CHARLES BABBAGE

Charles Babbage was born on Dec. 26, 1791 in England. He was a polymath and became a mathematician, mechanical
engineer, inventor, and philosopher. He had a lot of contributions to different scientific fields but his most famous work is
probably coming up with the idea of a programmable computing device.
In fact, Charles Babbage is considered the father of the computer and is given credit for coming up with the first ever
mechanical computer. It was very simple but it served as the blue print for other, more complex machines. Of course he
had other works to his name in other fields and this is the reason he was often referred to as pre-eminent among other
polymaths of his generation.
Try to pay a visit to the London Science Museum and you will find parts of his uncompleted works. Back in 1991, experts
constructed a functioning difference engine basis on Babbages original designs. The engine was built to conditions that
were around during the 19th century and the success of the completed difference engine indicated that the machine of
Babbage would have functioned just fine.

CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS

Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss, more commonly known as Carl Friedrich Gauss, was a German mathematician, widely known as one of
the greatest mathematicians in history. He made crucial contributions to geometry, statistics, number theory, planetary astronomy, the
theory of functions, potential theory, optics and geophysics.
Born on April 30, 1777 in Brunswick, Germany to a very poor family, the father of Carl Friedrich Gauss was a gardener and brick layer.
His mother was, however, very keen to educate her son. Gauss was a child prodigy in mathematics. The Duke of Brunswick was very
impressed with his computing skills when he was only 14, so his stay at the Brunswick Collegium Carolinum, Hanover was generously
financed.
Gauss attended the University of Gttingen from 1795 to 1798. He earned his doctorate in 1799 at the University of Helmstedt.

Contributions and Achievements:

Gauss was made the director of the Gttingen Observatory in 1807, as well a professor of mathematics at the same place. During his
tenure, he spent much of his time establishing a new observatory. He also worked with Wilhelm Weber for almost six years making a
primitive telegraph device which could send messages over a distance of 1500 meters. A a statue of Gauss and Weber was later built
in Gttingen.
Carl Friedrich Gauss was a prolific author who wrote more than 300 papers, mostly in Latin. He also knew Russian and other foreign
languages. He was appointed a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1801, mainly due to his his calculations of the
orbits of the asteroids Ceres and Pallas. He also won the Copley Medal in 1838.

JAMES WATT

James Watt was the father of the industrial revolution. His crucial role in transforming our world from one based on
agriculture to one based on engineering and technology is recognized in the unit of power: the watt.
James Watt was born in 1736 in Greenock, Scotland. He was an inventor, engineer and scientist.

Quick Guide to James Watts Inventions and Discoveries

James Watt:
radically improved the steam engine, starting the industrial revolution.
continued to produce a stream of new ideas and inventions, which eventually resulted in an engine that needed 80%
less fuel than earlier engines.
invented high pressure steam engines capable of even higher efficiencies, but the technology of the time was not
capable of operating them safely.
introduced the word horsepower to describe an engines power output. We now generally use watts to measure power,
although engine power is still often rated in horsepower.
was the first person to propose that water was made of hydrogen combined with oxygen.
independently discovered the scientific concept of latent heat.
invented the worlds first copying machine similar in function to a photocopier to make copies of correspondence,
pages of books, and pictures.

DOROTHY HODGKIN

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin is best known for her work in developing protein crystallography. A woman of great intellect
and an immense passion for science, she helped advance the x-ray crystallography technique, which was the key to
studying and understanding the 3-dimensional structures of biomolecules. Dorothy Crowfoot was born to John Winter
Crowfoot and Grace Mary Hood Crowfoot in Cairo, Egypt on May 12, 1910. John worked for the Egyptian Education
Service as a school inspector and later on moved to Sudan where he became Director of Education and Director of
Antiquities. He retired from his career in Sudan in 1926 and focused on archaeology. He became the Director of
Jerusalems British School of Archaeology and went on different excavations in Samaria, Bosra, and Mount Ophel. Grace
Mary was a botanist and took time to illustrate the different flora found in Sudan. She was also very much involved in
Johns work. Both parents believed in selflessness and service traits that they instilled in their daughters as they were
growing up. Dorothys interest in chemistry started when she was just 10 years old. On a visit to Sudan, Dr. A.F. Joseph,
her parents good friend, let her study and analyze some chemicals. When she was attending the Sir John Leman
School, she was allowed to join the boys as they studied chemistry. By the end of her early schooling, she had already
decided that chemistry was something she wanted to pursue.
When Dorothy was given the chance to visit her father in Sudan in 1923, she immediately fell in love with the place. She
spent some time with her parents and helped out in the excavation in Jerash. She and her sister would also study the
pebbles they found in a nearby stream using a portable mineral analysis kit, further pushing her fascination and interest
in crystals and minerals. This experience almost made her give up chemistry and replace it with archaeology instead.

DAVID BOHM

David Joseph Bohm, more commonly known as David Bohm, was an American-born British quantum physicist
who was a leading expert in the fields of theoretical physics, neuropsychology and philosophy. He is regarded
as one of the most greatest and most influential theoretical physicists of the 20th century. David Bohm was
born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania to Jewish parents. His father owned a local furniture store. Bohm
graduated from Pennsylvania State College in 1939. After attending the California Institute of Technology in
1940, he acquired a doctorate in theoretical physics at the University of California, Berkeley under Robert
Oppenheimer.

Contributions and Achievements:

David Bohm, a scientist-philosopher, was a rare combination of the spirit of science and philosophy. He was
considered to be one of the worlds foremost theoretical physicists and the most influential among the new
thinkers. He was a committed researcher and seeker who was intensely absorbed in the problems of the
foundations of physics, studied the theory of relativity and developed an alternative interpretation of quantum
mechanics in order to eliminate the philosophical paradoxes that seemed to be prevalent in quantum
mechanics and developed a metaphysics, the philosophy of the implicate order, to steer humanity to a new
profound vision of reality.

