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INTERNATIONAL

V^

TERRORISM: BUENOS

PANAMA

AND

AIRES,

LONDON

Y 4,F 76/1:T 27/6


Terrorisn:

International

ftir.

Buenos

HEARING

JOINT

THE

BEFORE

SUBCOMMITTEES
INTERNATIONAL

ON

SECURITY, INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS

RIGHTS

HUMAN

AND
AND

THE

WESTERN

HEMISPHERE
OF

ON

COMMITTEE
HOUSE

OF

ONE

REPRESENTATIVES

HUNDRED

SESSION

of the

use

CONGRESS

THIRD

AUGUST

for the

AFFAIRS

FOREIGN

SECOND

Printed

THE

1, 1994

Committee

on

Foreign Affairs

MAP

U.S.
84-344

GOVERNMENT

CC

: 1994

For sale by the U.S. Government


of
Superintendent

Documents,

CongressionalSales

ISBN

OFFICE

PRINTING

WASHINGTON

6t995

0-16-046261-4

Office
Printing
Office, Washington. DC

20402

INTERNATIONAL

'

TERRORISM: BUENOS

PANAMA

Y 4,F76/1:T

LONDON

27/6

Terrorisn:

International

AND

AIRES,

ftir.

Buenos

HEARING

JOINT

THE

BEFORE

SUBCOMMITTEES
INTERNATIONAL

ON

SECURITY, INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS

RIGHTS

HUMAN

AND
AND

THE

WESTERN

HEMISPHERE
OF

COMMITTEE
HOUSE
ONE

FOREIGN

ON
OF
HUNDRED

use

CONGRESS

THIRD
SESSION

AUGUST

for the

AFFAIRS

REPRESENTATIVES

SECOND

Printed

THE

of the

1, 1994

Committee

on

Foreign Affairs

6ui

MAP

6t995

'^^^"!"^^l
U.S.
84-344

CC

GOVERNMENT

PRINTING

WASHINGTON

OFFICE

: 1994

For sale by the U.S. Government


PrintingOffice
Superintendentof Documents, CongressionalSales Office, Washington, DC

ISBN

0-16-046261-4

20402

COMMITTEE

LEE

SAM

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ROBERT

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DONALD

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PAYNE,

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ROBERT

E.

ROBERT

MENENDEZ,

SHERROD

CANTWELL,

ALCEE

L.

PETER

DEUTSCH,
RUSSELL

LUIS

ROHRABACHER,
A.

California

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A.

New

MANZULLO,

DIAZ-BALART,

EDWARD

R.

ROYCE,

Florida

Florida

Maryland

WYNN,
California

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GALLEGLY,

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Georgia

SMITH,

Indiana

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DAVID

Jersey
Jersey

Ohio

FINGERHUT,

FRANK

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A.

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DON

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BROWN,

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BURTON,

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H.

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New

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CHRISTOPHER

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JOHNSTON,

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L.

HARRY

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Indiana,

WILLIAM

TORRICELLI,
L.

AFFAIRS

BENJAMIN

California

HOWARD

GARY

HAMILTON,

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Connecticut

LANTOS,

ROBERT

FOREIGN

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Staff
of

Staff

Member

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Florida
California

Jersey

LANTOS,

TOM

HOWARD

GARY

MATTHEW

FRANK

McCLOSKEY,

THOMAS

C.

L.

Beth

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ALBERT

New

OBERSTAR,

A.

DEUTSCH,

RUSSELL

New

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Jersey

Member

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Jersey,

Chairman

CHRISTOPHER

Jersey

H.

Georgia

CASS

Florida

BALLENGER,

North

GALLEGLY,

ELTON

Florida

SMITH,

ROS-LEHTINEN,

ILEANA

Minnesota

MCKINNEY,

Member

Member

Staff

Western

the

TORRICELLI,

G.

ROBERT

MENENDEZ,

Staff

Professional

Nelson,

Subcommittee

Staff

Professional

PoissoN,

L.

Member

Staff

Professional

HIRSCH,

M.

Andrea

CYNTHIA

Jersey

Director

Professional

Republican

Ennis,

Theodore

L.

New

Indiana

BURTON,

Staff

King,

Robert

JAMES

Maine

SMITH,

Ohio

Michael

ROBERT

SNOWE,

H.

DAN

Indiana

SAWYER,

J.

CHRISTOPHER

California

MARTINEZ,

G.

Rights

Nebraska

BEREUTER,

DOUG

OLYMPIA

York

New

Human

and

Chairman

California,

California

HERMAN,

L.

ACKERMAN,

L.

Organization

International

Security,

International

California

Maryland

WYNN,

Rob

Dorothy

TaFT,

ALAN

Fleischmann,

Staff

Henken,

Director

Professional

Republican

Professional

(in)

Staff

Staff

Member

Member

Carohna

CONTENTS

WITNESSES
Page

Raul

Hon.
Steven

Granillo

Enrique

specialist

Emerson,
and

Ruben

on

international

of

Argentina
and

terrorism

radical

talism
fundamen-

author

Beraja, president, Delegation

Barbara

Ambassador

Ocampo,

Coordinator

Bodine,

A.

for

of

Argentine

Jewish

Counterterrorism,

Associations

(DAIA)

15

of State

Department

27
....

APPENDIX

Prepared

statements:

Hon.

Tom

Lantos

Ambassador
Steven

Barbara

Ms.

Granillo

Ocampo

40

Emerson

Ruben

Dr.

39

Raul

60

Beraja
A.

"75

Bodine

Gary Ackerman
Council
Inter-Parlimentary
Against
United
Aires/London
Buenos
Kingdom
on
Beraja on
Speech delivered
by Dr. Ruben
Hon.

The

held
Rabbi

in
Avi

Buenos

Weis,

Aires

prepared

80

Anti-Semitism

bombings
July 21,

84
86
1994

at

public rally
92
94

statement

(V)

PANAMA

LONDON

AND

AUGUST

MONDAY,
House

and

Subcommittee

THE

on

Affairs,

Foreign

on

national
Inter-

Security,

International

on

Organizations
WITH

1, 1994

Representatives,

of

Committee
Subcommittee

AIRES,

BUENOS

TERRORISM:

INTERNATIONAL

Human

Rights,

the

joint

sphere,
Hemi-

Western

DC.

Washington,
in

10:07
to call, at
room
a.m.
Tom
Lantos
committee
(SubBuilding, Hon.
International
Organizations
Security, International
on
and
Human
Rights) presiding.
national
International
The
subcommittee
Lantos.
Mr.
Security, Interon
Subcommittee
the
and
Human
Rights and
Organizations
will be in order.
the Western
Hemisphere
on
national
interwill
their
attention
subcommittees
focus
the
on
Today
The

subcommittees

met,

terrorism

pursuant

Office

House

Rayburn

2172,

in

the

aftermath

of

the

of

outbreak

recent

rorist
ter-

and
Panama.
in Buenos
Aires, London,
bombings
these
tacks
atOn
the
terrorist
to be
new
bombings
surface,
appear
in
Aires
The
Buenos
and
Jewish
bomb
Israeli
targets.
against
Center
it was
and
directed
Community
against the Jewish
was
nos
in Bueagainst the Israeli Embassy
strikingly similar to a bombing
2
Aires
just
years
ago.
bassy
directed
in London
The
bombs
two
were
against the Israeli EmIn
there.
Center
and
reality,
Community
against a Jewish
in
er,
broadviolent
much
and
a
facing a new
however, we
are
upsurge
civilized
and
insidious
societies,
dangerous
war
against
more
and
pluralism, against the West.
against democracy
of hearings
I
of the first series
Just
a
year-and-a-half ago, one
the
of
this
subcommittee
chairman
bombing
conducted
was
on
as
of

the

World
in

the

damage
Last

Center

Trade

of several

death
at

Thursday

in

astronomical
in

this

New

York.

That

people, injury

to

terrorist

hundreds,

attack
and

sulted
re-

erty
prop-

levels.

the

room,

subcommittee

held

yet

another

aircraft. Pan
against an
6
almost
which
Lockerbie, Scotland
exploded over
of over
in the
250
death
That
terrorist
atrocity resulted
years
ago.
tants,
Protes189
American
innocent
Catholics,
citizens,
people, including
the
hearing on
Am
flight 103,

and
In

this

Campaign

terrorist

American

attack

Jews.

morning's
Against

New
Its

York

Fierce
Times, an article, "Iran Wages
the
following to
Minority", has

Christian

say:
(1)

"The

Islamic

the

Government

of Iran, which
has often been criticized
for its treatment
of religiousminorities, is
the fiercest campaign
since the 1979
revolution
against
Christian minority here, church
leaders and Western
lomats
dip-

by human
mounting

rights groups

small

say.

"Three
the

Christian

leaders

Churches

year.

have

have

been

been

from

killed

shot

Islam

down,

have

the

since

beginning

of young

scores

of

tians,
Chris-

been

tured,
imprisoned and torchurch
especially in the cities of Gorgan and Kermanshah,
officials say. And
pastors have been
expelled from parishes or are

converts

many

under

surveillance.

"Even

the

by
says

"In

standards
senior

of Iran, the

Western

crackdown

current

is extraordinary,

in Tehran.

diplomat

York
population of roughly 62 million people," says the New
"Iran's
include
million
minorities
Sunni
3V2
article,
religious
of the Bahai
Muslims, 350,000 followers
faith, 80,000 Christians,
a

Times
and

well

Bahais
have seen
200 of their followers
over
of thousands
of Christians, as
revolution. Tens
and Bahais, have fled Iran in the last 15 years.
A senior
for
slated
diplomat says
evangelical groups
appear

Jews

as

"The

Assemblies

Iran, is the
main
target
the

to ask

as

leaders

the
invited

say

by

sentenced

is the

Islamic

clerics,seek

not

leaders.

One

to

The

of those

few

delegation

killed

days

ago
into vestigate

to Iran

come

had

been

Mehdi

was
Dibaj,
and
imprisoned for 9 years
for apostasy. He was
freed in January, but disappeared
On
July 3, the police delivered his mutilated

to death

to his

clergymen

of Christian

of God

in

and

in

Iranians, embittered

of protest.
potent
officials
Iranian
forced them
a

government.

Assemblies

members

forms

most

of Western

death

the

lot of young
imposed by these
A

control

of the

one

has
Church, which
8,000
the evangelical movement

active in
crackdown.

most

of the

delegation

body

of God

austerity and

conversion
"Church

an

the

since

Western
eradication.

by

The

30,000 Jews.

executed

June.

leader

who

was

family.

"Another
was
Council

gelical
Mehr, head of the Evancampaigned relentlessly
for Mr.
Dibaj's release from prison. He disappeared 3 days after
Mr. Dibaj was
freed, and 11 days later his body, covered with stab
turned
to his family.
wounds, was
over
"On
June
Tatavous
Mikaelian, a prominent
29, the Reverend
of the
who
succeeded
the
minister
Presbyterian
bishop as head
turned
to
bullet-riddled
over
was
council, disappeared. His
corpse
indeed
his son
not
be naive
to
on
July 2 by the police."It would
make
The

Bishop Haik

of Pastors

be

us

on

on

only
weeks

the
a

to

the
on

the

streets

in

and

of

this

hearing

cities,in

we

room,

left the

global

United

now
world,
no
military force today that
pain and suffering and chaos
and on
the civilized world
by

destruction

part

represented

is

States

of what

which
has

But

our

had

empire,

there

United

who

events.

civilized

battlefield.

the

horror

small
ago

the

position that

in

inflicted

And

Hovsepian

Iran

of all these
connection
of the Soviet

collapse
military threat
States
defeat

in

that

could
the

airports, and

our

see

we

in

have
the

subcommittee

on

already
future.

our

seen

Just
a
heard
from

can
can

rorists
ter-

craft.
air-

are

few

the

of Central

Director

Intelligence,James

of Soviet

potential danger

Woolsey. He testified of the


falling into the hands
weapons

nuclear

of terrorists.

Clearly the kind

of people who
bombed
Pan Am
103, who bombed
ings
Center, and who carried out the series of bombof the last few weeks
are
capable of seeking and using nuclear
well as
of a chemical
and
as
biological nature.
weapons
weapons,
total information
While
don't have
the specific
we
as
yet about
individuals
and groups
who
of the latest terrorist
perpetrated some
incidents
in Buenos
and
Aires, Panama
London, we do have a very
the

Trade

World

clear

picture of the

these

and

These

similar
latest

have

also

radical

been

and

of the

that

countries

behind

are

incidents.
have

bombings

the

Hizballah,

leaders

the

involved

in

clear

imprint of Iran
organization in Lebanon.

Muslim

terrorist

past

activities

and

and

ally,

its

But

others

may

be

volved
in-

Korea.
these, including Libya, Syria, Iraq, and North
At the same
commercial
interests
time, irresponsible Western
are
hell bent
the
of
most
on
providing
dangerous ingredients
weapons
of mass
destruction
to rogue
regimes. They are stumbling all over
themselves
to sell these
spective
dangerous products to make
a
profit,irreof what
this means
to civilized society.
These
latest terrorist attacks
must
be a wake-up call to the entire
in

civilized

dangers

to

world

call

"

lives,to

our

to

our

of the

awareness

of

way

thinking, to

real

and

attention
to
this wave
give serious and urgent
the
rather
than
side
and
shows
morbid
to
against
West,
like the O.J. Simpson
affair,that currently seem

must

and

awareness

It is for

the

receive

bulk

of

our

Media's

news

serious

civilization. We

our

of

attacks

entertainment,
to fill our

attention.

of

and
focusing attention
taking action that the
Newt
incoming Republican leader. Congressman
Gingrich and I,
of
are
introducing a bipartisan resolution
calling on the President
the

reasons

United

States

conference
It is essential

that

Tehran,
and

of Hizballah

of other

will know

that

rogue

the

level

summit

an

ented
action-ori-

terrorism.

give the greatest

we

leaders

leaders

the

at

convene

international

that

the

the

terrorism

to
on

in

attention
the

Bekaa

to

this issue

so

anon,
Valley of Leb-

ter
shelor
regimes which sponsor
itself
is prepared to defend
ready and prepared to defend

West

against terrorism, no less than it was


against the Soviet Union.
This hearing has been
of Democratic
and
prepared by a number
staff
members
I
and
them.
Republican
wdnt
to acknowledge
First,
Andrea
son,
PeterNelson, Beth Poisson, Ted Hirsch, Jo Weber, John
Christoff Laubry, Jamie
ert
staff director.Dr. RobKing, and our
King. And, on the Republican side,Mike Ennis.
I will place in the record, without
ted
submitobjection,a statement
the
of the United
Grovernment
and
by
a
Kingdom
variety of
itself

other

[The
Mr.

The

statements.

of appropriate

prepared
Lantos.
Raul

have

you,

Mr.

will remain

for the

open

submission

testimony.
of Mr. Lantos
in the appendix.]
appears
cellency,
begin this morning's hearing with His ExGranillo
sador
Ocampo, the distinguished Ambas-

statement

We

will

Enrique
of Argentina, who
Minister

record

additional

and

will read

President

Ambassador,

statement

of Argentina. We
and your
associates.

on
are

behalf
very

of the

eign
For-

pleased

to

You

proceed

may

STATEMENT

any

OF

way

HON.

choose.

you

RAUL

AMBASSADOR

Ambassador

Ocampo.

be here

to

of
Buenos

in

Argentina

in

make

to

Chairman.

Mr.

you,

response

the

on

the
of

honored

am

to the

invitation

to your
statement

headquarters of
and
the Delegation

Association

OCAMPO,

ARGENTINA

of the

Aires

Aid

OF

Thank

this morning

GRANILLO

ENRIQUE

ernment
Gov-

bombing

recent

tual
Argentine Israeli Muciation
Argentine Israeli Asso-

(DAIA).

My

will

statement

be

offered

governments.
In a few minutes,

Subcommittees

your

International

Organizations
will conduct
Hemisphere

international
around

the

world, including
Argentina.

in

ago

witnesses'

Your

between

operation
co-

two

our

International

on

Human
a

Israeli

on

the

and

carried

one

and

comments

international

Security,
ern
Rights and on the Westrecent
joint hearing to examine

and

attacks

terrorist

spirit of

established

already

terrorism

against

the

in

Jewish

institutions

exactly

out

subcommittees'

your

and also
of great interest to my
government
international
will
confront
terrorists
response

fortnight

will

reports

underline

be

the

their

in

truly

criminal

acts.

what

Regarding
to

other

18

at

been

Argentina

by international
the

terrorism.

serious
history and the most
War
anywhere in the world since World
and
227
15
dead,
injured,
missing. Amongst
detachment
on
duty at the building.
Mr.

If I may

Lantos.

stating
of

Jewish

nity
commu-

we

Mr.
Ambassador,
you,
significantterrorist episode in

most

people
the police

count

are

you

the

tory
his-

Argentina?
Ocampo.

Ambassador
Mr.

them

gentine
Ar-

in

II, leaving 82

interrupt

this is the

that

incident

terrorist
attack
the
on

important

most

relate

might

it

that

on
Monday, July
major city of Argentina,
The
AMIA/DAIA
bombing

me
attacks,
Aires, capital and

considered

how

and

first recall

Buenos

a.m.,

struck

was

has

in
let

similar

9:57

occurred

Yes.

And

Lantos.

anywhere

the

significant attack

most

world

the

in

since

the

on

Jewish

of the

Holocaust

munity
com-

Second

War?

World

Ocampo.

Ambassador

Yes.

This

is how

affected. This

are

we

act

destroyed
seven-story building
documents
and
the many
it contained
bearing testimony to more
aged
life in Argentina. It also seriously damthan
a
century of Jewish
the neighborhood.
indicate
that
Initial evaluations
a
van
carrying a directional
lapsed,
and
brick building. As it colcharge hit the front of the concrete
also

of violence

the

rest

of the

remained
the
The

evaluation
no

in

fell with

structure

place

proves

that

the

it. The

fact that

explosion

came

the

dations
foun-

from

side
out-

building.
size of the

exact

small

that

traditional

AMIA's

one

would

of collateral
less

than

660

charge
have

is difficult to determine.
caused

the

building

damage has allowed


pounds of explosives

Even

to fall.

atively
rel-

However,

experts to determine
used. Damage
were

to

adjacent buildings confirmed


confirmed

pattern
Mr.

use

Lantos.
a

suicide

Mr.

