to multiple
This project is supported by National Outstanding Young Scientists
domains and dependent variables which usually describe
Founds of China (Grant No. 50825902), Jiangsu Provincial Innovative
ScholarsClimbingProjectofChina(GrantNo.BK2009006),National differentphysicalphenomenaandinwhichneitherdomain
NaturalScienceFoundation ofChina(GrantNo.50979034),andJiangsu canbesolvedwhileseparatedfromtheotherand neitherset
Provincial Project for Innovative Postgraduates of China (Grant No.
of defendant variables can be explicitly eliminated at the
CX10B_262Z)

1 Introduction*

YYUANShouqi,etal: NumericalInvestigationonFluidStructureInteractionConsideringRotorDeformation
foraCentrifugalPump

different equation level. In recent years, more and more

literaturesconcernedwithFSIinturbomachineryareissued,
in which many of them are concerning about turbines[46],
and a few are about pumps. BENRA, et al[7], investigated
the flowinduced vibrations of a commercial singleblade
sewage water pump in detail using numerical and
experimental methods, he believed that determination of
the rotor oscillations is possible by using numerical codes
for the transient flow in the pump and for structure
dynamics of the rotor. KATO, et al[8], predicted the noise
from a multistage centrifugal pump using oneway
coupling method. LANGTHJEM, et al[9], investigated
flowinducednoise inatwodimensional centrifugal pump
considering FSI, he believed that the interaction between
fluidandrotatingimpellerbladesactsanimportantrolein
generatingnoise.
In this paper, the commercial CFD and FEM solvers,
CFXandANSYS,areemployedtoestablishthecombined
calculationforturbulentflowandvibratingstructureusing
twoway coupling method for a centrifugal pump. Rotor
deformationisconsideredforthepumpstructureresponse
meanwhilethepressurepulsationinsideapumpisinduced
by impellervolute interaction. The goal of this research
was to learn more about the interrelation of the transient
flowandtheresultingrotordeformation.

simultaneously,andinteractionbetweenfluidandstructure
can be calculated. The calculation models, which are
achieved by Pro/E, are shownin Fig. 1.The grids of fluid
domain in impeller and volute were generated by ICEM
CFD. Unstructured tetrahedral cells were generated to
definethefluidinimpellerandvolutewith110517nodes
and526183 grid elementsin total. In the fluid domain of
impeller,ameshrefinementzonewasdefinednearblades.
Andinthefluiddomainofvolute,ameshrefinementzone
wasdefinednearthetongue.And16457gridsfortherotor
structure, much less than fluid mesh, are generated by
ANSYScode.

(a) Fluid calculation domainofthepump

2 PumpModel
The model is a singlestage singlesuction horizontal
volute centrifugal pump, of which the inlet diameter of
(b)Structurecalculation domainofthepump
impeller is 75 mm, outlet diameter is 188 mm, and outlet
Fig.1. Sketchmapofthepumpmodel
impeller width is 12 mm. The impeller is enclosed type
with 4 blades. The rotating speed is 1 450 r/min, with
The objective of the combined calculation is to analyze
designed flow rate of 25 m3/h and head of 10 m. The the effect of FSI by both comparing flow fields calculated
impeller structure is made of gray cast iron, of which the withandwithoutFSImethodandstudyingdeformationsof
materialcharacteristicparametersareshowninTable.
therotor calculated by FSI. Thedeflection of rotor can be
analyzed through center point on the shaft end, shown as
Table. Material characteristicparameters
theredpointinFig.1(b).Inaddition,thereare20indicator
points in the volute around impeller outlet as shown in
Density
Elasticmodulus
Poissonratio
Fig. 2 to obtain distribution of static pressure and its
r/(kg m3)
E/ GPa
m
7 000
150
0.25
variation trends. Both Cartesian coordinate used and the
tenth section of volute used for pressure analysis later are
Two calculation domains, fluid calculation domain and alsoshowninFig.2.
structurecalculationdomain,areinvolvedinthecombined
calculation for FSI effect of centrifugal pumps. The fluid
calculation domain is mainly composed of two parts, the
static volute and the rotating impeller. And a sliding
interfaceisusedbetweenvoluteinletandimpelleroutletto
simulate unsteady effect of a stationary and a rotating
component[10]. In addition, for the structure calculation
domain, only the rotor structure, including impeller and
pumpshaft,istakenintoaccount.Fluidsolidinterfacesare
necessarily used on every fluid wetted impeller surface to
establish an effective data transmission between fluid and
structure field. As a result, both deformation of impeller
and fluid pressure distribution can be considered

CHINESEJOURNALOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

Fig.2. Indicatorpositionsinthevolute

of threedimensional flow field in centrifugal pump, the

model can produce satisfactory results like ke model. At
3 FSICalculationProcess
first, steady simulation ought to be operated to supply
initial conditions forthe unsteady calculations.The inflow
When theflowinduceddeformationofthestructurehas boundary condition is assumed to be normal to the inlet
an impact on the flow behavior in a manner which is not surface and uniformly distributed. The outflow boundary
negligible, a twoway coupling of the flow calculation condition allows the fluidto cross the boundary surface in
(CFD) and the solid calculation (CSD) is required to eitherdirection.
capture the complete phenomenon[11]. In this paper, both
The structural analysis of the pump rotor which was
pressure loads from the flow field acting on the structure coupled to the flow calculation was carried out with
and the impact of the impeller deformation on the flow ANSYScode.Thetransientdynamicequationofinterestis
field are taken into consideration, and the system uses asfollowsforalinearstructure:
iterative coupling where each physics field is solved
sequentially. In Fig. 3,a scheme of FSI simulation system
Mq&&(t ) + Cq&(t ) + Kq(t ) = Q(t ),
(1)
isdepictedwhichconsistsofthreeloops,timeloop,stagger
iteration loop and field solution loop. For every time step
&&(t) is nodal acceleration vector, q
&(t) is nodal
where q
which is corresponding to a certain impeller position, a
velocity vector, q(t) is nodal displacement vector, M is
stagger iteration loop, including a certain amount of field
structuralmassmatrix,Cisstructuraldampingmatrix,Kis
solutionloops,isstarted.Withinthestaggeriterationloop,
structural stiffness matrix, and Q(t) is applied load vector.
not only the structural dynamics of therotor are simulated
Newmark time integration method, using finite difference
with the FEM method while unsteady flow fields are
expansionsinthetimeinterval,isemployedforthesolution
calculated using FVM method alternately, but also data
ofthelinearEquation.
transferbetweentwofieldsareprocessed.Thesolutionfor
Thesamenumberoftimestepissetforbothsimulation
the computed deformation of the structure is used to
of fluid field and dynamic analysis of the structure. For
establish a new flow mesh, and then a new flow field
gaining the difference of calculation results with and
iteration loop for the fluid dynamics simulation is started.
without FSI at some time points, one time step is
After gaining the solution for thetransient flow field with
correspondingto18oftheimpellerrotation,whichmeans
thenew mesh, anew distribution of pressureloads, which
if the contents of one cycle of the impeller need to be
will be transferred as the boundary condition to another
understood, 20 time steps of such iteration calculation
structure field iteration loop for new result of structure
ought to be done, and no frequency analysis is available
deformation if necessary, is obtained. The next stagger
here. 7 complete impeller revolutions finally have been
iterationthenwillbestartedwiththisnewflowfieldifthe
donein order to achieve a periodic flow field. In addition,
loadstransferredacrossphysicsinterfacescannotconverge.
fixed supports are chosen on the bearings for structure
dynamicanalysis,asshowninFig.4.