DIOSCORO LUNA UMALI

Dioscoro Luna Umali (November 17, 1917 July 1, 1992) was a National Scientist of the
Philippines and is known as "the Father of Philippine Plant Breeding." He was awarded several
international honors and distinctions for his outstanding achievements and improvements
of rice, corn and other economic plants. His research studies on upland agriculture, forestry, and
environment conservation have helped many people, especially farmers, improve the quality of their
crops.

JOS ENCARNACIN, JR.

Jos Encarnacin, Jr. (November 17, 1928 in Manila July 5, 1998 in Quezon City)
was professor of economics at the University of the Philippines, where he served as dean of
the School of Economics from 1974 until his retirement in 1994. Encarnacin was educated at
the University of the Philippines (PhB, MA Philosophy) and at Princeton University (PhD
Economics). At Princeton he was a student and dissertation advisee of William J. Baumol. The
only Filipino economist of his generation to work in the field of theory, Encarnacin was best
known for advancing the theory of lexicographic preferences, which in the words of Richard
Day, Encarnacin "almost singlehandedly kept alive". In 1987 he was named National
Scientist, the highest recognition of scientific achievement given by theRepublic of the
Philippines.[1] In 2008, the main building of the School of Economics at the University of the
Philippines was renamed Encarnacin Hall in his honor.

JOSE R. VELASCO

Jose R. Velasco (February 4, 1916 January 24, 2007) was a Filipino plantphysiologist and agricultural chemist noted
for his research on soil and plantnutrition and on coconut diseases. In 1998, he was recognized as a National Scientist of
the Philippines. Velasco was born in Imus, Cavite. After nearly flunking out of a vocational high school, he transferred to
an agricultural high school (now the Central Luzon State University), where he graduated salutatorian. Velasco enrolled in
what was then the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture (now the University of the Philippines, Los Baos)
in Laguna. He graduated at the top of his class in 1940 with a degree in Agriculture, major in Agriculture Chemistry. Upon
graduation, Velasco joined the faculty of the University of the Philippines and remained there for the duration of World
War II, during which he endured a brief period of incarceration by the Japanese army. After the war, Velasco pursued
graduate studies in the United States and obtained a Ph.D in plant physiology from the University of California,
Berkeley in 1949. He re-joined the faculty of the University of the Philippines and remained there until 1967. During World
War II, Velasco conducted research on the photoperiodism of the rice plant. Among his findings, which were published
only after the end of the war, was that the Elon-elon variety flowered during short days when there was less than 12
hours of light.
Velasco was also noted for his research on the physiology of the coconut, a common crop in the Philippines. He studied
the mineral nutrition of areas planted to coconut, the development and utilization of coconut products, and the nature and
cause ofcadang-cadang, a disease that plagued the crop of small coconut farmers throughout the country. With respect
to cadang-cadang, Velasco was skeptical of the still-prevalent view that the disease was viral in nature, and devoted
considerable effort to prove his thesis that it was caused by an element in the soil that was toxic to the coconut plant.

RAUL V. FABELLA

Raul V. Fabella (born 12 April 1949, Bacolod City, Negros Occidental, Philippines) is a Filipino academic, economist and
National Scientist of the Philippines.
Fabella was educated at the Seminario Mayor-Recoletos (Ph.B. 1970); theUniversity of the Philippines School of
Economics (M.A. 1975); and Yale University(Ph.D. 1982). His entire academic career has been spent with the faculty of
theUniversity of the Philippines School of Economics (UPSE), which he served as dean from 1998 to 2007.
Fabella has written articles in both theoretical and applied fields: political economy and rent-seeking; the theory of teams;
regulation; international economics; and mathematical economics. Notable concepts associated with him are the Olson
ratio in rent-seeking, egalitarian Nash bargainng solutions, and the debt-adjusted real effective exchange rate.
In public-policy debates he has been a prominent advocate of a policy ofcurrency undervaluation as a tool of
development.
Fabella was elected to the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in 1995. Upon endorsement by NAST,
he was awarded the title of National Scientist by President Benigno C. Aquino on 27 July 2011. The National Scientist title
is the highest recognition given by the Philippine Government to a Filipino for his or her outstanding contributions to
science and technology.

RAMON CABANOS BARBA

Ramon Cabanos Barba (born August 31, 1939, San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte) is a Filipino inventor and horticulturist best
known for inventing a way to induce more flowers in mango trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate. Barba was
proclaimed a National Scientist of the Philippines in June 2014.
Dr. Barba was also recognized as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men in Agriculture in 1974, and was given
the Horticultural Technology Award in June 1999. The son of lawyer Juan Madamba Barba and Lourdes Cabanos
of Ilocos Norte, Barba was born the youngest of four siblings on August 31, 1939. He finished his elementary schooling at
Sta. Rosa Academy in 1951, receiving the third honor among his batchmates. He went to high school at the University of
the Philippines, where renowned orchid researcher Dr. Helen Layosa Valmayor became his Biology Laboratory instructor.
Barba then took up a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture at the University of the Philippines Los Baos, majoring in in
Agronomy and Fruit Production, eventually graduating in 1958. Here he was inspired by his grandfather Juan Cabanas,
who was then an official of the Bureau of Plants and Industry (BPI), and by his instructor Dr. L.G. Gonzales, considered
the "father of Horticulture in the Philippines."

JOSEPH MARELLO INSTITUTE

San Juan, Batangas
S.Y. 2015-2016

FOREIGN and
FILIPINO SCIENTIST

NICOLE A. RAFOLS
Grade7-St. Martin