Thank

in

We

for

second, Mr.

sador.
Ambas-

this

basically can

Is that

the

stage?
have
exactly the

same

attack.

be

conclusion

terized
characof the

conclusion, yes.

you.

Ocampo.

Argentine.

shrapnel dispersal

at this

Ocampo.

Ambassador

you

is that

bombing

Ambassador
Lantos.

car

information

My

the

as

Yes.

Government

Argentine

this, just
bomb.

again stop

Ocampo.

as

If I may

Lantos.

Ambassador
Mr.

of

At

These
2:40

the

were

March

on

p.m.

such

second

bombing

17, 1992, the

tacks
at-

bassy
Israeli Em-

directed
was
destroyed. Although one
and
the
other
the
of
mission
a
foreign government
against
against
spired
most
probably inan
Argentine institution, both bombings were
by politicalmotivations
originatedin the Middle East.
The
collapsed,
burying diplomatic personnel
building
embassy
and
inside
the
and
visitors
leaving, at final count, 28
premises
dead
and 252 injured.
bomb
with
estimated
A car
1,320 pounds of explosives was
an
crucial in contributing to
truck's
used.
The
pickup
wreckage was
the early stages of the investigation.
terrorist organization claimed
From
sponsibility
reLebanon, the Hizballah
for this bombing, offering as proof of its involvement
an
the
of the embassy prior to
attack.
intelligence video it had made
If I may
Mr. Lantos.
stop you again.
in

Buenos

Ambassador
Mr.

This

Lantos.

conclusion
committed

bombing

Ocampo.

which

occurred

over

years

ago

Yes.

the
attack
for which
terrorist
a
[continuing]. Was
Is
it the
terrorist
responsibility.
organization claimed
of Argentina that, in fact, Hizballah
of the Government

that terrorist

Ambassador

Mr.

Yes.

Lantos

Hizballah

claimed

was

Ocampo.

Ambassador
Mr.

Aires

attack?

Ocampo.

Yes.

responsibility.They
Thank

Lantos.

you,

Mr.

We
are

believe

that

doing this, and

this
are

organization
sponsibility
claiming re-

Ambassador.

immediately
cooperation was
the
bombing. The
embassy
investigation
United
States
Israel were
and
particularly active in this respect.
Nevertheless, our
yet to produce
joint investigative efforts have
that finding
shows
final results. Actually, international
experience
matter.
those responsible for terrorist actions is not a quick or easy
Am
1988
For example, the December
Pan
flight 103 tragedy over
Lockerbie
the
end
of 1991.
A similar
resolved
toward
was
only
riod
peFrench
DC-10
of the
UTA
bombing
was
required in the case
Terrorist
of 1989
which
attributed
not
to Libyans until 1991.
was
in
in
and
1986
France
1985
were
finally found
during
attempts
In
other
1990
to be the
responsibility of Shi'ite fundamentalists.
it
to identify those
responsible for terrorist
proved
impossible
cases,
acts
despite intense investigative efforts.
criminal
acts
resolve to investigate these
Despite the delays, our
and discover
those responsible for them
will not diminish.
Ambassador

established

Ocampo.

for

the

International

of

The

building had

AMIA

been

point of reference
role played by Jews

for

generations
in our
valued
the
history
Argentines who
and in forming our
of
life.
way
grants,
The
Jewish
community is an integral part of our nation of immishare
similar
values
and
where
of
different
origins
people
AMIA
aroused
the
common
deep feelings of
bombing
goals. Thus,
media
and
in Argentina. Indignation mounted
as
ports
resorrow
anger
its magnitude.
brought home
this criminal
immediately and strongly condemned
My government
of

considered

and

act

it

affront

an

to

the

nation, the Jewish

munity,
com-

national

days of
society as a
followed
were
by a joint meeting of the Congress to
mourning
which
all politicalparties, several national institutions, and Jewish
invited.
organizations were
in Argentina are
holding hearings to
Congressional committees
achieve
Last week, the Foreign Minister
plained
exinsight on the matter.
The
the foreign policy point of view.
the situation
from
in the next
before
them
of Interior is expected to appear
Minister
few days.
think
of no
better
At a more
expression of
popular level, I can
than
the 150,000 people who
toward
the bombing
public sentiment
demonstration
to
Aires in a mass
gathered in the street of Buenos
and

whole.

civilized

condemn

the

My

government

attack.

and

in

the

Since

schools,

vigorously

reacted
has
relief of the

ordered
closed by
were
Reinforced
immigration
detained.

Three

synagogues,

families.

day of the

certain

sponsible
re-

Borders

bombing.

individuals

to

be

Jewish

police protection to
has
been
significantly

attack, routine
other

their
the

the President
on
controls
allowed

and

pursuit of those

in

and

victims

institutions

increased.

Federal

and

has

Galeano

Jose

Judge Juan

with

working

been

is in

charge of the criminal

the

administration

and

vestigat
incurity
se-

vestigat
of his inthose responsible. In the context
Venezuela
receive
to
Galeano
ments
statetraveled
to
Judge
tion.
informasaid to possess
the Iranian
citizen who
was

forces to capture
from
the

In

diplomatic field,and

Ambassadors
our
have
Aires. We
the

in

also

receive firsthand
reports,
called to Buenos
have
been
and
the Lebanese
from
information
order

in

and

Beirut

to

Tehran

requested
regarding Hizballah

sponsored organizations
specifically,the

Governments

Iranian

that can
be
Ambassador
Iranian

found

in

those

More

countries.
has been

in
called several
times
Argentina
officials.
with
the last few days to meet
foreign ministry
has also been
A special committee
established, linking the police

with

Jewish

with

them

envoys

with

the

Buenos

Meetings with

to

maintain

made

themselves

foreign Jewish

Argentine and
to

order

neighborhood damaged

officials have
went

took

in

institutions
and

Government
and

in

the

Aires

to

President

contact
permanent
the
bomb.
by
available to Israeli

organizations, whose
resentative
repformation
and
gather insupport

offer
and

members

of his cabinet

place in this context.


recalled his statements
Menem
During their meetings. President
and
the attack, the openness
on
solidarityof the Argentine people
and
his own
determination
to
identify and punish those respon-

that financial
sible. He also announced
that
and
to the families of the victims
in

Here

United

the

in
been
Jewish

have
American

and

request

headquarters would

AMIA/DAIA

the

assistance

embassy

my
contact

constant

the

with

organizations that

all

and

sulates
con-

our

individuals

many

forward

came

ation.
consider-

favorable

receive

States,

extended
for aid in rebuilding
will be

this

at

ment.
mo-

and
Notwithstanding the generalized conviction that the motives
Middle
related
the
to
the
reputed
East,
bombing are
inspiration for
in its
mentioned
been
in Argentina has
of anti-Semitism
existence
regard. If anything, the bombing has inspired Argentina to close
ranks
community.
once
again with its Jewish
Committee
Jewish
conducted
In fact, a survey
by the American
shows
Israeli
Associations
a
siderable
conthe Delegation of Argentine
and
tendency toward ethnic, religious,and cultural pluralism
is
the whole, there
that on
in Argentine society.It also indicates
in
tolerance
and
cepting
actoward
Jews
orientation
significant
a
positive
that make
the
and
ethnic
the various
religious groups
up

country.
further
that markedly
It demonstrates
discriminatory attitudes
of social and
in
the areas
found
and
others
not
Jews
toward
are
of
69
that
also
shows
It
Argentines
familial interaction.
percent

polled preferred to live


free society.

in

multiracial,culturallydiverse, and

giously
reli-

Mr.
encouraging
Ambassador,
although these are
would
nevertheless
would
not, that
you
agree,
statements,
you
have
that
within
elements
there are
two
Argentina
particular
may
national
intersuch
the second
of Argentina as
led to the selection
major
Mr.

Lantos.

in the

attack

terrorist

hemisphere.

ment
significantpro-Nazi elebeen
have
that
of the pro-Nazi
descendants
given
or
War.
World
And, the
safe haven
in Argentina following the Second
ing
of a very
second is the presence
large radical Shi'ite population livwithin
Argentina.
International
terrorists,to a very large extent, have to depend on
of Argentina,
internal
an
supportive infrastructure; and in the case
former
both
of
these
extreme
right-wing
elements,
unfortunately
The

first

is the

one

presence

of

very

element

Nazi
makes

well

as

groups

as

international

an

radical
terrorist

Shi'ite

are

groups,

attack

all the

which

present

more

because

easy

infrastructure.
internal
domestic
is an
that?
with
Would
you
agree
with you. We
Ocampo.
Ambassador
No, I don't agree
there
believe
that
is minuscule
the same
viewpoint. We

there

follow

people who
Mr.

Ambassador
is smaller

country,

these Nazi
small
a

It is

Lantos.

Ocampo.
than

and

the group
I believe
we

feelings and
group?

Yes, and
that
don't

I believe
in

these

Nazi

country,

meeting
again, they are

groups

have
of

politics.

this group

exists
any
Shi'ite
have

don't

in

Argentina

also

in

your

in

Argentina.
uscule
really a min-

be an
it would
undercore, but
terization
believe that it is a clear and fair characdon't
and
we
group
in
influenced
has
that
this
us
to say
Argentina.
group
Please.
Mr. Lantos.
who
those
Ocampo.
Ambassador
To
suggested that an appropriate
the
aside
found
in
be
law.
to
terrorism
can
setting
response

Maybe

8
I must

emphatically

answer

that

our

history has

recent

that violence
unfortunate
way
establishment
of democracy in

shown

us

only generates more


a
Argentina over
also brought about the replacement of a repressive security apparatus
with the concept of the
by an intelligencecommunity imbued
such as mine, which
rule of law. Countries
tutions
instienjoy democratic
concerned
with
the
and
of
their
well-being
governments
in
will
their
continue
to
people
respect legalprocedures
persecution
in

an

The

of violent

violence.
decade
ago

terrorist acts.
is committed

to
to securing its people's desire
and
the
At
it
same
freedom,
tolerance,
democracy.
time,
preserve
will not rest until those responsible for the bombings are
brought
to justice.
The
merous
day following the attack in Argentina, a plane carrying nublew
in
few
Jewish
A
Panama.
over
flight
passengers
up
and
destroyed the Israeli Embassy in London
days later, bombs
Jewish
tions.
instituset off in front of a building housing British
were

My

government

his recent
visit to
Yitzhak
Rabin, said in

it

reasonable

was

another

In
are

added

White

that

assume

and

Aires

in Buenos

He

to

London

interview

the

Washington,

During

he

House

terrorist
were

added

the
the

that

conference

news

of Jewish

bombings
work

of Israel,

Minister

of Muslim

Islamic

gets
tar-

ists.
extrem-

terrorist

ments
move-

the Arab-Israeli
determined
to undermine
peace
process.
ical
of extreme
Islamic radthat the world was
facing a wave

with infrastructure
terrorist movements
also denounced
of Jordan
King Hussein
enemies
attacks, calling them
normal
people.
among
A

Prime

member

of the

of

hope,

Israeli Parliament

all
the

enemies

over

the

people

world.

behind

considered

that

these

should

of what

be

the attack

ing
apparently a retaliation for Israel's bomblast
2
base
June
its
of
and
of a Hizballah
kidnapping
training
leader
in
Lebanon
21.
Shi'ite
Muslim
on
a
May
that
have
Both
and Mr. Arafat
Mr. Rabin
separately mentioned
Hizballah
the AMIA/DAIA
is behind
the Lebanese
bombing.
efforts to respond
participationin multilateral
My country's renewed
and
that threaten
international peace
to situations
security
has been
perceived as exposing it to a higher level of terrorist aggression.
However, our foreign policy will not be altered. Argentina
in world
affairs and United
will continue
to be positivelyinvolved
Nations'
peacekeeping operations.
considers
that the world is now
encountering a
My government
levels
of
with increased
dimension
of terrorism
sophistication,
new
be enhanced.
and that our
abilityto anticipate its attacks must

against

AMIA/DAIA

In order

to better

Mr.

those

Lantos.

Ocampo.

Lantos.

agencies
this matter?

with

the international

of terrorism,

dimension

increased

have

cooperation

of other

Ambassador
Mr.

deal

intelligenceagencies
friendlynations.
May I stop you there

Argentine
with

was

for

minute,

Mr.

sador?
Ambas-

Yes.
the approreceived
full cooperation from
Have
priate
you
in pursuing
of the U.S. Government
and authorities

10
Mr.

Lantos

[continuing].Of

but you

are

not

yet

at

Iranian
a

diplomatic

stage where

you

officials
are

volved,
being intake
to
ready

action?
Ambassador

Ocampo.
You
are
idea,yes.
very clear in my
Thank
Ambassador.
Mr.
you,
Ocampo.
also stated that although we
He
presume
that it received
from
within
marginal groups
support
Argentina,
the origin of and responsibilityfor the bombing is to be found
yond
beMr. Lantos.
Ambassador

Argentina's borders.
eign
regards to the Israeli Embassy bombing in 1992, the ForMinister
recalled that on
of
the
leader
spiritual
May 28,
Hizballah
reached
have
declared that Muslim
fighters
Argentina
and that,therefore,we
exclude
that this organization is also
cannot
behind the AMIA/DAIA
bombing.
who
that although we
all know
Finally, he added
they are, we
affirm
that
other
behind
countries
the
cannot
are
yet officially
bombing.
The
to the U.N.
presentation of the Argentine Foreign Minister
based on the General
Security Council was
Assembly's Resolution
With

44/122
methods

of December
and urges

struggle against
terrorism.
On
the

condemns
and
terrorism
its
12, 1993, which
the international
in
the
community to cooperate
the threat of national, regional,and international

afternoon

of the

quest,
day, and also at Argentina's reof
OAS
the
Permanent
a
extraordinary meeting
Council heard a further statement
ister.
by the Argentine Foreign Minand
In it,he urged the OAS
its members
to undertake
certed
conactions against terrorism.
After debating, the Permanent
issued a declaration
Council of the OAS
for
information
additional
expressing its appreciation
vided
proby the Foreign Minister on the bombing and on investigative
efforts to clarifythis atrocity.At the same
time, the Permanent
Council reiterated its declaration of July 19.
Mr. Chairman,
lence.
today we are waging a war
against irrational vioThis
terrorist
struggle is not between
Argentina and some
worldwide
the international
and
but between
community
group,
same

second

love peace
who
who
those
those
and
pursue
lives. We
in
human
without
the
to
cost
regard
spurious objectives
must
come
together to fight this common
enemy.
committees
Therefore, I wish to take this opportunity to call upon your subalso like
in this regard. I would
their work
to continue
its support to initiatives
to suggest that the U.S. Congress extend

terrorism, between

the enhancement
directed toward
of international cooperation in
the struggleagainst terrorism.
Thank
you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Lantos.
Thank
you
very much, Mr. Ambassador.
in the
of Ambassador
[The prepared statement
Ocampo appears

appendix.]
last point, let me
just express
of
in
the
with
it.
It
is
implementing
spirit
strong agreement
my
last observation
that the Republican whip, Mr.
Gingrich and
your
I are
to convene
moving on our resolution urging on the President
international
level an action-oriented conference
at the summit
on
terrorism.
Mr.

Lantos.

With

respect to your

11

Before

and

I wonder
if my
guished
distinobservations
make.
to
anv
Meyers.
Mrs.
Mr. Chairman, just briefly,I would
like to agree
with
the Ambassador
in his statement.
all appalled and
We
are
about
the activities in your
deeply concerned
country, and I joined
in a resolution
with
the chairman
last year
of condemnation
and
I was
will do so again this year,
and
hear
ment
statepleased to
your
that our
Government
has done everything that we
to ascan
sist,
and I am
that we
will continue
in that regard.
sure
I do have one
When
stated
question, if I may, Mr. Chairman.
you
that you knew
in vour
who the people were, but that you
statement

thanking you
colleague from

didn't have
those

from

came

the people who


Mrs.

this kind

material, the personnel


I

Meyers.
Lantos.

Mr.

behind

are

this

not

mean

only

country, you

philosophy of
We
not talking
are
conducting the attack.

of attack.

who

were

see.

Mr.

I want

Ambassador,

distinguished associates, the Under


and the Director of North
American

two

does

of country, but those within


don't have proof?
you
We
were
talking about the

out

know
who
they are, but
Ambassador
Ocampo.
the

has

sufficient proof yet to move,

who

about

associates,

your

Kansas

to

thank

Secretary
Affairs

for

both

you,

your

for

icy
Foreign Polappearing before

us.

We
want
President
work
with

ask

to the

Foreign Minister and to the


determination
to
to continue
our
our
appreciation
in
this
attack
and
solving
Argentina
despicable terrorist
in strengthening the network
of antiterrorist capabilitiesof our
spective
reto

you

to

convey

and

We
governments.
appreciate your
Thank
Ocampo.
you.

presence.

Ambassador
Mr.
Our

Lantos.

Thank

much, gentlemen.
Emerson,
internationally recognized
authority on terrorism and radical fundamentalism, and Mr.
Ruben
Beraja, president,the Argentina Jewish Community. We are
happy to have the two of you gentlemen at the table.
Mr. Emerson,
will begin with you. You
have
remarkable
we
dentials
creand experience in the global struggle against international
terrorism.
We
Your
ment
appreciate your
prepared stateappearance.
will be entered
in the record in its entirety.You
proceed
may
any

next

way

you

you

witnesses

very

are

choose.

STATEMENT

OF

STEVEN

TERRORISM
AND

Steve

EMERSON,
AND

SPECIALIST

RADICAL

ON

NATIONAL
INTER-

FUNDAMENTALISM

AUTHOR

Mr. Emerson.
of the statement

Good

morning. I
and
right now,

shall offer an
the record

abbreviated
will

reflect

version

the

full

statement.