Fig.4. Fixed supportforrotorstructureanalysis

4 ResultsandDiscussions
Fig.3. A schemeofFSIsimulationsystem

The unsteady flow calculation for the centrifugal pump

has been accomplished with NavierStokes solver CFX
11.0. For closing the basic equations, the turbulence was
modeledwitha kw modelusingSSTnearwallformulation
from Menter[12]. Comparing with the standard ke model
and RNG ke model, the flow near wall can be predicted
moreaccuratewithSSTkwmodel,andforthecalculation

In the FSI simulation process, the convergence results

for fluid calculation and for structure dynamic analysis at
eachtimestepformfinalunsteadysolutionswithFSI,and
the solution curves time dependent became almost stable
for the seventh calculated rotating cycle. The time of one
periodisthattheimpellerrotatesonecycle.
4.1 Analysisofpressuredistribution

YYUANShouqi,etal: NumericalInvestigationonFluidStructureInteractionConsideringRotorDeformation
foraCentrifugalPump

To analyze the pressure distributions around outlet of

impelleruponvariouspositionsrelativetothecutwaterand
thevariationtrendswithandwithoutFSI,threetimepoints
are defined:t1 for the point before blade passing cutwater,
t2 forthepointofbladepassingcutwaterand t3 forthepoint
afterbladepassingcutwater.Fig.5showsthecomparisons
of pressure distributions around outlet of impeller upon
different positions relative to the cutwater under designed
conditionforthethreetimepoints.
90

withFSI
withoutFSI

Pressurep/kPa

85
80
75

different positions relative to the cutwater for each time

point can be observed. Thenumber of fluctuation periods,
assameasbladequantity,meansthatnonuniformpressure
distributions around impeller outletare affected clearly by
bladecutwater interaction. And the highest pressure value
appears at the nearest position to cutwater for each time
point. In addition, under designed condition, the pressure
valuesforallpositionsarelargerwithFSIthanwithoutFSI
at t1 point, the values are slightly larger with FSI than
without FSI at t2 point, and conversely the values are
smaller with FSI than without FSI at t3 point. The FSI
effect to the pressure distribution, of which the pattern is
quitecomplicated,isnotobviousrelativelywhentheblade
ispassingcutwater.
The pressure distributions on thetenth section of volute
with and without FSI for the designated time point under
different conditionsareshowninFig.6.

70
0

90

180
Angle a /

270

360

(a) Comparisonsofpressuredistributionsatt1

100

withFSI
withoutFSI

Pressurep/kPa

95
90

(a) DesignedconditionwithFSI (b) DesignedconditionwithoutFSI

85
80
75
0

90

180
Angle a/

270

360

(b) Comparisonsofpressuredistributions att2

95

withFSI
withoutFSI

(c) 1.2QconditionwithFSI

(d) 1.2QconditionwithoutFSI

Pressurep/kPa

90
85
80
75
70
65

90

180
Angle a/

270

360

(c)Comparisonsofpressuredistributions att3

Fig.5. Comparisonsofpressuredistributions
aroundoutlet ofimpellerwithandwithoutFSI

In Fig. 5, a represents the angle between indicator and

cutwaterpositionalongthecounterclockwisedirection,as
shown in Fig. 2. Four periods pressure fluctuation upon

(e) 0.5QconditionwithFSI (f) 0.5QconditionwithoutFSI

Fig.6. Pressuredistributionsonthetenthsection
ofvolutewithandwithoutFSI (kPa)

Thedesignatedtimeis0.28152swhenonebladeisjust
passing the cutwater. The same scale legend is used for

CHINESEJOURNALOFMECHANICALENGINEERING

RadialforceF/N

comparingpressuredistributionsundereachcondition.And 0.5Qcondition.Itisclearthatsomecalculatedanglevalues
thechangesexistfortheresultscalculatedwithandwithout with FSI are evidently larger than without FSI, and some
FSI. Under designed condition, the area of low pressure aresmaller.
zone increased considering FSI, while the area of high
withFSI
pressure zone had no visible change. And under 1.2Q
20
withoutFSI
condition,theareaoflowpressurezoneincreasedwithFSI,
whentheareaofhighpressurezonedecreased.Under0.5Q
15
conditioninparticular,thesignificantchangeexists,andall
pressurevaluesincreasedsharplywithFSI.ThatmeansFSI
10
effect on pressure distributions exists not only around
impeller outlet, but also in the diffusion section of volute
5
farfromtheimpeller.TheeffectofFSI,whichisextremely
complex, should be considered on studying pressure
0
pulsationsofinnerflowincentrifugalpumps.
0.25