I think

it is quite appropriate and


commendable
that you
are
holding this hearing this morning regarding the bombings in the
last 2 weeks. The American
though
that alpublic needs to understand
the bombings took place thousands
and the
of miles away
victims

could be the target. Although


time we
media
has
devoted
far less attention
to this carnage
than it did to similar acts of religiousfanatical acts of violence earlier
this year in the Middle
don
East, the attacks in Argentina and Lonless horrific.
were
no
were

the

foreigners,the

next

12

I believe

the

public and the American


policymakers
begin
depth of the new
problem facing the
world. As you
noted in your
own
opening statement, the bombings
of peace
not simply an
were
to derail the
attempt by the enemies
several
officials
said
senior
U.S.
last
as
week, nor
peace
process,
terrorism
Eastern
don,"
to Lonwere
they simply the return, "of Middle
must

to

American

understand

British
bombings are part of an
Islamic militants
and
as

senior

motivated

not

are

Radical

Islamic

the

law

enforcement

official said. Rather, the


battle between
cal
radiescalating worldwide
the West. The perpetrators of these bombings
know
we
by what
ances".
as, "legitimate griev-

militants

the

of

existence

pro-Western
pluralisticsystems, such as
rival
Judaism
and Christianity or
or
Muslims
mortal
moderate
threat to their own
even
as
a
being.
These
militants
the
of 1,000-year conspiracy
continuation
see
waged by the infidel to subjugate Islam. In this perspective, the
West's publication of Salman
Rushdie's book and the 1991 Persian
Gulf war
are
only extensions of the crusader's assault on Islam.
of the 1970's, largely attributable
The terrorism
to Palestinian
the
because
of
secular
nature
organizations,ultimately dissipated
of the PLO's
demands
and
its willingness to compromise
its
on
goals to destroy Israel. Today, Yassar Arafat is either unwilling or
such

nations,
democracy,

unable

to

end

to

as

see

very

Israel and

Egypt, or
religions,such as

stop other

terrorists,but

Palestinian

at

least he

has

put

Fatah

terrorism.
an
Islamic
militants
rational
Radical
not susceptibleto the same
are
persuasion. They see any accord that accepts the legitimacy of a
Jewish
of pro-American regimes in Egypt or
state or the existence
Jordan
there can
be no
as
intrinsicallyoffensive. To these groups,
infidels
and
the
duel
the
death
with
the
It
is
to
a
compromise.
most

heretics.

This

war

is

without

of
Unlike
the peaceful version
practice Jihad only as a holy war.
of Jihad is just as good as killing

borders.

Jihad, these militants see


Becoming a martyr in the

and
cause

of Jihad. In this new


militant Islam and
in the cause
clash between
reconciliation
its enemies, political
is inherently impossible.
In Europe, Hizballah-Iran
assassination
squads have murdered
the Israeli Embassy
of
dissidents.
Thailand
earlier
this
In
scores
year,
female
In
missed
blown
Bangladesh, a
narrowly
being
up.
writer has recently been
subject to a death threat, the equivalent
of what
issued to Salman
Rushdie.
was
In
and
the
terrorists belonging to Hizballah
Canada, various
in
and
black
Muslim
have
been
even
Al-Fuqra
convicted;
group
earlier this year,
Palestinian
youths who

Chicago

by
community.
Despite attempts

by

some

several

Jewish

apparently
in

were

institutions
part of a

this country

to

paper

torched
larger Hamas
were

over

the

ferences
dif-

radical Islam and the West, the fact remains


that
between
the
of
West
radical Islamic leaders see
as
a
part
major conspiracy
and
Islam.
In this context, Israel is the Little Satan
to wipe out
the United States is the Great
Satan.
Center
last year
in
Attacks
or
on
targets like the World Trade
mandated
2
Aires
weeks
Buenos
as
are
justified,even
part of
ago
such
atthe holy war
against the infidels. For those perpetrating

13

indeed
be motivated
by distinct events, but the
may
such
terrorism
network
needed
out
to
local
larger
support
carry
radical
of
of
the
because
could only arise
widespread acceptance

tacks, they

anti-Western

point

clear that at the outset, it is important to


very
that the overwhelming
majority of the nearly 1 billion
do
in the world
not
today
support such concepts of Jihad

out

Muslims
or

precepts.

to make

I want

violence.
that
Those

only a very small minority and


support violence are
community, and as
totallyunrepresentative of the larger Muslim
conference
said
the
other
of
Jordan
at
Hussein
at
day
press
King
had
do
in
to
the
the White
nothing
bombings
Argentina
House,
with

Islam.

In

he

theologicalsense,

do

mainstream
peaceful religionthat has
in the last half of the 20th
militancy and violence has
to

witn

has nothing
is absolutelyright.Terrorism
Islam. Islam
is an
incredibly rich and
legacy. But
given the world a wonderful
the
last
20 years,
in
particular,
centurv,
of
do
with
the
radical
rise
to
everything

Islamic fundamentalism.
naivete
and
to deny that
height of recklessness
radical
Islamic
In
recent
ments,
movea
reality.
years
of
have
for a variety
out
proliferatednot just throughreasons,
Middle
East, but globally.

be the
become

It would
which
has
the
These

have

radical extremists
network

States

United

of

supporters

well, where

as

able

been

world,
throughout
they have amassed
money
and

the

United

Hizballah, Hamas,
elaborate
for
elsewhere.
that
In

support

to

Iran

Israeli and
was

Iran

The

to

and
and

Islamiya,

established
grees,
varying degoes,
Britain, Argentina, and

name

few,

have

in

same

there is very
intelligence,
behind
the
Argentinian
major party

little

American

publiclydeny

the very hallmark


and
Hizballah
have

ons,
weap-

established

even

Gama'a

the

France, Great

and

the past week, I note, Hizballah

lengths
are

the

example,
Jihad, to

systems.

Canada, Germany,

According
doubt

for
Islamic

States,
and

have

institutional
in the

vast

up

the

established
recruitment
centers,
and control facilities.
command
In

to set

any

of Iranian

Iran

have

involvement,

gone

but

ing.
bombto

these

traordinary
ex-

nials
de-

Hizballah

publicly denied

tactics.
connection
any
bombing of the

to

the

Marine
hostages held in Lebanon, to the
in the mid-1980's.
the bombing of the U.S. Embassy
ily
Hizballah
is very tightlycompartmented. It is organized along faminfiltration
is
lines.
This
that
tribal or village
ensures
foreign
that the culpabilityis limited.
impossible. It also ensures
of different
25 names
than
more
During the 1980's, there were
all
in
Lebanon
claim
credit
for
American
to
hostages,
taking
groups
Hizballah.
called
umbrella
found
of
the
to
be
By
were
part
group
that evthis also ensured
Aires twice in 2 years,
eryone
selectingBuenos

American

barracks

or

behind
the bombing
would
know
that Iran and Hizballah
were
to fiercelydeny any
while still enabling Iran and Hizballah
nection.
conLike

the

United

of recruitment
In the

States, Argentina

because

of the presence
1980's, Iran intensified

deemed

was

of

so

many

its worldwide

special target
grants.
immiMuslim
outreach
pro-

14

and

and
began providing money
sending Iranian clerics to
Islamic
communities.
foreign
accorded
cated
indiThe
Aires
was
by Iran was
significanceBuenos
the
Islamic
scholar
Khalid
by the fact, as pointed out by
Duran, that Iran sent Ayatollah Rabbanni, 1 of only 40 ayatollahs,
in Buenos
the leader
of a Shiite mosque
Aires in the
to serve
as
gram

Jihad
States.

have

There

mid-1980's.

leaders

Buenos

to

collaborates

Iran

Islamic

been

with

Jihad

trips by
there

Aires, as

radical

other

and

Hamas.
this body

Warren
Christopher told
be contained.
He articulated
to engage

other

have

and
Iranian
been
to the
such

United

the Palestinian
of
State
week, Secretary
Hizballah
and
Iran must

movements

Last
that

Afghan

as

that concriticism of those countries


tinue
ing
trade relations with Iran. But isolat-

in commercial

Iran is simply not enough.


the full protection of Syria. In
Hizballah
today operates under
main
fact, all of the Hizballah
training bases are located in the
of
the
total
Bekaa
sovereignty of Syria. Much
Valley under
sent
Hizballah's weaponry
are
by air and then
through Damascus
truck convoys
through Syrian military lines.
Israeli targets in the South
Hizballah
to attack
an
as
Syria uses
of its foreign policy.It believes such attacks
place pressure
volved
Israel while giving Syria plausible deniabilitythat it is inthe West
works
because
in terror.
This charade
along
goes

appendage
on

with it.

Ironically,Lebanon
today still operates with total complicity of
States is trying to entice Syria into
though the United
Syria even
talks. I will not prescribe this morning dilemmas
the peace
ing
regardlieve
U.S. policy options. I believe there is a dilemma, but I also bein
the
that as
talks, Syria
a
price for participation
peace
for international
its support
should
be asked
to finallyclose down
terror

groups.

States itself today is a place


There
is another
irony. The United
cording
Aclocated themselves.
have
radical
where
of
these
groups
many
Middle
most
and intelligenceofficials,
enforcement
to law
have
lished
estabEast
terror
organizations and radical Islamic groups
actual
their
and
in
extensive
cal
politicases
some
an
presence
in the

headquarters right here


the

For

most

part, these

American
on
Trade
the World
the point when
we
on

Some

Western
believe that
and Buenos

groups

soil with
Center.
can

count

the

United
have

exception

However,
on

States.
carried
not

we

are

out

last year

terrorist attacks
of the attack

becoming

fast

beyond

such rational self-calculations.

security officials with


the bombing of Jewish

whom

I have

recently spoken

don
Israeli targets in Lonand Israeli targets.
to Jewish

and

be contained
Aires can
is
such
distinction
Not
invidious, it is only a matter
a
only
lates
before
the
anti-Western
of time
ideology driving these attacks escanon-Middle
East
into further attacks on
targets.
radical Islamic
in the Middle
East will assuage
The
notion that peace
is possible
reconciliation
of
form
Western
that
some
or
groups
is woefully mistaken.
with Israel is not
Iran's
Hizballah
argument
by
acts. Contrary to a point raised last week
York Times, the terrorist causes
in the New
columnist

with

radical

groups

and

raeli
specificIsdistinguished

over
a

of the

bomb-

15
in

ings

and

Argentina

England

be

cannot

death
threats against Salman
the
radical
fundamentalists
appeasing
These
bombings should finallyforce
than

the

battle

front

that

making
the

anymore

be revolved
the threat.

by

can

West

to

wake

up

to

the

facing an era of unalterable, violent,


lim
Musanti-Western, anti-Jewish, anti-Christian,and antimoderate
with
the
of
the
Center
World Trade
last
bombing
rage. Coupled
these bombings show
that radical Islamic militants
have now
year,
new

taken

their

battle

it is

rationallysolved

Rushdie

from

"

their

homelands

into

the

heart

of enemy

territory,the West.
In short, it will

action by all countries


to coordinate
require concerted
intelligence systems, asylum, security procedures
coming
immigration policiesto protect civilians from increasingly bethe new
front line in the unfolding wave
of terrorism.
their

and

Thank

you.

[The

prepared

Mr.

Thank

Lantos.

of Mr.

statement

Emerson

appears

in

the

dix.]
appen-

very much, Mr. Emerson.


of questions as soon
hear from
as
we
our
distinguished witness.
Before
calling on you, Mr. Beraja, on behalf of the Congress of
the United
and
to express
our
States, I want
profound condolences

will have

We
other

you

number

fered
sympathies and anguish at the tragedy that your community sufin Argentina. We
have
to
are
pleased
very
you.
We
are
grateful to you that in the midst of what is an extremely
difficult and
trying time you decided to accept our invitation and
Aires.
fly up from Buenos
You
proceed any way you choose.
may
STATEMENT

OF

RUBEN

ARGENTINE

Mr.

Beraja.

feeling of

Thank

the

I thank

American
at

you

leadership

BERAJA,
JEWISH
you

DELEGATION

PRESmENT,
ASSOCIATIONS

people

about

Chairman.

Mr.

much,

very

this

first for the concerns


in this
to consider

OF

(DAIA)
We

know

the

subject.

of the

subcommittee

under

terrorist
hearing the criminal
on
July 18, 1994.
the very
Taking into consideration
good relationship that exists
between
and
the
United
Argentina
States, the international
cussions
reperof the terrorist threat, the traditional
solidarityof your
country with the Jewish people, and the influence that the United
States has in the world, I decided
that
to accept your
invitation
so
this
States
through
significantbody, the Congress of the United
your

attack

may

that

commit
come

and

an

place

in my

its strong action


as

rights with

took

an

Argentinean

the idea of peace


As such and
as

organization of
affiliate of the World

country

to face

such

committed

threat.

democracy and human


criminati
harmony
prejudice or disa
Jew, I preside over
DAIA, the representative
the Argentinean Jewish
institutions,
Jewish
Congress.
I don't speak only for myself nor
only
and

to

without

I am
But
convinced
that
for the organization I represent,
but on behalf of millions
beliefs and
Argentinians of various
ideologies who share
of terror
who
committed
with life,
freedom
are
rule of law.

of fellow
the
and

demnation
con-

the

16

Please
the

same

of the

survivor

literally because
building that was

DAIA

our

memory

depth

in

attack

offices

and

"

this

located

were

in

totallydestroyed.

issue, I wish
of the martyrs
of July 18,

addressing

to the

another

as
"

AMIA

Before
the

also

me

see

be taken

should

heartfelt
to pay
to offer a prayer

our

tribute
for

of the wounded
and comfort
families.
to the bereaved
If I may
for
I
Lantos.
understand
that
moment.
a
stop you
still a number
of individuals
whose
bodies have
not
are
yet

recovery

Mr.
there
been

recovered

they have
Mr.

and

unfortunately

it is

realistic

assumption that

also perished.

Beraja.

Yes.

Mr. Lantos.
who
are

dead,

Adding the
missing and,
how

number

of confirmed

dead
to the number
of circumstances, presumed
will have
died in this terrorist

under

this

individuals

many

set

attack?
Mr.
Mr.

Beraja.

104.

Lantos.

104.

of those

How
Mr.

Beraja.

Seven

are

Mr.

Lantos.

What

are

Mr.
also.

Beraja.

Six, 8,

Mr.

Lantos.

So

Mr.

Beraja.

Mr.
Mr.

Lantos.
Beraja.

Yes.
And

there
many

Mr.

many

Mr.

children.
the

and

how

I don't

Thank

Lantos.

12; also

many

have
a
"

approximately

ages

6-year-oldis

are
a lot of women,
also,all the women

Please
world

children?

are

some

young

the youngest
in the

women

exactly

the

of the

dren?
chil-

seven

people, teenagers

victim?

group?

numbers

lot of young
women,
and the family also

at

this time, but

and many,
in this attack.

mothers
were

you.

ahead.

go

Beraja.
that

the

At

millions

of

the

various

time, I wish to point out before the


institutions, dignitaries
Argentinians, charitable
labor
religious beliefs,politicalparties,

same

of

unions, professional associations, the Armed

lectuals,
Forces, artists, intel-

led by President
students
and
all governmental powers,
shared
the anguish and
stituted
pain in a public rally that conthe
and solidaritythat honor
and example of brotherhood

Menem,

Argentinean people.
effort of the security
Similarly, I wish to point out the devoted
sands
and
medical
of
the
rescuers
personnel, as well as the thouforces,
worked
without
in
the
volunteers
that
of anonymous
dismay
midst
The

of

so

much

sounds

destruction.

of the

sequels.
Among them, I wish
of the population
and
why a community
center

welfare
young

That
years

explosions have

murderous

to underscore

the fear

ceased, but

generated in

not

vast

its

tors
sec-

how
inabilityto understand
with
such
attacked
be
center
cruelty,a
can
dedicated
to the common
good, to religiousservices to social
and education, to promote
culture and develop activities for
people.
based

on

their

100
which
has just celebrated
of the AMIA,
the
of service, being one
of
most
important organizations of
is the

mission

18

iously waiting for the


directlyand
country
Mr.

well

as

as

2V2

Beraja.

That

Mr.
Mr.

from

justiceas

to

That

Beraja.

has

ago

not

of those

apprehension
coming from

again, the

stop you

years

is
There

Lantos.

brought

and
both
ideologically,
within it.

If I may

Lantos.

Embassy
Mr.

identification

sponsible,
re-

outside

the

attack

raeli
against the Issolved; is that correct?

yet been

so.

who
is not
a
single individual
result of that dastardlyattack?

has

been

is true.
think
you

there is any
merit to the speculation
selected
site of this latest terrorist
one
reason
as
a
Argentina was
there was
attack is because
failure to bring to justice the
a
perpetrators of the earlier attack?
I agree.
I said this in a public speech and I said why
Mr. Beraja.
can't
this
solve
we
problem, the attack of the embassy
Argentina
Mr.

Lantos.

Do

that

"

the target, a new


are
target for the terrorists.
Please.
Mr. Lantos.
Mr.
Beraja.
It is necessary
to indicate
now
about

now

caused

this
it is necessary
this terrorist attack

by

indicate
the AMIA,

to

"

on

as

that
was

am

speaking

the commotion
added
the frustration
to

results of the investigationregarding


for the lack of concrete
the attack suffered by the Israeli Embassy in Buenos
Aires in 1992.
circumstance
it is a
Such
has special relevance
a
today because
State
of
the
the
to
punish
ability
negative precedent regarding
international
I wish to

terrorism.

last Thursday,
that in this very room
Am
which
the
took
Pan
103
a
bombing
had
Where
6 years
six
are
seated, we
ago.
you
and
of
of
the
Am
103
Pan
terrorist
wives
victims
women
mothers,
attack
and they cried out in anguish about
own
our
government's
failure to take any concrete
steps thus far to bring the perpetrators
Mr.

Lantos.
held
we
almost
place

Let

just
hearing on
me

say

"

"

to

justice.
The

in

two

Libya

identified perpetrators
of that terrorist
and the civilized world is standing by as

civilized world's

demand

to extradite

them

for

attack

court

are

defies
trial.