0.27

0.28

0.29

0.28

0.29

0.28

0.29

Time t/s
(a) Designedcondition
withFSI
withoutFSI

RadialforceF/N

50

40

30

20
0.25

0.26

0.27

Time t/s
(b) 1.2Qcondtion

withFSI
withoutFSI

80
RadialforceF/N

4.2 Analysisofunsteadyradialforce
The unsteady radial force acting onthe impeller created
by timedependent pressure distributions at the outlet of a
closedimpellermustbeknowninordertocalculatebearing
loads, shaft stresses and shaft deflection. The transient
radial force for every timepoint were calculatedusing the
method mentioned in Asuajes research[13]. The program
has been writtenusing LabView software. Both amplitude
andangleofforcewereconsidered.
Amplitudes of radial forces timedependent with and
without FSI under three operating conditions are shownin
Fig. 7, and every step represents the value of force
amplitude for each time point calculated. The amplitudes
are relatively small under designed condition, and are
relatively large under offdesign conditions in one period
rotation. Four obvious peak values of amplitude of radial
force are shown under every condition. It means that the
rotorstatorinteractionisstrong,andmakesanobviousand
dominantimpactonamplitudeofradialforces.Inaddition,
variation trends of peak values of radial force amplitude
calculatedwithandwithoutFSIarenearlysameunderhigh
flow rate and design conditions while the peak value with
FSIisslightlysmallerthanwithoutFSI,anddifferently,the
peak value with FSI is larger than without FSI under low
flowrate.
The variations of radial force angle, represented as b,
between x positive axis and radial force vectors along the
counterclockwise direction with and without FSI under
three operating conditions are shown in Fig. 8. Four
obvious periods of angle value fluctuation can be seen
under every operation condition, and the fluctuation is
relatively unstable under 0.5Q condition. The radial force
vector appears in either the first or the fourth quadrant
under designed condition for different time steps, and
appearsinthefirstquadrantwithlargeflowratewhilethe
vectorappearsinthethirdquadrantwithlowflowratefor
every time point. In addition, change of angles of radial
forcecalculatedwithandwithoutFSIisnotobviousunder
high flow rate condition, and is relatively obvious under
design and low flow rate conditions. The effect of FSI on
theangleofradialforceisquitecomplex,especiallyunder

0.26

70

60

50

0.25

0.26

0.27

Timet/s
(c) 0.5Qcondition

Fig.7. Amplitudesofradialforces
withandwithoutFSI

From the analysis above for angle and amplitude of

radial forces under different conditions, besides factors
with blade passing frequency, factors with other
frequenciesmayexisttomakethefourperiodsofangleand
amplitude fluctuations of radial force not quite obvious
under 0.5Q condition relative to other conditions. That is
mainly because complex flow phenomena with other
frequencies,likeflowseparationandflowrecirculationetc.,
arepronetooccurunderthiscondition.

YYUANShouqi,etal: NumericalInvestigationonFluidStructureInteractionConsideringRotorDeformation