Libya

still
the

appearing impotent in the eyes of the


dealing with international terrorism
community
in a
and
when
the State Department's representative will appear
few minutes, I will raise this issue again, as I did with her just last
Thursday.
is not

Argentina

international

Please

go

alone

in

in

ahead.

rule
I wish to underscore
that it is a violation of our
Mr. Beraja.
and more
dead
100
of law perpetrated on July 18 which
left over
of a democracy
than
250
injured, took place in the framework
withstanding
where
and human
rights are highly respected, notpublic freedoms
in
which
in
the
is
deficiencies
state
certain
a
system,
of transition.
same
freedoms, which obviously include freedom
of expression, I had the duty of presenting the position
Jewish
community and of vast sectors of society with
without
of Argentina in attendance
euphemisms and

Exercising those
of the

press

and

of the
the

President

ambiguities.

19

that speech as an example of the degree of freedom


isting
excountry and it is fair to acknowledge that the behavior
of the government in this respect and the merits of citizens of exercising
I mention

in my

limitations, without
rights without
fear,all of which do not belong in a true

their
without

self-censorship,
democratic

tem.
sys-

I enclose a copy of that speech for the record because


I believe
it should be studied by this subcommittee.
Without
that speech will be included in
Mr. Lantos.
objection,
the record.
in the appendix.]
[The text of the speech appears
Mr. Beraja.
The
legitimatedemands
presented in that speech
have found a positiveecho in the government, which among
others
has implemented a series of securitymeasures
stitutions
into protect Jewish
and promised
by enforcingthose in existence up to now
of defense
and foreign
complementary actions within the framework
relations policy.
With reference to the resolution adopted by the Security Council
of the United Nations at the request of the Argentine Government,
not
satisfied because such resolution makes
reference
we
are
no
for political
motivations
to the fact that the attack was
against
the center of Argentinean Jewish life.
^
be clear that we
It must
have not yet satisfied all our
tions,
aspira"

"

nor

to obtain

are

we

effective

making

any

answers

to our

compromise

in

our

strong demands

concerns.

Our

nonpartisan character, our status as a nongovernmental organization,


and independent by tradition and by prinautonomous
ciple,
tainty
gives us the authority to fulfill this active role with a certhat through it we
are
contributingto the strengthening of
democracy and defending legitimateinterests of societyas a

the
whole.
With

that same
authority,we express before this distinguished
call
face
to
fundamentalist
body our
terrorism, of which Argentina
the
heart
of the Jewish
has been the vicat
tim
community
very
in this case.
stillhave time to prevent indifference from allowing the deWe
velopment
of Nazism
and the crimes it committed, is not repeated
in the face of an
cism,
ideologythat does not hide its genocidal fanativiolence and total disregard
its terrifying
for human
life.
Based on what has been previouslysaid,we
consider it appropriate
to request the following:
One, to the respectedCongress of the United States as representatives
of the people,view the terrorist attack as a highly serious
example of the dangers of international
sequently
conterrorism, and
articulate legislative
gerous
to help defeat this danmeasures
threat to peace and harmony among
people.
cently
Two, within the same
context, we request that the initiatives reproposed by Argentinian Foreign Minister to the Security
Council of the United Nations be supported.
Three, that the United States continue to provide maximum
operation
coto Argentina as
requested toward the goal of finding
those responsiblefor the criminal attack.
Four, we are also confident that the U.S. Congress will promote
those policies
that would involve the organiat the United Nations
"

"

84-344

94

20
who
sanctions
states
support
against those member
that
the
With
the
terrorists.
same
intent, we hope
Group
or
protect
the same
will join their efforts toward
of Seven
goals.
the Congress of the United
also respectfullyrequest
Five, we
States to support our
forthcoming requests to the European Union,

zation

to seek

within

the

goals.

same

it is natural
to suggest to the Organization of American
of the attack, it
that added
to their public condemnation
work
in
resolution
order
to
to
bat
together
prevent and coma

Six,
States

adopts

international

terrorism.

forthcoming Hemispheric

The

in

Miami

of State

the

be

must

Summit

that

opportunity,

will take
as

Warren
Christopher, for the
their solidaritywith
victims

Mr.

effectivelyexpress
adopt adequate decisions.
have
Mr. President, we
is a potentialvictim and

place in
by

announced
heads

cember
Deretary
Sec-

of state

to

and

of terrorism

face international terrorism.


Everyone
indifferent.
has the right to remain
no
one
of life that ensures
the only way
constitutes
to

societies
Democratic
the protection and the rights of all its citizens. As a believer, I appeal
of all faiths so that in each prayer
they
to the spiritualleaders
all human
and peace
between
ask for respect, harmony
beings.
of immigrant Jews
As a descendant
coming from Syria, where as
coexisted in the
and Muslims
of the region,Jews
in other countries

them

past, I call upon


midst

the

abhor

who

their
do not allow those within
rible
spiritualvalues of their faith,committing horthat

so

they

under
its name.
who
them
instead
We
are
to join those
activelypromoting
urge
for the
Arab
countries
the
Israel and
between
the peace
process
benefit of all the peoples of the region and world peace.
damental
Mr. Chairman, every human
being has the right to enjoy the funof
the
have
suring
responsibility enfreedoms, and governments
crimes

of us,

one

of
that one
with
witness
great concern
from fear. Every
is in danger, the freedom
forts
must
of his or her responsibilities
join ef-

them. Today we
essential freedoms

those

to

the

to

extent

of terrorism.
made
it very

stop the threat

society has

Argentinean
against terrorism.
Thank
Mr.

you

moving

Thank

you

very

much,

Mr.

Beraja. That

was

very

statement.

[The prepared

of Mr.
will begin the

statement

We

Lantos.

Mr.

together

much.

very

Lantos.

stand

clear: We

Beraja appears
questioning

appendix.]
Congressman

in the

with

Oilman.
Oilman.
I regret the

Mr.

Thank

you,

Mr.

Chairman.

by my having to be in my district in
earlier that morning. I commend
Lantos,
York
New
you. Chairman
ing
for arranging this timely hearing. We
hope as a result of this hearhorrors
of
the
details
and
perspectives
to get some
important
with
weeks
the last few
witnessed
regard to
that we
have
over
in far different parts of the globe.
international terrorism
at a very
that we
early stage
I am
are
now
however,
cognizant,
that
and
speculation
in the inquiry into these
deadly incidents,
may

outrun

delay

the

caused

eventual

evidence.

We

won't

know

all the

facts

21

and

until all the evidence

intelligencegathering

and

investigations

fullycompleted.

are

The

over.

the

the Panin Buenos


amanian
Aires aboard
terrorist incidents
well
be
in
London
airline flightand
commercial
tinents
conmay
the world
the same
apart, but the results and impact are
been lost to the cowardly and deadly terlives have
rorists
Innocent
influence
all
intended
bombs
and
to
illegitimately
attacks,
recent

and

of peace

course

in the world
today.
progress
in
human
advancement
to those
progress

human

surrender
in legitimate
the decency to engage
the courage
or
even
plorable
justifysuch dedebate, nor does any grievance or concern
in
the
conduct
and
unlawful
peaceful
against
progress
Middle
East or anywhere else on the globe.
President
Nixon
Former
cowardly
a few
ago said of another
years
103 bombing, "I have
no
and deadly terrorist incident,the Pan Am
President
said
of
the
Nixon,
to
terrorism,"
answer
problem
single
be
that our
Government's
"but from experience, I know
policy must
and
such
incidents
of
relentless
of
punishment
one
investigation
We
must
do not
who

not

have

will fit the crime of those responsible including governments


which
reason."
for whatever
subsidize
which
terrorism
Nation
Nixon's
advice
President
was
appropriate then for our
of the world, whether
and is just as wise advice today for nations
ish
they are targets of this violence or not, and for all those who cherall
solutions
to
and
for
world
order and hope
peaceful
lasting
and bitterness.
administration
Clinton
early in 1993 that we must
of international terrorism
threat
a
guard against

hatreds, conflicts
the

I warned

let down

not

our

Center
the Trade
witness
bombing in
the
globe. For
February of 1993 and these latest incidents around
of the high-level
I opposed the proposed elimination
that reason,
for Counterterrorism
at the
and
visible Office of the Coordinator
of
the
to
State Department
State, and
Secretary
reporting directly

both

at

and

home

abroad,

along with that proposal.


tain
mainmust
and the entire international community
Our
Nation
of
the
threat
ism.
terrorand
today's
vigilance against
our
guard
Today's hearing should provide us with the vivid evidence of
pleased

am

the

costs

and

that

the

horrors

for your
views
the
record.
on

to go

Congress

ATTACK

threats, and

of such
and the

views

IN

MEASURES

ANTITERRORISM

went

ON

THE

of

of those

ISRAELI

us

the

involved

THE

FOLLOWING

ARGENTINA

tunity
opporin this

1992

EMBASSY

questions,Mr. Chairman.
operandi of the terrorists who
Aires is nearly identical to that used
Buenos
in Argentina in 1992.
the Israeli Embassy
I do have

The

welcome

we

few

modus

struck

against

weeks
ago in
the embassy,

tell us, are


there steps that the Argentine Government
Can
you
attack that might have
failed to take after the 1992
prevented this
tragic reoccurrence? Was there any lapse in the security that could
arrested with regard to
have
been
avoided? Why
ever
one
was
no
the

attack?
like to
to translate.
Fine.
Oilman.

1992

Mr.
Mr.

embassy

Beraja.

I would

answer

in

Spanish

and

ask

my

sistant
as-

22

Would

you

identifyyourselfplease?

Mr. Neuburger.
the representative

Alfredo
Neuburger, executive
of
the
body
Argentinean Jewish
for my
president.

director of DAIA,

community.

I will translate
Mr. Oilman.
Please proceed.
Mr. Beraja.
this is a very technical
Because
and
politicalissue
and I need to be very clear.
the bomb
[Through the translator!. When
exploded in the Israeli
in
Embassy
1992, the country faced a totallyunexpected phenomena.
There
idea that international
was
no
or
previous indication
terrorism

would

hit in

our

country.

The capabilityand information that the intelligenceservices


the security forces in Argentina had before that event, this
told to

by appropriate officials,
was
the adequate means
to face this

by

us

kind

no

means

of threat

capable

and
was

of having

before that attack.

After the 1992 attack,


theystarted to study the phenomenon to
deal with
it, to get involved and to seek and obtain cooperation
from other governments
and intelligenceorganizations to face it.
After the attack on the embassy, the securityforces implemented

special protection for Jewish


organizations,includingthe building
that was
which
had
destroyed 2 weeks
police personnel 24
ago,
hours
1992.
a day since
And
also the Jewish
organizations adopted security measures
within
their own
buildings with the knowledge of the specificauthorities.
I will have
to the

what
not
was
lacking and I am
referring yet
is that there was
equate
investigationby the courts
probably inadevaluation
of the potential danger after the attack
the
on
to

say

"

"

embassy.
Probably nobody believed that an organization dedicated to sei-vbe the potentialobjectiveof such a criminal
ice would
attack.
Mr. Oilman.
You
mentioned
that there was
police security provided
that security in place during
to the embassy since 1992. Was
this incident?
Mr.

Beraja.

Yes. The
there and both popolice personnel were
licemen
wounded
during the attack.
if we
had
Even
four policemen or more,
it is almost
impossible
bomb
attack. That
to stop that kind of car
is why we
always insist
that this phenomena
of international
has to be a political
decision
terror
of the world
bases
to attack
it in its own
at its own
origins
where they can
start to act against civilians.
Mr. Oilman.
How
policewere
assigned to the embassy?
many
Mr. Beraja.
official
have
sources
received, there
According to
we
was
one
policeman who was
supposed to be guarding the entrance
of the embassy and
he was
there when
the embassy was
not
tacked
atwere

in

Mr.
Mr.

1992.

Oilman.

That

was

in

1992.

What

about

the

current

attack?

Neuburger.
The
current
two
attack, there were
policemen
the patrol car close to the door of the building.
Mr. Oilman.
They were
just slightlyinjured?
Mr. Neuburger.
don't have
the magnitude of their injuries,
We
but the car
90
feet from
the place where
to 100
was
parked some
the car bomb
hit the building.
with

23
Did

Oilman.

Mr.

the

hit the

bomb

car

the entrance

building near

way?
Mr.
Mr.

Beraja

main
the

am

the entrance
[through the

far from

How
Mr.

of the

entrance

So
Mr. Oilman.
and the police car
are
tellingme?
Neuburger.

Mr.
Mr.
Mr.

by the
asking now

Just

Neuburger.
I
Oilman.

Oilman.

was

way

building,yes.

the

witness, and

was

the

that

is just a few
several hundred

from
the
5 meters
usual
place where

to

the

was

feet from

the

main
is that

feet away;

mistaken.
Maybe I was
the witness
testify.
[through the translator]. The

entrance

what

you

Let

Beraja

from

patrol car
the

parked approximately
and
hit the building right at the entrance
building, exploding inside the building. That is why
within
the building and there was
was
also, of
in
the
street.
damage
15

was

meters

Oilman.

I understand

certain

not

am

of the police
The
car
into the
went

entrance.

bomb

Mr.

ing.
testify-

are

you

parked?

car

translator]. Ten

building

that

of the

entrance

the

major

course,

that the

fect
ef-

sive
exten-

bomb

car

into the

the car
ing
was
parked outside the buildbuilding when
the policecar outside the building. If there was
that
and so was
the
how
the
is
it
extensive
to
damage
building,
police car escaped,
if they were
that close to the building?
almost
The
Mr. Beraja.
totallydestroyed. The popolicecar was
licemen
ways
alnot
were
sittingnecessarily inside the car. They were
around
but
the
had
extensive
car
it,
standing
police
damage.
IVIr. Oilman.
the policemen at the time this
And
then where
were
went

occurred?
Mr.

One

Beraja.

One

in AMIA

was

Oilman.

Mr.

building;is

that

Mr.
Mr.
about

Beraja.
Oilman.

Mr.

Beraja.

took

as

car.

One

was

in front

of the

policemen assigned

AMIA.
to

this

right?

Yes.
I understand

possible attacks
about that?

we

in the

was

buying something.
There
were
only two

Since

on

1992

that
this

there

embassy.

after the

possibilitythe fact that

were

Do

Israeli
there

number

you

Embassy
could

of

have

warnings
tion
informa-

any
was

be attacks

attacked,
against

Jewish

organizations in the country.


building that was
recently destroyed in December
1992,
received
and
the
we
a
telephone threat about
a
possible bomb
evacuated
without
further
incident.
building was
any
Mr. Oilman.
States
Are you aware
of any warnings of the United
with regard to a possible attack on the embassy?
In

Mr.
Mr.

the

Beraja.
Oilman.
that

I don't know.
there
You
of that. But
not
are
aware
the Jewish
received
about
community

No,

warnings
by terrorists,is
Mr.

Beraja.
that

that what
No. We
received
there could be

you

are

were

other

tacks
possible at-

tellingus?

dications
inthreats,as mentioned, and some
a
danger of attacks, and since April
ures
Argentinean police reinforced some
security meas-

of this year, the


at Jewish
institutions.

24

Oilman.
Were
of those warnings or threats turned
over
any
when
received
them?
Argentine Government
you
Mr. Beraja.
We
permanently kept contact with the Argentinean
them
of every
incident regularly, and discussed
Government, informed
Mr.

to the

appropriate
Oilman.

Mr.

with

measures

Were

the government.

barricades

placed in front of the buildings


any
of these threats?
Mr. Beraja.
not.
No, they were
Mr. Oilman.
Can
tell us
what
know
about the borders
you
you
of Argentina? Are they open
borders
that allow pretty much
dom
freeof access
to Argentinians?
Mr. Beraja.
This is a serious problem in Argentina, the border
have
We
of
problem.
urged the authorities to take action in terms
better
control
of
those
borders
i
n
the
northeast
of
a
the
specifically
where
know
talist
fundamenthat there are
we
country bordering areas
as

result

settled.

groups

Mr.

Oilman.
to make
or

Have
them

any

steps been

taken

to

try

to

close those

ders
bor-

secure?

more

Mr. Beraja.
There
has been no progress
I have to
solutions
or
that
the
of
Brazil
is essential for the objectivethat
cooperation
say
have
this with
stated,and Paraguay, and we intend to pursue
you
"

these

governments.

Mr.

Oilman.

One

other

question, Mr.

Chairman.

What
about
the airport
make
the airport safety
more
Mr.

There

Beraja.

has

and

safety? Has there been any


secure?
been
a
change in Argentina

attempt
in

terms

to

of

that

solutions
be implesecurity conception
mented
urging
and
President
has committed
Menem
himself
to enhance
and improve any needed
in the country.
securitymeasures
potential

impact

of
FOR

we

are

eliminating

the

independent

COUNTERTERRORISM

coordinator

POSITION

Mr. Oilman.
Mr. Chairman, one
Last year,
the State
Department

more

question of Mr.

unsuccessfully

tried

Emerson.
nate
to elimi-

the
Coordinator
high-level position of Independent
Counterterrorism.
In your
opinion, is that the best way for our
to try to combat

for
tion
Na-

international

terrorism?
Mr. Emerson.
The
this
of
administration
the
to eliminate
policy
decision.
The
coordinator
bad
a
high-level
post was
operative
very
word
in fightingterrorism
is coordination,and this requires someone
traffic cop, coordinating all the intelligence,
policy,
In
and
whether
safe.
issues
not
are
security
airports
just
the end, there has to be someone
who
will push for effective steps
taken
to be
the diplomatic
use
diplomats who
against Iranian
pouch to traffic in explosives or there will not be a victory against
to

serve

as

and

terrorism.
To the extent

that

there

in the administration
high-levelperson
the
and
that
forcefullyargue,
repeatedly
argue
administration
has to adopt counterterrorism
as
policies,because
in the State Department
terests,
know, many
are
articulatingother inyou
and counterterrorism
of several interests in the
is only one
needs
to be pushing that point of view.
foreign policy,but someone
Unless
there is someone
pushing that point of view, there will
effective counterterrorism
not be an
policyarticulated.

willing to

is not

26
I don't believe
that countries
in
threat seriouslyfor various
reasons.

Europe

are
willing to take the
One
is there are
certain kinds
conduct
with Iran, which
is simple:
of your
activities as long as you

of Faustian
deals that countries
will turn
We
blind eye to some
a
don't target our
civilians.
Germany for a long time turned a blind eye to Iranian terrorists
soil in exchange for an
German
on
that they
implicit agreement
would
attack
not
German
I
would
advocate
that
strongly
targets.
regime that allows terrorists onto its soil be penalized.
any
The
third thing I would
do is to advocate
coordinated
a
asylum

policy.It is ridiculous that Canada


asylum. If you acquire asylum
a

So

can't come
in
the
border
come
through
up
well.
as

passport.
can

you

if you

Europe

ROGUE

Mr.