0.010

Angle b/

60
0.005

Deflection S/mm

foraCentrifugalPump

withFSI
withoutFSI

0.26

0.27
Timet/s

0.28

0.29

0.26

withFSI
withoutFSI

30
0.26

0.27
Time t/s

(b) 1.2Qcondtion

withFSI
withoutFSI

0.28

0.29

Equivalentstress s/MPa

Angle b/

40

0.25

co

0.5Q
0.8Q
1.0Q
1.2Q
1.5Q

50

Angle b/

0.28

Fig.9. Variationsofrotortotaldeflection
underfiveoperationconditions

60

272
92

0.27

Time t/s

(a) Designedcondition

70

0.25

Op
era
t

0.25

ion

q
Q
1.2q
Q
1.5q
Q

60

nd
i ti

on
s

0.000
0.5q
Q
0.8q
Q

8
7
6
5
4

0.25

0.26

0.27
Timet/s

0.28

0.29

Fig.10. Fluctuationsofequivalentstress
withtime fordifferentoperationconditions

268
88

264
84

5 Conclusions

Acombinedcalculation for turbulent flow and vibrating

structurewasconductedusingtwowaycouplingmethodto
260
80
study the effect of FSI of the impeller on flow field in a
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
Time t/s
centrifugal pump and transient dynamic behavior of the
(c) 0.5Qcondition
rotorstructure.Conclusionsaremadeasfollows.
(1)TheFSIeffecttopressuredistributioninflowfieldis
Fig.8. Variationsofanglebetween x positiveaxis
andradialforcevectorswithandwithoutFSI
complex. The pressure distribution is affected not only
around impeller outlet where different variation trends of
pressure values with and without FSI appear according to
4.3 Analysisof rotordeformationandstress
differentrelativepositionsbetweenbladeandcutwater,but
The variations of rotor total deflection in xz direction also in the diffusion section of volute where under 0.5Q
under five operation conditions are shown in Fig. 9. conditioninparticular,thesignificantchangeexists,andall
Deformations of the rotor are relatively large under pressurevaluesincreasedsharplywithFSI.
offdesignconditions,andfluctuationofradialdeflectionof
(2) Variation trends of peak values of radial force
the rotor has obvious four periods, of which the extent is amplitudecalculatedwithandwithoutFSIarenearlysame
relatively small under design condition and is relatively underhigh flow rate and design conditions while the peak
largeunderoffdesigncondition.Fluctuationsofequivalent valuewithFSIisslightlysmaller,anddifferently,thepeak
stress with time for different operation conditions are value with FSI is larger than without FSI under low flow
showninFig.10.Thestressvalueschangeperiodically and rate. In addition, the effect of FSI on the angle of radial
increase with the increase of flow rates. And the larger is forceisquitecomplex,especiallyunder0.5Q condition.
flow rate, the more obvious is fluctuation. In addition,
(3) Fluctuation of radial deflection of the rotor has
equivalent stress values are small in the periodic cycle obviousfourperiods,ofwhichtheextentisrelativelysmall
calculated though,alternating stress canalso cause fatigue under design condition and is relatively large under
failureoftheimpellerwhichcannotbeneglected.
offdesigncondition.Inaddition,fluctuationsofequivalent

CHINESEJOURNALOFMECHANICALENGINEERING
stresswithtimeareobviousunderdifferentconditions,and
stressvalueissmall.
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Biographicalnotes
YUAN Shouqi is currently a professor and a PhD candidate
supervisor at Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering
and Technology, Jiangsu University, China. He has received 16
prizes of Science and Technology Advancement at Province or
Ministry level. He has published 3 books and more than 240
papers.Hisresearchinterestsincludethetheory,designandCFD
ofpumpsandfluidmachinery.
Tel:+8651188780007Email:shouqiy@ujs.edu.cn
PEI Ji, born in 1984, is currently a PhD candidate at Research
CenterofFluidMachineryEngineeringandTechnology,Jiangsu
University, China. He received his master degree from Jiangsu
University, China, in 2009. His research interests include flow
induced vibration and fluidstructure interaction in centrifugal
pumps.
Tel:+8613776474939Email: peiji1984@163.com
YUAN Jianping is currently an associate professor at Research
CenterofFluidMachineryEngineeringandTechnology,Jiangsu
University,China.Hisresearchinterestisdrainageandirrigation
machinery.
Tel:+8651188780280Email: yh@ujs.edu.cn