Lantos.

degree

which

allows

has

REGIMES

AND

You
mentioned
of shamelessness

the
on

Hizballah

certain

in

Canada,
through the
North.

MORAL

you

front

This

ists
terror-

entitled to
door at JFK,

are

problem

exists

in

SUASION

Salman
Rushdie
the part of the

affair. It indicates
Iranian

regime

Rushdie's
life. If a government
is prepared
advocate
the
of
individual
to publicly
assassination
whose
an
sole crime
is that he wrote
does
not
something the government
in terms
of moral
suasion
do you
like,what pressure
or
argument
think
might be effective in applying to that government? Or is
there
in the arena
of public affairs,
argument,
any
any
exposure

that would
Mr.

contract

have

any

out

on

like this?
good point. The Rushdie affair
very
it, but it bears repeating. First there

impact

on

Emerson.

government

That is a
tire of hearing about
who
is a man
is in permanent
hiding.No. 2
Mr. Lantos.
He is in permanent
hiding not
but
for
done,
things he has written.
many

Mr.
in

Emerson.

hiding in the

against
sector

Yes,
Middle

and

he

East.

is in hiding in
The
threat
same

"

for
the
has

anything
West.
now

He
been

he

has

is not
issued

writer in Bangladesh. The fact is that the private


the United
States
in Europe
showed
and
extreme
an
in response
of cowardice
to the threats
by Iran and supporters
about
not
publishing subsequent editions,about not sponsoring
a

woman

in

amount

Rushdie.

I believe the private sector


the
took its lead from
I
and
don't
Government
believe
the
U.S.
British
public sector,
or
has done
enough to publicly show its absolute revulsion for what
has happened with Salman
Rushdie.
President
Clinton
with him, which
and a
met
was
a
courageous

brave

thing

asked

at

of
I think

do. On

hand, a day or two later when


conference
the signifia press
why he did, he diminished
cance
his meeting by saying he only met
for 2 minutes.
with him
to

the

other

this

communicated
and
that
to the Iranians
supporters
in
the
in
that
have
succeeded
West
was
sending a
they
and to Brits that if they don't toe the
chillingsignal to Americans
line on issues that the Iranians
consider
close to their heart, then
and Brits will be endangered.
Americans
I have seen
this repeatedly in the United
States
even
regarding
there

our

fear

own

media

where

certain issues are


it, the factor that
in the United
States

Rushdie

factor,I call

physical

retribution

of the
raised because
somehow
there would
be
abroad
because
of acts
or

not

27

that

take

we

fullyconsistent
democracy

are

representative

of the

with

our

that

we

Constitution

and

I think

have

had

in

always

this

country.
Mr.
most

the

all three of you


This subcommittee

to thank

I want

Lantos.
valuable

contributions.

terrorism
this endeavor

in

assistance

Your

will not

for your
rest until

the

is put on
has
been

fight against international

agenda.

gentlemen

national

most

ciated.
appre-

you very much.


tor
final
this morning is Ms. Barbara
Our
witness
Bodine, CoordinaWe
of State.
for the Department
are
for Counterterrorism
very
pleased to have you.
with
You
appeared before us just a few days ago in connection
still
old
6
almost
Am
no
olution.
res103 tragedy
a case,
the Pan
as
years
national
interthe
of
wave
on
We
now
are
asking you to comment
and
the United
in Argentina, Panama,
terrorist attacks

Thank

"

Kingdom.
there
obviously increased security in the United States
the
did
who
television
not
individual
see
huge
watching
an
around
diplomatic facilities in New
garbage trucks being drawn
of us that, as citizens of the one
York.
It is unacceptable to many
in
the
world, there should be an atmosphere
remaining superpower
of fear permeating this society in anticipation of terrorist attacks
life
Islamic
thugs who have no regard for human
by extremists
at their
hell bent on pursuing their objectivesby all means
but are
disposal.
for Counterterrorism,
the responsibilityas Coordinator
have
You
these issues;
to deal with
for our
the point person
Government,
as
that
to
testifytwice
recently
and we
most
agreed
are
grateful
you
There
wasn't

is

"

"

before

us.

coming with this degree


Unfortunately, the issues warrant
your
will be entered in the record
of frequency. Your
prepared statement
choose.
in
in its entirety.You
proceed
way
you
any
may
OF

STATEMENT

STATE

OF

DEPARTMENT

COUNTERTERRORISM,

FOR

COORDINATOR

A. BODINE,

BARBARA

Thank
BODINE.
you.
and
nation
that it is totallyunacceptable that any
any
kinds
of
the
have
to
should
extraordinary
security
adopt
people
have
elsewhere.
that we
have here and that we
measures
ordinator
of the Office of the CoAnd, of course, the fundamental
purpose
mestic
with both appropriate dofor Counterterrorism
is to work
Ms.

I agree

world,

to

devise

I do

so

that

appreciate the

always
bring me

pleasure
up

here

like to take this


of State and the
the victims of the
and the
Panama,
Ireland
Northern

foreign governments
deter, resolve and, if

to both

ways

to terrorism

to

we

twice

here,
in

to

I do

testifyagain,
regret

I do
week.
to extend

opportunity
Department

entire

our

the

want

last

Friday.

and

spond
re-

while

circumstances
to

say

that

it is
that
I would

of the Secretary
behalf
deepest sympathies for all

on

terrorist attacks in Buenos


unrelated, but still tragic,attacks
recent

necessary,

the

get rid of this scourge.

can

opportunity
be

around

with

and

agencies here,

Aires, London,
in Madrid

and

28
I think

it is

just
than

as

particularlytragic and
prospects

they have

been

forces opposed to
not

their

meet

of miles

in

century.

comprehensive
objectivesby attacks
a

ironic that these attacks occurred


the Middle
East are
brighter
Let me
that the
assure
you
in the Middle
will
East
civilians literally
thousands

peace
on

away.

this

In

in

for peace

regard,

deeply heartened at the recent


sive
masdemonstration
nos
by 150,000 Argentinians that took place in BueAires to demonstrate
their solidaritywith the families
of the
victims and their repudiation of the bombing.
Just a few days ago we
to
were
up here discussing our
response
103
Pan
Am
and in many
there
are
tragicparallelsbetween
ways
that

we

are

and

the AMIA
the callousness and
AMIA

bombing.

very

bombing.
savagery

More

Just as Pan
Am
103 demonstrated
of international
terrorism, so did the

importantly, the

Pan
Am
103
bombing and
in the 1980's invigorated many
states
terrorism
to combat
through the application of the rule of law and
those few states that support terto bear
by bringing pressure
rorism.
on
I trust that the AMIA
lowed
bombing and the incidents that folit will produce the same
for
those
who
take
underconsequences
such attacks
and those governments
that help make
such attacks

the similar

of terrorism

acts

happen.
I would

like to
aftermath

the

in

1992

explain
of the

what

the

AMIA

U.S.

Government
and
a

bombing

has
similar

both
attack
in

done,

the Israeli Embassy


in Buenos
Aires to assist the Government
of Argentina in its efforts to investigate and to bring to justice
those
responsible for this outrage, and more
importantly, to
on

deter future
In
scene

need
cause

attacks.

1992, and again


and forensic

following the

personnelto

AMIA
Buenos

bombing,
Aires

we

sent

tigative
inveson-the-

provide
cluded
inteam
Argentine counterparts. The
the State Department's Bureau
of Diplomatic
of Alcohol, Tobacco
and Firearms.
Security,the FBI, and Bureau
As a testament
this
serious we
and
the
to how
saw
bombing
the
the
the
to provide
best to
Argentinians to determine
very
rensic
and the perpetrators, we
dispatched one of the FBI's top foto

their
representatives from

assistance

to

who had done the forensics at the


man
experts, the same
Center. I will also say that that same
sent
man
was

World

Trade

onward

to Panama
to again apply his expertise.
do take this very seriously.In order to again help the Argentines,
the forensic information
has been brought back to the States.
It will be processed in the FBI
and ATF
labs and for both, largely
for continuity of evidence
an
Argentine expert has come
reasons,
along so that we can prosecute these people to the fullest.
A very important point that I think we
all agree
and I heard
the

We

previous panel discuss


This

is

All elements
and
with

is the

need

for

an

effective

both before
absolutely critical,
are
working very closely,both

telligence
exchange of inand
after an
tack.
atwithin
this government

other

affected to try to identify


governments
those responsible.
To help prevent
such
attacks
are
happening in the future, we
the
also providing extensive
courses
training to Argentina. Among
have
offered have
been
that we
post-blastinvestigation,explosive
incident

countermeasures,

and

terrorist

interdiction

seminar.

We

29

also have

number

of

offered

courses

submitted

and

I have
have
We

been

a list of those
deeply concerned

development of a Hizballah
spring we approached a number
concern
over
our
region to express
the

I will concede

that

the

or

planned

for the

for the record.


the past several
over

years

over

Last
of governments
throughout that
the Hizballah
nately,
Unfortupresence.
the
from
of
many
ments
governresponse
presence

in

Latin

future,

America.

was
inadequate at the time.
of this most
in
the wake
We
tragicbombing, reinvigorating
are,
those initiatives. My successor,
as
know, will be making a trip
you
discuss
both
Latin
about
six
American
countries
to
to
key
and
Hizballah
Iranian
possible steps
Embassy presence,
presence,
and
the Argenfollow-on
that can
be taken. And
to that, we
as
a
tines
of the Americas
will be raising it at the Summit
looking for
of intelligencecooperation, law enforcement
concrete
steps in terms

other ways
that we
deal with this.
can
address
the issue of what
or
group
groups
this attack. The
1992 attack on the Israeli
of Hizballah.
Aires
was
clearly the work

cooperation, training,and
also like to
I would
might have undertaken

Embassy

publicly claimed

This

bombing
nature,

responsibilityfor

the

bombing

that claim was


repudiated, it released
that the world knew
that it was
responsible.

and

embassy
to make

Buenos

in

Hizballah

when

sure

of the
video

of the last 2 weeks


demonstrates, as well as the
of terrorists,their international
of 1992, the global reach
and their willingness to attack soft targets, largely because

bombing

of their symbolic value.


dence,
The
recent
bombings, while we do not have any conclusive evido bear the hallmarks
of a Hizballah
ment
operation and a statethe attacks has been made
about
by a group using the name
Al-Allah
which
be
offshoot
of Hizballah.
Ansar
to
an
appears
the
Mr. Chairman, while this hearing has been called to address
AMIA
recent
incident,it is also important that I discuss brieflythe
bombing of a commuter
plane outside of Colon, Panama.
apparent
act of aviation
sabotage killed 21 people, including
apparent
if the objecIt is too early to conclude definitively
three Americans.
tive

This

of this

vendetta by
It is worth

attack
a

its statement
to the

experts

was
or
perhaps a personal
politicalin nature
drug cartel.
it issued
noting, however, that Ansar Al-Allah, when
included
erence
refalso
the
AMIA
a
bombing,
regarding
well before aviation
bombing of the aircraft in Panama,
been
had
determined
that the plane, in fact, had

bombed.
in the case
Just
of Argentina, we
as
are
working very closely
with the Panamanian
authorities,and as I said, we did dispatch
National
the same
The
forensic expert from Argentina to Panama.
involved
have
also been
Transportation Safety Board and the FAA
the casin the investigation.Because
three Americans
ualties
were
among
its long-arm
is opening a case
of this plane, the FBI
under
whomever
be able to determine
to prosecute
statute
was
we
may
behind
this.
In a related matter, I think it is worth
ple
noting an another exam-

and to
far Iran will go in its reach to silence dissidents
violence.
and
In
of
this
Moatamer
June
use
year, a gentleman, Mr.
official in Tehran
his family, fled Iran. He is a former
government
of how

30

and

he

and

his

family

fled to

and

Turkey

then

managed

to get to

Cuba.
After

arriving there, the Iranian Embassy personnel forced them


onto
met
a
flightto Caracas. When
they were
there, they were
by
and
other Iranian
his
personnel who
essentiallykidnapped him
family in preparation for a forced repatriation. He and his family
now
thankfully are safe.
The
Government
of Venezuela, I am
clared
pleased to state, has deall the Iranian
officials involved, as well as the Ambassador
this in and of itself is an
non
ample
grata. While
interestingexpersona
of Iran's efforts,
it also has a direct bearing on
the current
The
Government
of Argentina is investigatingcarefullyinformation
case.
Moatamer
AMIA
Mr.
the
provided by
bombing.
concerning
Last

week

also

we

Before you
Lantos.
here
for
minute.
a
you
Of course.
Ms. BODINE.
Mr.

address

The Iranian
Lantos.
that Mr. Moatamer

official.What
Ms.

BODINE.

something to this
Government

gentleman

back

clearly is

Mr.
Ms.

Iran.

Lantos.
BODINE.

of terrorism

went

He

to

Thank
As
last

try

nying
de-

statement

Government

Iranian

this matter?
the Iranian
that

empirical
the

of

stop

to

get

to

that

is not
is a
there is
he

lengths

that

the

of him

and

get him

hold

have,

evidence

extreme

importance

statement
we

the

Iranian

nian
Ira-

ment.
Govern-

you.

said, we
week, this

and

issued
an

information

was

to

bombing,

has
time

is that

say

of international
let me

acts

London

any

on

all the

by

official. I would

government

to

at

information

that

the

Government
was

information

is our
Our

quite accurate,

additional

two

saw

Mr.

unfortunately
time

had

London.

in

the other

office of

two

One

additional

acts

the

raeli
Issocial service

target

Jewish

was

was
an
a
Embassy
killed in either
Remarkably, almost miraculously,no one was
of these incidents,although some
20 persons
one
were
injured.
The
British,of course, have extensive experience in investigating
bombings and they have not sought, nor did we offer,any technical
do work
assistance.
But we
closelywith them and we will be
very
tween
information
with
them
and
sharing
try to see if there is a link be-

agency.

these

bombs

and

the others.

all too
Chairman, the events of the last 2 weeks demonstrate
democratic
that
threat
international
terrorism
remains
to
a
clearly
and to their people throughout the world. At the same
states
time,
of
in limiting the number
I do believe
we
are
making progress
and the support they provide.
terrorism
states willingto sponsor
will be doing more
in this regard as
We
Secretary Christopher
in
described
last Thursday.
his testimony before this subcommittee
Efforts such as those described
ing
by the Secretary and the longstandthat
and
to
we
policy objectives
pursue
programs
Mr.

counterterrorism

are

the

the

best

perilsposed by terrorism.
to assure
successful,but I want

commitment
this goal.
Thank

you.

of the

State

ways,

The

we

task
you

Department

believe,

to

reduce

is neither quick nor


and this subcommittee
to do all that it can

further

always
of the
to

meet

31

[The prepared statement

IMPROVING

THE

of Barbara

U.S.

A. Bodine

DEPARTMENT'S

STATE

in the

appears

OFFICE

pendix.]
ap-

OF

COUNTERTERRORISM

Mr.

Lantos.
which

Ms.

Bodine, let me
given the timing

Bodine.

I would

begin by asking a very broad


of your
imminent
departure as
Coordinator
for Counterterrorism
is an
our
appropriate one. I want
for
well
done.
to commend
a job very
you
Thank
Ms. BODINE.
you.
Mr.
Lantos.
We
all in your
partment
are
debt; and as you leave the Deof State, you
because you
degree of freedom
gain a new
will no
longer be under instructions and you will be able to speak
mind.
own
your
still have
You
under
a few
more
are
days when
instructions;
you
but given that limitation,in what
do you
think
that the Office
ways
of Counterterrorism
be maae
effective and
can
more
more
central to the purposes
that we
seek, namely, to put an end to this
of
international
terrorism?
nightmare
question,

Ms.

like to begin by saying that these last almost


3 years
that I have been in S/CT have been probably the most
time in
interesting,if sometimes
exhausting and certainlyfulfilling
One
of
the
for
that
is
what
the
career.
reasons
primary
learning
my
U.S. Grovernment
has put
what
has
it
the
effort
assets
to
put on
the last 10 years
counterterrorism
and
the people who
over
are
a
part of that effort.
There
is, as you know, a standing structure, it is about 10 years
"

old, that
worldwide.

combat
to
terrorism
developed in the mid-1980's
includes
number
of
elements
of
the
executive
a
branch, the CIA, the FBI, Justice, all of the key players that you
would
well imagine, and from
other element
time to time almost
every
of the government.
was

It

There

is a remarkable
dedication among
all of those people to
their
of
of the places where
I
the
It
is
working
problem.
one
part
less
have seen
turf battles than I have
in my
probably
ever
seen
and I think this is something to be noted
and commended.
career,
I think
that the commitment
of the Department
to making
sure
that the role of the Coordinator, which
role
in
this
is a very
key

interagency
who

has been confirmed


process,
I believe you
have
him
met

by

the

selection

of my

cessor
suc-

is a senior officer of considerable


will also be going up to the Senate
experience, his name
Ambassador
to be confirmed
well.
as
as
I think
what
have
have
is
we
we
something that is not broken.
It doesn't really need
be
fixed. It does need, I think, the attento
tion
of Congress to help us fulfill some
of the improvements
that
would
like to see.
we
"

I mentioned

There

the
are

other

"

day implementing

number

of elements

congressional appropriation

and

of the

language
CT

on

tions.
conven-

that

program

authorization,which

we

quire
re-

nitely
defi-

need.
establishing

Mr.
bank?

Lantos.

Well,

how

central

about

intelligence

this issue

of

bank

central

intelligence

32
Ms.

BoDLNE.
includes
have

of the

That

and

program

candid

Lantos.

of

hearings

the

United

You
the

pick

consular
very

are

tion
informa-

the

and

not

sometimes
think

always

political
to

incitinghis designs to murder


Center
Trade
bombing.
such

mistakes

consular
both

"

facilities available

microfiche
1920
has also been an

as

terrorism,
the

one

in

longer feasible?

no

that

you

the

in

into

effort has been


every
to consular
officers,

the

20th

world

century

appreciation within
the need to very carefully

enormous

sections

of

from
the previous
of the comments
the whim
is something that is done
on
that
feel
officer and how
to
they happen
morning.
and who
whose
strict guidelines as to when
names
with

one

names

"

supposed

I think
one
had very

when

times

were

had a series
it wasn't so long ago that we
of the blind sheik entering and reentering

assure

take issue
I would
that checking

panel

are

erization
comput-

our

effectivelyshare

information

There
of computers.
the consular section and other
vet these sort of people.

we

fully appreciate.

may

accelerate

to

more

his initial visa is


can

upgrade

from

graduating

up

that

us

giving him
BoDiNE.
to both

names

Emerson

and/or
uses
there is far

section.

know,

assure

you

of the
There

Mr.

there

you,

issue
on
States while
culminating in the World

made

than

also to much

with

sections would
it to the consular

Ms.

agencies,

board
all of which
ther
ei-

embassies.

I will be

Can
Sudan

agency
part of the inter-

as

"

that may
be relevant
information
is shared. I think

steps in the last year

within

Mr.

community

counterterrorism

government

of information

enormous

give

is

is certainlya great deal in improving coordination


between
and the Agency, and
the
State
certainly
Department has

FBI

taken

that. There

of information

information.

There
the

is
different

27

sources

sharing

more

hear

there

structure,
which

I did

Yes,

to be

checked.

problems that we had


inadequate support mechanisms.
of the

in

Khartoum

That
mistake?

that

was

has

been

taken

be a
there never,
It is human
ture.
naever, ever
the
facilities
and
made
in
of
the
effort
been
terms
Has
every
training of consular offiicers? Yes, I do believe that has been done.
of. Will

care

counterterrorism:

going

Mr.

Lantos.
Now,
talkingabout two

about

after

the

sponsors

of

terrorism

fighting terrorism, Ms. Bodine, we


entirelydifferent kinds of things. We
in

tactical issues

such

as

how

do

you

prevent

are
are
a

ly
real-

ing
talksuicide

reaching an embassy site; and while these are very


of the issue. And, the
important, they really don't go to the core
of the issue is to go after the sponsoring governments.
core
in 1994
is increasingly a governmentInternational
terrorism
with
involved
You
have
been
meetings at the
sponsored activity.
mination
field.
in this
Is there a deterhighest councils of our government
bomber

from

that
to the

to go

you

source

force is necessary
whatever
could detect to use
ism
terrorthat the perpetrators of international
so

the top level are


properly brought to justice?
made
the very
is yes. You
The
short
Ms.
answer
what
distinction between
is technicallyantiterrorism, which
at

Bodine.

proper

is put-

34

taking

on

end

burden

that

would

stressing our system


the people at the core.

up
to find

the core
members, those
criminal, to go after them.

on
or

exclusion

of all members

THE

NECESSITY

OF

Oilman.

are

AN

INDEPENDENT

OF

the

BoDENE.

about

thing. A blanket
necessary.
probably un-

Well,
question, that the amendment

and

OFFICE

FOR

THE

discourse

about

the

need

about

As you
are
the necessity for

to

extended

for

leave

having

of counterterrorism?
that it is still considered

I know

"

actually

COUNTERTERRORISM

office for the coordination


Ms.

could

we

Tightening it is one
unwieldy

HAVING

thoughts

your

that

onerous

be able
not
point that we may
need
We
efforts
focused
to keep our
that have
track records, either verbal

I had
and
You
some
for Counterterrorism.

Coordinator
what

so

the

is considered

COORDINATION

Mr.

be
to

fice,
of-

an

vidual
indi-

an

open

the

independent life of S/
hearings, I understand,

CT

for 1 year
and that there will be some
in
1995.
early
what
I think
of the office
is important in considering the status
and to look at the
is to look at both who
is selected for Coordinator
overall policy of the government.
It is a question of focus and
a
question of importance, not really a question of where you fit in the
of layering.
bureaucracy in terms
be
could
have
To
an
honest, you
independent office and a very
weak
coordinator.
could have
the coordinator
within a broader
You
bureau

and
and

then
Mr.

if it is
you have

with
the
strong person
from
attention
the proper

ground
right kind of backthe administration,
tent,
It is a question of ineffectively.

they will be able to operate


I think, rather than
structure.
I
Oilman.
that
assume
Well,

the issue is.


Ms. BoDiNE.
THE

you

recognize

how

important

Yes.

priority

OF

COUNTERTERRORISM

EFFORTS

IN

THE

U.S.

GOVERNMENT

Mr.
ment

about
should
Ms.

Oilman.

is, no
the
be

How
matter

kind

what

of stress

giving in

BODINE.

important
do
we

battle

our

I think

nothing else,is the


that many
days, it

we

that

one

fact that
is

very

the
with

responsibilityof

our

Oovern-

it, I welcome

should

be

thoughts
your
giving, the prioritywe

against counterterrorism.
things that has been clear, if
have
had
two
we
hearings in almost
tion.
clear high priorityof the administra-

of the

that perfectlyclear in some


ings.
of these bombof his recent
statements, including in the aftermath
the
before
U.N.
President's
clear
in
the
statement
It was
very
of
the
is
General
last
almost
It
certainly
a
Assembly
year
ago.
year,
I think

President

Clinton

has

made

I know
that this is an
highest priority within the Department.
at this time
issue that is taking the Secretary'spersonal attention
and it always does.
CT
has been
I will state
that regardless of where
technically
of having a hearing on the sevwithin
the building, that in terms
enth
the seventh
floor,of the issue being
on
floor,of having access

35

taken

the seventh

seriouslyon

floor,there

has

been

never

tion.
ques-

As you review
these three incidents,
the bombing in
Mr. Oilman.
Argentina, the bombing in London, the one in Panama, did you see
thread going through those?
any common
I think just simply looking at both the modus
Ms. BODINE.
randi,
opeof Hizballah
and the public statements
as
we
said,the hallmarks
that have
been
Aires and
Panama
were
made, Buenos
claimed
which
known
of
Ansar
of
the
is
a
name
one
by
Al-Allah,
and
London
claimed
Hizballah
the
movement
was
subgroups,
by
for the oppressed, which
known
is a slightvariation again on
a
subgroup.
the question of the modus
So I think between
operandi and the
of
who
have
claimed
have
thread.
also have
We
names
a
it,we
"

the threat that came


from
Fadlallah
that these kind of attacks
would be forthcoming and in the Ansar Al-Allah last statement
lowing
folthat there was
Aires in Panama, there was
Buenos
a threat
had London.
to come.
more
we
Shortlythereafter,
So I think all of the circumstantial
evidence
don't
is there. We
have any forensics right now, but we
certainlyhave a great deal
evidence.
of circumstantial
WARNINGS

PRIOR

TO

RECENT

TERRORIST

ATTACK

IN

ARGENTINA

gentine
to the Aryou send any information
threats
that
of
with
Oovernment
we
were
aware
gard
reto the Jewish
community or the Israeli Embassy in Argentina
priorto this incident occurring?
of any specific
threat to either
Ms. Bodine.
We
not aware
were
of those buildings
one
priorto the attack. We have been discussing
with the Argentine Government, at least since 1992 and the bombing
of the embassy, the question of Hizballah presence.
have undertaken
As I said,we
a
very active training program.
The general issue of threat has been there and has been something
threat to either one
of those,
have been working on. A specific
we
of that. We
had
would
have
shared
it if we
not aware
we
were
known.

Mr.

Oilman.

THE

Ms.

Bodine, did
of any

recommendations

to

the

argentine
of

Mr.

Oilman.

Did

Oovernment

we

government

on

the

issue

security

make
gentine
to the Arspecificrecommendations
with regard to security,tighteningup security?

with them
on
antiterrorism
and counterterrorism
training,and I am
quite confident that the
Israeli Government
and the Israeli Embassy itselfis in close contact
with the Argentine Oovernment.
Mr. Oilman.
Were
pursued by the Argentine
your recommendations
Government?
I don't know
Ms. Bodine.
if each of them
was
pursued in detail,
but I do know
that the Argentine Government
did take it seriously.
Whether
quate.
and apparently obviouslynot; they were
not
not adeor
did make
But we
the recommendations.
I do not know
the
Ms.

Bodine.

We

have had

securityprocedures in

"

84-34A

94

number
general.As I
a

of discussions

said,both

some

36

details of what
what

and

recommended,

was

I don't know

the details of

done.

was

Mr. Oilman.
Government?
Ms.
BODINE.
recommendations

Who

made

those

recommendations

to

the

Argentine

lot of it would
have
the kind
of general
come
would
have
of our
ing
traincome
through a number
As I said, I think specificrecommendations
courses.
on
security
for both the Israeli Embassy
and for some
of the domestic
tions
organizahave
from
the
Israeli Government,
come
probably would
which
has its own
track
record
and
strong series of
very good
very
recommendations.
Mr.

GiLMAN.
that

But you
made?
Not the

were

Ms.

BODINE.

Mr.

GiLMAN.

"

Did

not

are

of any

aware

specificones,
make

we

the Argentine airport?


Ms. BoDiNE.
We
have

any

of these

tions
recommenda-

no.

recommendations

with

regard

to

been

involved
with the Argentine airport.
with
before.
ing
it
We
some
are
problems
going to be takadditional
with
the
to try to
some
steps
Argentine Government
their securitythere.
further increase
As I said, another
part that we have been looking at is the question
of terrorist
interdiction. We
do have
a
major problem with an
insecure
guayan
area
along the Argentine, Brazilian,Uruguay, and Paraborder.
and
this
It is sort of a no-man's
is
an
area
land,
that we
have
discussed
with the Argentines as to how
they might
that as well.
want
to handle
the Argentine Government
Mr. GiLMAN.
Has
tively
responded construcrecommendations?
to your
think they have
We
Ms. BODINE.
responded constructively.It is
have

We

had

It is

issue.

new

something they

still

are

is not a
very long time, unfortunately,in
of these kinas of recommendations.

working
getting a

Two
handle

on.

years
on

all

have
the Argentines cooperative.We
found
But
have found
we
them
than
anxious
to
more
understanding. We have found them
have
kind
of
that
and
have
in
we
help
have,
they
training
any
made
of the
one
a
key point that obviously my successor,
very

central parts of his trip around

Latin America
is going to be to Argentina
with us
and
the Argentines have
agreed to be cosponsors
added
of the Americas.
of having terrorism
to the Summit
record of any
tions
recommendaoffice have
Mr. GiLMAN.
Does your
a
that were
made
with regard to
to the Argentine Government
security,with regard to the airport, with regard to the borders?
would
that at the office and
I would
be
Ms.
BoDiNE.
We
have
able to get some
of that for you of course.
Mr. GiLMAN.
like to request that our
Mr. Chairman, I would
ommendations
recthat

have

been

made

the Argentine Government


at all three of these
regard to tightening up security at both
the airport, the borders, and with regard to the embassy in
areas,
of Buenos
the metropolitan area
a
Aires, that it be made
part of
to

with

the

"

record.

Mr.

Lantos.

Without

[The information
Training
Government

in
on

antiterrorism
a

broad

objection.

follows:]

range

security
of

matters

has

topics by the

been

provided to

Antiterrorism

the

Assistance

Argentine
Program.

37

Each

of

has

the

specific

formal

when

fully

presented

presents

courses

of

set

implemented

provide

genericallv

integrated

which

training
for

the

been

has

provided,

and

However,

to

objectives

the

review

that

and

area,

recommendations)

security.

the

for

security

considered

applying

as

"

of

concept
be

might

identified

not

total

(which

objectives

the

specific

any

of

that

which

objectives

building.

of

forwarded

is

training

are

list

record.

Ms.

BODINE.

training

have

we

security
that

security

done

will

the

that

the

get

Oilman.

details

Those

for

for

you

the

the

did

part

do

things
airport

an

of

port
air-

an

first

very

also

been

assistance
did

we

we

has

specific

were

of

1993

this

terrorist

1992

one

year

So

course.

in

was

fiscal

In

of

Argentines,

and

management

and
Mr.

for

down.

put

in

note

assessment

did

we

will

ing,
train-

our

record.

recommendations

made

in

1992?
Ms.

BoDiNE.

1992

management

Ms.
the

Recommendations

BoDiNE.
of

course

the

was

security

In

Ms.

Bodine.

1992

Oilman.
of

would

about
have

been

made

during

that.

Oilman.

which

made

were

Recommendations

Mr.

Mr.

1993

assessment.

course.

Oilman.

Mr.

the

was

1993.

and

As

that

1993,
of

part

correct.
to

report

your

recommendations

your

is

would

us,

followed

were

indicate

you

through

by

the

gentine
Ar-

Oovernment?
Ms.

Bodine.

Mr.

Oilman.

Thank

Mr.

Lantos.

Thank

Ms.
in

Bodine,

your

subcommittee,
have

you

as

but

Thank

you.
you
a

word,

we

miss

deeply

are

Congressman

may

will

We

Chairman.

Mr.

you,

much,

very

final

endeavors.

new

will.

certainly

just
your

grateful

Oilman.

wish

you

for

the

the

very

best

before

appearances

outstanding

this
work

done.

Ms.

Bodine.

Thank

Mr.

Lantos.

This

[Whereupon,

at

you

hearing
12:25

much.

very

p.m.,

is

appreciate

that.

adjourned.
the

subcommittees

were

adjourned.]

APPENDIX

Statement

Opening
Hon.
Subcommittee

Intemationai

on

Rights and

Subcomminee

the

of terrorist

outbrealc

On
Jewish

the

ago;

years

Just
of

terrorist

Catholics,

aircraft

world,
defeat
States

on

us

and

.A.nd
see

the

nuclear

Pan

clK-mical

of

of

of

World

the

several

just two

and

against a

and

new

violent

upsurge

societies, against

people,

I conducted

hearings

Trade
the

Center

injury

of

in

Chairman

as

New

That

York.
and

hundreds,

property

left the

which

the terrorist attack

hearing on

exploded

250

over

against
This

Scotland.

Lockerbee,

over

people, including 189 American

which

Empire,

United

civilized

the

of

deaths

banlefield.

the

on

yet another

citizens

"

Jews.

and

now

held

Flight 103,

Am

in the

horror

in

States
But

pain

represented
a

global military threat

position that today there

and

by terrorists

world

of the
and

destruction

and

future.

Just

of Central
weapons

who

bombed

boiiibmgs

Aires

embassy

against civilized

and

Center,

Community

in Buenos

facing a

are

war

first series

the

bombing

this Subcomminee
"

on

the

tlie Director

of

we

recent

against Israeli

Jewish

Israeli

the

suffering and
on

the

chaos
of

streets

is

be

can

inflicted

cities,in

our

to

the

military force

no

our

on

the

airports,

aircraft.

our

could

from

has

attacks

new

against the

against the

dangerous

of

death

collapse of the Soviet

The

can

the

Panama.

the

Today,
of

West.

one

ago,

possibly

Human

levels.

Protestants,

civilized

we

on

atrocity resulted

terronst

and

half

in the

Thursday,

.A.inencan

United

a
was

astronomical

at

Last

that

and

resulted

attack

damage

an

year

subcommittee

this

and

pluralism, against the

and

democracy

directed

reality,however,

In

aftemiath

be

to

to

come

and

order.

in the

against the Israeli Embassy

were

insidious

more

and

appear
directed

was

bombing

there.

center

broader,

much

to

in London

bombs

two

community

Jewish
in

strikingly similar

it was

and

Aires

in Buenos

Crganizations

will

terrorism

Aires, London,

bombings

terrorist

these
bomb

the

"

Affain

Intemationai

on

in Buenos

bombings

surface

the

targets

its attention

Intemationai

Hemisphere

Westem

on

focus

will

Subcomminee

Security,

Intemationai

on

London"

1, 1994

August

Subcommittee

and

Panama

Aires,

Rights

Terrorism:

"International
Buenos

Security,
Human

and

Organizations

International

The

Chairman

Lantos,

Tom

last few

that

a.few

have

we

weeks

ago

Intelligence,James

weeks

the
are

capable

of

who

of terrorists.
Trade

World

hearing

Woolsey,

falling into the hands


bombed

already

seen

in this

biological weapons.

(39)

room,

only
the

testified

Clearly

Center, and

seeking and

are

who

of the
the

kind

carried

using nuclear

part of what

small

heard

Subcommittee

potentialdanger
of
out

weapons,

people
series

the
as

well

of
as

40

BY

STATEMENT

HIS

JOINT

OF

OF

THE

INTERNATIONAL

HOUSE

U.S.

AND

D.C.,

ON

INTERNATIONAL

AND

WESTERN

ON

OP

COMMITTEE

FOREIGN

ON

REPRESENTATIVES

OF

IN

TERRORISM

LONDON

WASHINGTON,

THE

OP

AFFAIRS

SUBCOMMITTEES

RIGHTS

HUMAN

AND

ORGANIZATIONS

HEMISPHERE

THE

SECURITY,

INTERNATIONAL

OCAMPO,

OF

OCCASION

THE

MEETING

ARGENTINA,

GRANILLO

RAUL

EXCELLENCY

ON

AFFAIRS

OP

AMBASSADOR

THE

BUENOS

AIRES,

PANAMA

AUGUST

1,

1994

42

THE

UNDERLINE

CONFRONT

WILL

IN

INTERNATIONAL

THEIR

RESPONSE

CRIMINAL

TERRORISTS

ACTS.

PACTS

THE

REGARDING

RELATE

ON

TRULY

TO

WHAT

OCCURRED

IN

OTHER

SIMILAR

ATTACKS,

MONDAY,

AND

18TH,

JULY

MAJOR

CITY

OF

ARGENTINA

LET

09:57

AT

ME

FIRST

WAS

IT

THAT

AIRES,

BY

STRUCK

MIGHT

RECALL

BUENOS

A.M.

ARGENTINA,

HOW

AND

CAPITAL

INTERNATIONAL

TERRORISM.

THE

A.

MOST

AND

M.I.

/D.A.I.

IMPORTANT

THE

DEAD,

COUNT

THE

THIS

ACT

TRADITIONAL

CONTAINED

THE

WORLD

227

INJURED

POLICE

SEVEN-

BEARING

ON

SINCE

ON

VIOLENCE

STORY

AT

LEAVING

AMONGST

THE

AND

BUILDING

TO

MORE

THEM

A.

THE

THAN

82

WE

BUILDING.

DESTROYED

ALSO

TESTIMONY

COMMUNITY

II,

WAR

DUTY

HISTORY

JEWISH

MISSING.

15

THE

ARGENTINE

WORLD

AND

CONSIDERED

BEEN

IN

ATTACK

DETACHMENT

OF

HAS

INCIDENT

SERIOUS

IN

PEOPLE

BOMBING

A.

TERRORIST

MOST

ANYWHERE

IT

A.

M.I.

A.

'S

DOCUMENTS

MANY

CENTURY

OF

43

JEWISH

LIFE

IN

IT

ARGENTINA.

ALSO

SERIOUSLY

DAMAGED

THE

NEIGHBORHOOD.

INITIAL

EVALUATIONS

DIRECTIONAL

CHARGE

BRICK

FELL

REMAINED

IN

OUTSIDE

THE

THE

SIZE

660

HAS

02:40

FALL.

OF

AND

REST

OF

THE

FOUNDATIONS

THE

EXPLOSION

CAME

CONFIRMED

THE

P.M.,

BUENOS

AIRES

AGAINST

THE

USE

SUCH

MARCH

WAS

MISSION

USED.

JUST

THIS,

SECOND

DETERMINE

WERE

THE

ON

WOULD

OF

1992,

DESTROYED.

OF

AS

BOMBING

17,

TO

FROM

CAR

THE

CAUSED

OF

THAT

THE

COLLATERAL

NO

DAMAGE

LESS

TO

SHRAPNEL

THAN

ADJACENT

DISPERSAL

-BOMB.

ATTACK

THE

ALTHOUGH

FOREIGN

DETERMINE.

HAVE

EVALUATION

TO

EXPLOSIVES

DIFFICULT

ONE

EXPERTS

CONFIRMED

WAS

IS

HOWEVER,

ALLOWED

POUNDS

PATTERN

CHARGE

THE

SMALL

TO

BUILDINGS

THIS

OF

RELATIVELY

BUILDING

DAMAGE

CONCRETE

THE

THAT

THE

CARRYING

BUILDING.

EXACT

EVEN

THAT

PROVES

PLACE

VAN

THE

FACT

THE

IT.

WITH

OF

COLLAPSED,

IT

AS

FRONT

THE

HIT

BUILDING.

STRUCTURE

THAT

INDICATE

GOVERNMENT

IN

ARGENTINA.

ISRAELI

ONE

AT

EMBASSY

WAS

AND

IN

DIRECTED

THE

OTHER

44

ARGENTINE

AN

AGAINST

INSPIRED

PROBABLY

EMBASSY

THE

FINAL

CAR-BOMB

WAS

USED.

OF

ITS

STATES

THE

INVESTIGATION

AND

ISRAEL

PRIOR

OUR

YET

TO

PRODUCE

OFFERING

BOMBING,

VIDEO

AS

AD

ESTABLISHED

IMMEDIATELY

EMBASSY

FOR

THE

BOMBING.

PARTICULARLY

WERE

ORGANIZATION

ATTACK.

THE

WAS

IN

INVESTIGATION.

INTELLIGENCE

TO

THE

CRUCIAL

WAS

THE

THIS

AN

LEAVING,

EXPLOSIVES

OF

TERRORIST

FOR

NEVERTHELESS,

RESPECT.

OF

HEZBOLLAH

OF

POUNDS

WRECKAGE

STAGES

INVOLVEMENT

AND

INJURED.

TRUCK'S

COOPERATION

INTERNATIONAL

THE

IN

DIPLOMATIC

PREMISES

1,320

EARLY

EMBASSY

THE

2 52

AND

RESPONSIBILITY

OF

MOST

ORIGINATED

BURYING

THE

ESTIMATED

THE

TO

CLAIMED

DEAD

PICK-UP

THE

LEBANON,

PROOF

WERE

MOTIVATIONS

INSIDE

AN

WITH

CONTRIBUTING

MADE

2 8

COUNT,

FROM

BOMBINGS

COLLAPSED,

VISITORS

AND

AT

POLITICAL

BUILDING

PERSONNEL

HAVE

BY

BOTH

EAST.

MIDDLE

THE

INSTITUTION,

ACTIVE

JOINT

INVESTIGATIVE

FINAL

RESULTS.

UNITED

THIS

IN

EFFORTS

ACTUALLY,

45

I^^^ERNATIONAL

SHOWS

EXPERIENCE

RESPONSIBLE

FOR

TERRORIST

FINDING

THAT

ACTIONS

IS

NOT

THOSE

OR

QUICK

EASY

MATTER
.

FOR

OVER

LOCKERBIE

PERIOD

U.T.A.

10

DC-

LIBYANS

WAS

UNTIL

RESPONSIBILITY

OF

PROVED

IMPOSSIBLE

TERRORIST

ACTS

DESPITE

THE

CRIMINAL

WILL

ACTS

NOT

DIMINISH.

19

DELAYS,

SHIITE

FUNDAMENTALISTS.

AND

DISCOVER

OF

NOT

THOSE

OF

1991.

THE

FRENCH

TO

FRANCE

1990

TO

IN

DURING

BE

OTHER

THE

CASES,

RESPONSIBLE

INVESTIGATIVE

RESOLVE

TRAGEDY

ATTRIBUTED

IN

THOSE

IDENTIFY

INTENSE

OUR

WAS

IN

FOUND

END

CASE

ATTEMPTS

FINALLY

103

THE

THE

WHICH

TERRORIST

TO

DESPITE

IN

89

FLIGHT

TOWARD

RESOLVED

OF

1991.

WERE

PAN-AM

REQUIRED

BOMBING

1985-1986

IT

ONLY

WAS

SIMILAR

1988

DECEMBER

THE

EXAMPLE,

FOR

EFFORTS.

TO

INVESTIGATE

RESPONSIBLE

THESE

FOR

THEM

46

THE

THE

AFTERMATH

A.M.

I.

BUILDING

A.

JEWS

THE

IN

VALUES

BOMBING

AROUSED

ITS

THE

THREE

OF

OF

MOUNTED

BY

NATION

OF

OUR

ORIGINS

SHARE

A.M.

THE

REPORTS

MEDIA

I.

ANGER

AND

SORROW

AS

PLAYED

LIFE.

THUS,

OF

NATIONAL

OF

SEVERAL

NATIONAL

DAYS

CONGRESS

OF

MOURNING

TO

INSTITUTIONS

TO

AFFRONT

AN

CIVILIZED

AND

COMMUNITY

JEWISH

IT

SOCIETY

WERE

WHICH

ALL

AND

THIS

FOLLOWED

POLITICAL

JEWISH

NATION,

THE

WHOLE.

AS

BY

JOINT

PARTIES,

ORGANIZATIONS

A.

IN

BROUGHT

CONDEMNED

STRONGLY

AND

CONSIDERED

AND

ACT,

INVITED.

PART

GOALS.

IMMEDIATELY

MEETING

WERE

WAY

FOR

MAGNITUDE.

GOVERNMENT

CRIMINAL

OUR

DIFFERENT

FEELINGS

DEEP

INDIGNATION

ARGENTINA.

MY

OF

ROLE

THE

INTEGRAL

COMMON

AND

SIMILAR

AN

REFERENCE

OF

VALUED

FORMING

PEOPLE

WHERE

IMMIGRANTS,

HOME

IS

COMMUNITY

JEWISH

IN

POINT

WHO

AND

HISTORY

OUR

BEEN

ARGENTINES

OF

GENERATIONS

HAD

47

CONGRESSIONAL

COMMITTEES

TO

HEARINGS

ACHIEVE

MINISTER

FOREIGN

POLICY

AT

OF

TO

APPEAR

MORE

ONE

THE

OF

STREETS

THE

CONDEMN

OF

THE

ARGENTINB

FIFTY

BUENOS

THOUSAND

IN

IS

NO

BETTER

BOMBING

THE

WHO

MASS

FOREIGN

DAYS.

OF

PEOPLE

THE

INTERIOR

FEW

THINK

TOWARDS

AIRES

THE

NEXT

CAN

SENTIMENT

AND

THE

WEEK,

THE

FROM

OF

IN

LEVEL,

PUBLIC

HUNDRED

THEM

HOLDING

LAST

SITUATION

MINISTER

THE

BEFORE

MATTER.

THE

THE

VIEW.

POPULAR

EXPRESSION

ON

EXPLAINED

POINT

EXPECTED

MY

INSIGHT

ARE

ARGENTINA

IN

THAN

GATHERED

ON

DEMONSTRATION

TO

ATTACK.

REACTION

GOVERNMENT

HAS

RESPONSIBLE

AND

REACTED

IN

VIGOROUSLY

RELIEF

IN

OF

THE

PURSUIT

VICTIMS

OF

THOSE

AND

THEIR

FAMILIES.

BORDERS

OF

CERTAIN

WERE

THE

BOMBING.

INDIVIDUALS

ORDERED

CLOSED

REINFORCED

TO

BY

THE

IMMIGRATION

BE

DETAINED.

PRESIDENT

ON

CONTROLS

THE

ALLOWED

DAY

48

SINCE

ATTACK,

ROUTINE

SYNAGOGUES

AND

THE

SCHOOLS,

SIGNIFICANTLY

JUDGE

CRIMINAL

IN

CALLED

TO

INFORMATION

THE

FROM

AMBASSADOR

FEW

HAS

ARGENTINA

DAYS

TO

JUDGE

WITH

HAND
FIRST-

ALSO

HAVE

CALLED

FROM

TEHERAN

AND

BEIRUT

HAVE

REQUESTED

GOVERNMENTS

IRANIAN

THAT

THE

SPECIFICALLY,

MEET

THOSE

RECEIVE

ORGANIZATIONS

BEEN

THE

INFORMATION.

TO

AND

MORE

COUNTRIES.

THOSE

IN

LAST

LEBANESE

WITH

STATEMENTS

POSSES

WE

SPONSORED

HEZBOLLAH

IN

AIRES.

BUENOS

THE

CAPTURE

RECEIVE

IN

OF

INVESTIGATION,

ORDER

IN

AMBASSADORS

OUR

REPORTS,

REGARDING

AND

FIELD,

TO

TO

SAID

WAS

WHO

DIPLOMATIC

THE

OFFICIALS.

BEEN

CHARGE

WORKING

HIS

TO

VENEZUELA

TO

BEEN

OF

CONTEXT

CITIZEN

IRANIAN

THE

JEWISH

HAS

IN

FORCES

SECURITY

THE

TRAVELED

IS

HAS

AND

AND

GALEANO

FOUND

TO

INSTITUTIONS

GALEANO

INVESTIGATION,

RESPONSIBLE.

BEEN

OTHER

JOSE

JUAN

ADMINISTRATION

IN

PROTECTION

INCREASED.

FEDERAL

AN

POLICE

SEVERAL

FOREIGN

CAN

BE

IRANIAN

TIMES

MINISTRY

IN

50

IN

HERE,

THE

CONSULATES

HAVE

BEEN

AND

INDIVIDUALS

FORWARD

AND

CONSTANT

CONTACT

JEWISH

ORGANIZATIONS

AMERICAN

THIS

AT

IN

EMBASSY

MY

STATES,

UNITED

ALL

WITH

OUR

THE

MANY

THAT

CAME

MOMENT.

ANTI-SEMITISM

NOTWITHSTANDING

MOTIVES

THE

MIDDLE

ARGENTINA

HAS

AGAIN

IN

HAS

WITH

ITS

FACT,

COMMITTEE

AND

ASSOCIATIONS^

ETHNIC,

SOCIETY.

IT

POSITIVE

"

ATTITI;D[iS

CONDUCTF.D
AS(X

IA(

SHOWS

lONI-.S

HIE

JEWS
AMERICAN

ISRAtLITAS

TO

CLOSE

IN

ANYTHING,

RANKS

ONCE

ON

THAT,

ARGENTINA
JEWISH

ARGENTINAS

PUBLIC

COMVflTTEE
NOVEMBER

ISRAELI

THE

TOWARDS

IN

WHOLE,

JEWS

JEWISH

ARGENTINE

PLURALISM

TOWARD

IN

AMERICAN

TENDENCY

CULTURAL

INDICATES

TOWARDS

OF

CONSIDERABLE

AND

ALSO

IF

THE

DELEGATION

THE

ORIENTATION

OR

FOR

CONDUCTED

RELIGIOUS,

RELATED

ANTI-SEMITISM

REGARD.

TO

THE

COMMUNITY.

JEWISH

SURVEY

ITS

ARGENTINA

INSPIRED

ARE

OF

IN

MENTIONED

BEEN

BOMBING

THE

EXISTENCE

REPUTED

EAST,

THAT

BOMBING

THE

FOR

INSPIRATION

AND

CONVICTION

GENERALIZED

THE

OPINION

SURVEY

DELEGACION

12-DECEMBER

THERE

SIGNIFICANT

AND

.^lND

ARGENTINE

DE

3. 1992.

IS

51

TOLERANCE

THAT

GROUPS

OTHERS

IT

INTERACTION.

TO

PREFERRED

RULE

TO

OF

THOSE

IN

IN

WHO

CAN

DEMONSTRATES

69%

AND

SOCIAL

AND

FAMILIAL

ARGENTINES

OF

POLLED

DIVERSE

CULTURALLY

MULTIRACIAL,

JEWS

TOWARD

OF

THAT

FURTHER

SOCIETY.

THAT

SUGGESTED

BE

FOUND

OUR

UNFORTUNATE

THAT

WAY,

RESPONSE

APPROPRIATE

AN

SETTING

IN

THAT

EMPHATICALLY

AN

AREAS

RELIGIOUS

LAW

TERRORISM

ANSWER

SHOWS

ALSO

FREE

RELIGIOUSLY

THE

IN

LIVE

AND

ATTITUDES

FOUND

NOT

ETHNIC

IT

DISCRIMINATORY

ARE

AND

VARIOUS

COUNTRY.

THE

UP

MAKE

MARKEDLY

THAT

THE

ACCEPTING

IN

ASIDE

RECENT

HISTORY

VIOLENCE

LAW,

THE

HAS

TO

MUST

SHOWN

US,

GENERATES

ONLY

MORE

VIOLENCE.

THE

AGO

ALSO

SECURITY

WITH

OF

ESTABLISHMENT

ABOUT

BROUGHT

BY

APPARATUS

THE

CONCEPT

DEMOCRACY

OF

THE

THE

AN

RULE

IN

REPLACEMENT

INTELLIGENCE

OF

LAW.

ARGENTINA

OVER

OF

COMMUNITY

DECADE

REPRESSIVE

IMBUED

52

COUNTRIES

SUCH

INSTITUTIONS

AS

AND

OF

BEING

GOVERNMENTS

THEIR

TO

PERSECUTION

DEMOCRATIC

WITH

CONTINUE

WILL

THEIR

ENJOY

CONCERNED

PEOPLE,

IN

PROCEDURES

WHICH

MINE,

OF

THE

WELL-

RESPECT

LEGAL

VIOLENT

TERRORIST

ACTS.

MY

GOVERNMENT

DESIRE

TO

THE

FOR

IS

PRESERVE

TIME

SAME

THE

BOMBINGS

FOLLOWING

CARRYING

PANAMA.

ISRAELI

HIS

ISRAEL,

FEW

IN

HOUSING

CONFERENCE

DEMOCRACY.

THOSE

AT

RESPONSIBLE

JUSTICE.

ATTACK

JEWISH

EMBASSY

BUILDING

OF

UNTIL

TO

THE

NUMEROUS

DURING

AND

CONNECTIONS

DAY

OVER

REST

NOT

BROUGHT

ARE

INTERNATIONAL

THE

WILL

PEOPLE'S

ITS

TOLERANCE

FREEDOM,

IT

SECURING

TO

COMMITTED

DAYS

AND

JEWISH

VISIT

THAT

TO

RABIN,

IT

WAS

SET

WERE

UP

IN

PLANE

FLIGHT

DESTROYED

BOMBS

LATER,

LONDON

YITZHAK

BLEW

PASSENGERS

BRITISH

RECENT

ARGENTINA,

IN

OFF

THE

FRONT

IN

OF

INSTITUTIONS.

WASHINGTON,

SAID

REASONABLE

PRIME

THE

IN

WHITE

TO

MINISTER

HOUSE

ASSUME

NEWS

THAT

53

TERRORIST

WERE

LONDON

HE

DETERMINED

HE

ADDED

ALL

OVER

KING

OF

SHOULD

MEMBER

RETALIATION

LEADER

IN

BOTH

THAT

D.A.I.

MR.

THE

A.

PROCESS.

OF

WAVE

EXTREME

INFRASTRUCTURE

WITH

JUNE

RABIN

LEBANESE

BOMBING.

AND

HOPE,

ENEMIES

A.

CONSIDERED

/D.A.I.

A.

BOMBING

ITS

AND

MAY

ON

LEBANON,

OF

BEHIND

OF

PEOPLE.

ISRAEL'S

2,

PEOPLE

THE

PARLIAMENT

M.I.

A.

FOR

LAST

ENEMIES

AMONG

ISRAELI

THE

AGAINST

BASE,

ARE

PEACE

DENOUNCED

THEM

NORMAL

BE

OF

ATTACK

ALSO

JORDAN

CALLING

ATTACKS,

WHAT

ANOTHER

MOVEMENTS

ISRAELI

FACING

AND

WORLD.

THE

HUSSEIN

THESE

ARAB-

MOVEMENTS

TERRORIST

AIRES

IN

TERRORIST

WAS

WORLD

THE

RADICAL

ISLAMIC

THE

BUENOS

EXTREMISTS.

ISLAMIC

IMDERMINE

THAT

IN

MUSLIM

THAT

ADDED

TO

TARGETS

OF

WORK

THE

INTERVIEW,

JEWISH

OF

BOMBINGS

MR.

HEZBOLLAH

WAS

OF

KIDNAPPING

THAT

APPARENTLY

TRAINING

HEZBOLLAH

OF

THE

SHIITE-MUSLIM

21.

ARAFAT

HAVE

IS

MENTIONED

SEPARATELY

BEHIND

THE

A.M.

I.

A.

54

COUNTRY'S

MY

RENEWED

TO

EFFORTS

RESPOND

INTERNATIONAL

TO

AND

PEACE

EXPOSING

IT

HOWEVER

OUR

TO

HIGHER

HAS

LEVEL

AND

BEEN

BE

PERCEIVED

BE

ALTERED.

INVOLVED

POSITIVELY

NATIONS

UNITED

AS

AGGRESSION.

NOT

WILL

TO

THREATEN

TERRORIST

OF

POLICY

MULTILATERAL

THAT

SITUATIONS

CONTINUE

AFFAIRS

IN

SECURITY

FOREIGN

WILL

ARGENTINA,

WORLD

PARTICIPATION

PEACE

IN

-KEEPING

OPERATIONS.

COOPERATION

INTERNATIONAL

ITS

ANTICIPATE

IN

ORDER

OF

INCREASED

NATIONS.

TO

BETTER

BE

MUST

DEAL

WITH

COOPERATION

WITH

NOW

INCREASED

ABILITY

TO

ENHANCED.

THE

THOSE

DIMENSION

INTERNATIONAL

AGENCIES

INTELLIGENCE

ARGENTINE

TERRORISM,

OUR

THAT

AND

ATTACKS

WITH

TERRORISM

OF

SOPHISTICATION,

OF

LEVELS

DIMENSION

NEW

ENCOUNTERING

IS

WORLD

THE

THAT

CONSIDERS

GOVERNMENT

MY

OF

OTHER

HAVE

FRIENDLY

55

LET

ME

TAKE

CONGRESS

MAJOR

TERRORISM.

ARGENTINA

IMMEDIATELY

AFTER

OF

WAS

INSTRUCTED

HAVE

BEEN

AMERICAN

FROM

WORKED

ISRAELI

IN

GOVERNMENT

LAW

FURTHER

OFFERS

GOVERNMENT,

WHICH

DETAILS

BETWEEN

FOUR

TWENTY-

SPECIALIZED

HELP

DIRECTLY

EXTENDED

OF

THE

THIS

OFFER

ARGENTINE

AND

RESCUE

SEARCH

THE

HOURS

TEAM

AFTER

ARRIVED

IN

SURVIVORS

FOR

EXPLOSION,

THE

BUENOS

FURTHER

AIRES

COOPERATION

BETWEEN

THE

THE

UNITED

ESTABLISHED.

INVOLVED.

ADDITIONALLY,

TO

OUT

BEEN

RECEIVED

TECHNICAL

ACCEPT.

AGENCIES

SINCE

STATES

UNITED

U.S.

INTERNATIONAL

OF

WE

THE

ASSISTANCE

FIGHT

HAS

BOMBING,

1983

-TERRORISM

TRAINING

THE

TO

IN

TO

THE

THE

COOPERATION

ASSISTANCE

FOR

OFFICERS.

ANT

INITIATIVE

AMERICAN

ENFORCEMENT

THAT

RECALL

THE

AUTHORIZED

PROGRAM,

TO

TO

MOMENT

AGENCIES

INTELLIGENCE

STATES

AND

OTHER

OF

NATIONS

ARGENTINA,

WAS

ISRAEL,

ALSO

QUICKLY

56

THUS,

AN

RESULTS

DIPLOMATIC

THE

A.

/D.A.I.

COME

CONTRIBUTING

FROM

TO

BUILD

WAS

AND

LIVES

OPPOSING

RESPONDING

TO

MEETING,

THE

AMERICAN

COMMUNITY

NATION

ATTACK

OF

AN

FIRST

THAT

WITH

AGAINST

THE

REQUEST

CALLED

LOSS

OF

SOCIETY

FOR

OF

FROM

{OF

CONSCIENCES

ORGANIZATION

ON

THIS)

IS

OF

19

JULY

ATTACK

ALSO

EXTRAORDINARY

AN

THE

DECLARATION

(WHICH)

THE

HE

TERRIBLE

CIVILIZED

COUNCIL

ARGENTINA

REACT.

PEACE.

ARGENTINE

ISSUED

TO

THIS

DETER

PERM7VNENT

AND

THE

NOT

CONDEMNATION

IN

AMONG

MUST

STATES

STRONGEST

CRUEL

SAID

ENEMIES

THE

FORWARD

CAME

BUILDING.

CLINTON

INNOCENT

NATIONS

THE

A.

COWARDLY

AMERICAS.

MANY

REJECTING

PRESIDENT

ENTIRE

IS

ALSO

CASE.

BOMBING,

STATEMENTS

IT

WILL

ACTION

AFTER

I.

THAT

PROSECUTORS'

ARGENTINE

A.M.

INVESTIGATION

EFFORT

INTERNATIONAL

THE

ITS

THE

FROM

AN

THE

ON

THE

OF

STATING

JEWISH

AFFRONT

TO

PEOPLE

OF

THE

THE

58

PRESENTATION

THE

OF

SECURITY

U.N.

COUNCIL

WAS

44/122

RESOLUTION

TERRORISM

AND

COMMUNITY

NATIONAL,

ON

THE

OF

COUNCIL

ARGENTINE

AND

HEARD

FOREIGN

ITS

AND

TO

UNDERTAKE

THE

ALSO

AT

OF

FURTHER

IN

INTERNATIONAL

THREAT

TERRORISM.

MEETING

CONDEMNS

AGAINST

DAY,

MINISTER.

MEMBERS

WHICH

THE

INTERNATIONAL

THE

ASSEMBLY'S

1994,

STRUGGLE

SAME

TO

GENERAL

URGES

EXTRAORDINARY

SECOND

PERMANENT

THE

MINISTER

THE

12,

THE

AND

OF

ON

AND

IN

REGIONAL

REQUEST,

BASED

DECEMBER

COOPERATE

AFTERNOON

FOREIGN

METHODS,

ITS

TO

OF

ARGENTINE

THE

ARGENTINA'S

THE

STATEMENT

IT,

HE

URGED

CONCERTED

O.A.S.'

BY

THE

ACTIONS

THE

O.A.S.

AGAINST

TERRORISM.

AFTER

ISSUED

THE

THIS

REITERATED

INFORMATION

AT

ATROCITY.

ITS

ITS

PROVIDED

AND

BOMBING

COUNCIL

EXPRESSING

DECLARATION

ADDITIONAL

ON

PERMANENT

THE

DEBATING,

ON

THE

DECLARATION

BY

THE

INVESTIGATIVE

SAME

JULY

THE

19.

THE

O.A.S.

APPRECIATION

FOR

FOREIGN

EFFORTS

TIME,

OF

OF

PERMANENT

MINISTER

TO

CLARIFY

COUNCIL

59

CHAIRM?SlN:

MR.

WE

TODAY

ARE

STRUGGLE

THIS

IS

BUT

GROUP,

IN

COST

YOUR

IRRATIONAL

ARGENTINA

THE

VIOLENCE.

AND

SOME

INTERNATIONAL

COMMUNITY

THOSE

WHO

OBJECTIVES

LIVES.

LOVE

COME

AND

PEACE

AND

REGARD

WITHOUT

MUST

WE

TERRORIST

TOGETHER

TO

TO

FIGHT

ENEMY.

THEREFORE,

WISH

TO

SUBCOMMITTEES

LIKE

SUPPORT

ITS

ENHANCEMENT

OF

TERRORISM.

CONTINUE

TO

TO

INTERNATIONAL

THIS

TAKE

TO

ALSO

WOULD

EXTEND

BETWEEN

SPURIOUS

HUMAN

COMMON

AGAINST

WAR

BETWEEN

PURSUE

WHO

THIS

AGAINST

NOT

TERRORISM;

THOSE

THE

BETWEEN

WORLDWIDE

WAGING

SUGGEST

OPPORTUNITY

TO

WORK

THEIR

THAT

INITIATIVES

IN

THIS

U.S.

THE

DIRECTED

COOPERATION

CALL

UPON

REGARD.

CONGRESS

TOWARDS

IN

THE

THE

STRUGGLE

60

statement

of

Steven

August
U.S.

of

House

Committee

think

hearing
Britain.

took

bombings

the

devoted

has

similar

to

in

year

were

Middle

the

believe

depth

of

were

not

simply

described

as

several

senior

Nor

did

this

earlier

London

and

Argentina

radical

"legitimate

British

derail

to

peace

the

described

the

law

bombings

The

officials

simply

understand

to

world.

of

U.S.

senior

part

are

Islamic

bombings

these

the

enemies

they

were

begin

the

of

"return

Middle

official

enforcement

bombings.

bombings

between

the

by

as

the

of

nations,

the

it

than

carnage

must

facing

now

"attempt

London

the

Rather,

Radical

in

were

Although

violence

attacks

an

terrorism"

Eastern

battle

problem

Argentina.

in

victims

and

target.

this

to

policymakers

public

new

process"

attack

the

fanatical

the

East,

American

the

peace

be

although

that

away

Great

horrific.

less

no

miles

attention

religious

of

acts

of

and

Argentina

understand

to

this

holding

are

you

in

could

we

less

far

that

needs

thousands

time

next

Affairs

bombings

public
place

the

foreigners,
media

the

American

The

Representatives

appropriate

regarding

today

Emerson
1994

Foreign

on

especially

is

it

1,

of

an

militants

not

are

and

motivated

the

by

wide

world

escalating

The

West.

is

what

trators
perpe-

known

as

grievances."

militants

Islamic

such

as

Israel

see

and

Egypt,

the

very

or

existence

pluralistic

of

pro-Western

systems

such

as

61

democracy,
and

militants

These

waged
the

as

publication

West's

Gulf

War

of

Salman

Rushdie's

terrorism

in

the

1970

'

Arafat

Yasser

is

terrorism.

the

and

the

Crusader's

1991

assault

of

rational

of

be

and

put

end

an

Today,

other

stop

to

agreement

tinian
Pales-

Fatah

most

stop

can

holy

some

as

Jihad,

militant

inherently

Europe,

of

without

martyr

Islam

duel

the

cause

and

and

see

in

the

of

imacy
legit-

the

death

In

political

dels
infi-

the

practice
of

groups,

with

Unlike

cause

regimes

these

To

Jihad.

enemies,

its

to

same

the

pro-American

borders.

militants

these

in

killing

of

the

to

accepts

offensive.

is

is

war

that

existence

it

Becoming

war.

accord

intrinsically

The

susceptible

not

any

the

compromise;

no

of

good

In

Israel.

to

peace

are

see

or

as

heretics.

version

between

state

Jordan

or

can

They

Jewish

Egypt

has

East

militants

Islamic

persuasion.

there

Middle

he

secular

the

destroy

unable

or

least

at

because

to

tinian
Pales-

to

terror.

radical

But

attributable

goals

unwilling

but

Clearly,

types

scores

of

dissipated

either

terrorists,

is

perspective,

book

s--largely

maximalist

its

compromised

PLO

as

cy
conspira-

this

In

being.

very

thousand-year

Islam.

organizations--ultimately

as

their

to

extensions

Christianity

and

Islam.

The

in

threat

of

subjugate

simply

are

mortal

to

infidel

the

Judaism

as

continuation

the

see

by

Persian

on

Muslims

moderate

even

such

religions

rival

or

ful
peace-

Jihad

Jihad

this

only
is

just
clash

new

reconciliation

impossible.
Hizbullah-

dissidents.

Iran

In

assassination

Thailand,

the

squads
Israeli

have

Embassy

murdered

narrowly

62

being

missed

of

type

blown

explosives

of

critical

death

of

the

Qur'an.

carrying
Jewish

who

Despite

Islamic

Islam

leaders

Islam.

United

see

this

In

States

World

is

Trade

if

just

motivated

by

acts--but

At

could

anti-western

do

it

outset,

majority
today

only

not

support

of

the

the

are

ago

against

may

for

to

the

indeed

be

specific

carry

widespread

the

the

like

war

they

wipe

and

weeks

two

needed

of

because

to

targets

holy

network

radical

Satan

retaliation

as

tween
be-

that

Little

attacks,

such

arise

differences

Aires

of

part

support

Palestinian

by

on

Buenos

events--such

local

the

is

in

al
sever-

conspiracy

Attacks

or

the

for

year,

remains

in

engaged

perpetrating

large

fact

the

Satan.

year

this

the

over

Israel

Great

distinct

radical

the

as

last

those

the

of

West

mandated--as

terrorism

such

the

the

ied--indeed

For

West,

context,

Center

infidels.

the

of

community.

paper

and

ror
ter-

convicted

torched

Hamas

to

some

be

to

member

earlier

were

subject

Islamic

recently

Chicago

gladesh,
Ban-

perceived

and

been

larger

by

attempts

radical

out

of

part

were

the

radical

Hizbullah

of

same

In

hiding,

several

Canada,

the

Center.

writings

her

institutions

and

into

of

up

Trade

driven

In

made

World

the

for

terror.

bomb

car

group--have

of

acts

schools

youths,

been

member

Al-Fuqra

out

has

In

Muslim

up

sentence

ists--including
black

blew

writer

religious

by

year

that

female

this

up

out

ance
accept-

precepts.

is

the

such

important
nearly

concepts

to

one

point

billion

of

jihad

out

Muslims

or

that

the

in

violence.

the

whelming
over-

world

Those

63

that

violence

support

said

the

the

House,

theological

with

mainstream

last

half

has

do

with

has

have

been

able

to

the

just

name

same

Britain,

few,

in

varying

Radical

Islamic

controlled

by

an

of

as

the

there

common

one

means

is

one

enemy

and

the

Islamic

extremists

of

where

have

they

and

the

In

Islamic

Hamas,

United

Jihad,

support

Canada,

ers
support-

centers,

facilities.

elaborate

just

not

recruitment

Hizbullah,

for

radical

West,

deny

to

network

in

control

not

are

to

The

systems.

Germany,

Great

France,

carrying

out

factor

confront.

nor

of

Many
often

yet

monolith

Politburo.

another,

they

thing
every-

the

elsewhere.

Islamic

unifying

has

radical

These

established

groups

of

in

proliferated

international

vast

degrees,
and

Argentina

But

naivete

years,

have

established

have

recent

globally.

Islamiya,

do

peaceful

violence

and

reasons,

weapons,

'

In

especially

command

Gama

goes,

up

world,

and

the

States,

If

set

and

In

to

and

legacy.

recklessness

but

East

Islam.

nothing

rich

wonderful

White

fundamentalism.

reality:
of

has

incredibly

with

do

to

of

the

at

Terrorism

militancy

of

variety

conference

totally

Hussein

King

as

nothing

an

Islamic

established

even

world

Century,

Middle

money

the

become

throughout
amassed

is

height

the

throughout

right.

the

for

movements,

is

Islam

And

press

had

radical

be

which

that

20th

and

minority

community.

at

he

small

very

Argentina

given

the

would

It

in

Islam.

of

to

day

sense,

that

larger

other

bombings

the

religion

the

of

unrepresentative
Jordan

only

are

the

groups

collaborate

attacks

among

Because

on

the

in

their

the

they
act

various

common

myriad
of

are

not

pendently
inde-

tions
opera-

enemies.

groups,

decentralized

it

is

64

of

structure

and

these

action--the

ad

limits

constitutional

the

beyond

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74

Muslim

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territory--the

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new

75

PRESENTATION

BY

RUBEN

DR.

DELEGATION

OF
OF

SUB-COMMITTEE

JEWISH

OF

AUGUST

D.C.,

OF

THE

D.A.I.A.,

ASSOCIATIONS

HOUSE

RIGHTS

HUMAN

WASHINGTON,

Mr.

PRESffiENT

BERAJA,

ARGENTINE

REPRESENTATIVES
1994

1,

Chairman:

in this

the

I thank

you

hearmg

the

Taking

into

United

the

the

I
of

of

come

A.,

affiliate

of

But

States

committed

World

Congress.

convinced

am

but

the

law.

Please

on

share

see

DA.

our

that

behalf

of

the

also

me

I. A.

I do

survivor

that

so

action

for

only

and

who

of

the

and

and

A. M.I.

has

for

and

preside
an

organization

the

beliefs

ideals

the

Jew,

with

this
A.

as

only

various

committed

attack,

with

institutions,

nor

of

are

same

such

States

threat.

rights,

Jewish

myself,

United

significant body,

such

human

As

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terror,

face

to

and

traditional

the

this

1994.

Argentina

threat, the
that

consider

to

July 18,

on

between

through

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the

in the

located

were

country

my

influence

discrimination.

fellow
of

another

the

democracy

speak

of

condemnation

as

of

not

millions

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or

leadership,

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terrorist

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and

its strong

to

prejudice

the

Jewish

of

invitation

commit

may

in

place

relationship existing

people,

your

organization

who

because

accept

representative

ideologies,
rule

to

without

harmony,

good

Jewish

the

Argentinean

an

very

under

took

repercussions

international

United

that

the

with

Sub-committee

the

attack

the

I represent,

of

terrorist

decided

the

as

and

peace

D.A.I.

the

I have

Congress

of

concern

country

your

world.

the

consideration

States,

solidarity of
m

for

criminal

and
and

life, freedom

should

be

building

that

literally,

taken

totally

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destroyed.

II

Before
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bereaved

addressing
of

July

18.

in
to

depth

offer

our

issue

prayer

for

I wish
the

to

pay

recovery

heartfelt
of

the

tribute

wounded

to

and

the

of

memory

comfort

to

the

families.

At

the

same

time

I wish

to

point

out

before

the

world

that

millions

of

Argentineans,

76

institutions,

charitable

governmental

brotherhood

medical

in

dismay

point
well

as

midst

the

of

as

of

so

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