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Definition
1.
2.
3.
Formula
The basic formula for wave velocity reads as follows: "wavelength x frequency =
wave velocity" where wavelength is in meters, frequency is in hertz (a unit of
frequency) and wave velocity is in meters per second.
v=f
Example:
Let's say the wavelength of a sound wave is 1.42m and the frequency is 260.71Hz.
In order to calculate the velocity of the sound wave we put these values into their
respective places in the wave velocity formula:
v=f
1.42m x 260.7Hz = wave velocity.
The answer is 370.21 m/s. This is the velocity of the sound wave.
Decibels, hertz, phons, mels and sones can all be used to measure sound levels.
For hearing:
may be ranked as mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe or profound as defined
below:
1.
Mild:
a) for adults: between 26 and 40 dB HL
b) for children: between 20 and 40 dB HL
2.
3.
4.
5.
Profound: 90 dB HL or greater
Note that human hearing is relatively insensitive to low bass (below 100 Hz), and
also compresses at higher sound levels.
dB SPL
Rocket Launching
180
Jet Engine
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
50
40
30
20
Hearing Threshold
The following are some subjective indications of the level of hearing loss:
1.
2.
3.
For speech
Noise can also interfere with our ability to communicate. In order to carry out a
conversation at normal distances, the sound level in a work place should be at most
65 to 70 dBA.
The interference (or masking effect) is a function of the distance between the
speaker and listener, and the frequency components of the spoken word.
Here are the SPLs for two persons talking (not shouting) at various differences (level
at the receiver's ear).:
0,25m
70-76dB
0,5m
1m
65-71dB
58-64dB
1,5m
55-61dB
2m
3m
52-58dB
50-56dB
Source
Noise level,
dB(A)
Air compressors
95-104
Quiet garden
30
95
Ticking clock
30
87
Computer rooms
55-60
generator
Lathe Machine
Milling machine
112
Type institute
60
Oxy-acetylene
96
Printing press
80
Pulverize
92
Sports car
80-95
Riveting
95
Trains
96
Power operated
108
Trucks
90-100
91
Car horns
90-105
118
Jet takeoff
120
cutting
portable saw
Steam turbine
(12,500 kW)
Pneumatic Chiseling
Description of
noise
When at
home
When
When at work
outdoors
Road traffic
36
20
2.
Aircraft
3.
Trains
4.
Industry/construction
10
work
5.
Domestic Appliance
6.
Neighborhood
Impact
7.
Children
8.
Adult Voice
10
9.
Radio/TV
10.
Bells/Alarm
Sound Level Meter is a device for measuring the intensity of noise, music, and
other sounds.
To take measurements, the SLM is held at arm's length at the ear height for
those exposed to the noise.
With most SLMs it does not matter exactly how the microphone is pointed at
the noise source.
The best instrument cannot give a result better than the output
from the microphone. Therefore, its selection and use must be
carefully carried out to avoid errors.
The output of a microphone is limited on the one hand by the
internal noise of the transducer and on the other hand by the
distortion resulting from high noise levels.
In addition, the instrument to which the output signal of the
microphone is fed will saturate if the signal is too high and will
also give a false result (that is, its background noise level) if the
signal is too low.
Therefore, high sensitivity microphones are needed to measure
very low noise levels (lower than 30 dB), and low sensitivity
ones have to be used for high noise levels such as for impact
noise (above 130 dB).
The dynamic range of typical good quality microphones is thus
between 100 and 120 dB.
The selection of the microphone is based on:
1. the levels to be measured,
2.
amplifies the signal and determines the RMS value of the signal.
Further amplification prepares the signal either for output to
other instruments such as a tape recorder or for rectification
and direct reading on the meter.
The rectifier gives the RMS value of the signal. The RMS signal
is then exponentially averaged using a time constant of 0.1 s
("FAST") or 1 s ("SLOW") and the result is displayed digitally or
on an analog meter.
3. Filter Frequency
divide the sound into separate frequency bandS
a sets of passive filters (octave or one third octave) that can be
inserted between the two amplifiers of the SLM.
Its can divide sound into separate frequency band
Other analyzers are specific instruments making it possible to
automatically scan the whole range of frequency bands. These
are sequential instruments making measurements in one band
at a time. This strongly restricts their use as the noise must be
constant both in amplitude and in frequency during the 5 to 10
minutes of the analysis.
More sophisticated analyzers have the possibility to make the
frequency analysis in all desired bands at the same time. These
are analyzers using a set of parallel filters or using the fast
fourier transform of the input signal before recombining the
data into the desired bands.
One important aspect to be considered about the filters is their
frequency characteristics.
Ideally, the filter should provide an attenuation of infinity
outside the band. In practice, this is never the case.
For most common filters, the attenuation at the cut off
frequencies is usually around 3 dB and is some 24 dB per
doubling of frequency outside that range
The practical implication of this is that a signal of 100 dB at
1000 Hz for instance will give a reading of 76 dB in the octave
bands centred at 500 Hz and 2000 Hz, although no energy is
present at frequencies covered by these two octave bands.
Effect of noise
i. Physical Damage to Ear
While these effects are often temporary, it is not uncommon for some residual
permanent damage to persist for the remainder of the affected person's life.
B. Gastric Change
B. Annoyance
For example, louder noises are generally more annoying than quieter
noises , though two sounds with equal intensity (i.e. loudness) may
still result in different levels of annoyance.
And finally, annoyance depends on the regularity of the noise. That is,
noises that remain constant in pitch and intensity are generally rated
as less annoying than noises that change in pitch or intensity.
In addition, it appears that the annoying effects of noise are crosscultural. Indeed, Abel (1990) states that there is "high similarity of
community reactions to changes in noise exposure level" and that the
Since two people who are close together have a higher speech to noise
intensity ratio than two people who are farther apart, people in
cultures that emphasize personal space are more likely to encounter
communication difficulties in noisy situations.
noisy conditions are more likely to interfere with the speech of children
than with that of adults.
some
situations
preclude
the
use
of
such
forms
of
Glasses, facial hair, long hair or facial movements such as chewing may reduce the
protective value of earmuffs.
By arranging noise sensitive uses such as bedrooms facing away from the noise
sources, the impact of noise on the receiver can be reduced
While acoustic insulation by good glazing can cut down noise, its application for
residential buildings practically deprives the receiver of an "open-window" life style
and requires the provision of air-conditioning due to the warm and humid climate
2. Increasing Path
An obvious way of reducing noise is to separate the sources of noise from noise
sensitive uses.
This is however often not practical in a compact and high-rise city to rely only on
distance attenuation to cut down the noise such as in the case of tackling road traffic
noise.
Proper land use planning to avoid busy highways cutting across residential
developments or coming too close to sensitive uses; locating noise tolerant uses to
screen noise sensitive developments, and a combination of the different noise
attenuation means can often pre-empt noise problems at the design stage.
Options to avoid or minimize noise, say, through adopting alternative transport such
as railway, pedestrian link, cycling path, underground roads can also be considered
at the early planning stage.
Over large distances (such as those greater than 300 meters) sound can be bent
over by wind or reflected back towards ground by temperature inversions thereby
reducing the attenuating effects.
3. Noise Barrier
The acoustical "shadow zone" created behind the barrier is where noise levels are
substantially lowered.
To function well, the barrier must prevent the line-of-sight between the noise source
and the receiver.
Noise barriers that block the direct path of the sound reduce the sound exposure to
that resulting from refraction by the barrier and the sound that travels over the top
of the barrier.
Properly designed noise barriers can offer reductions in sound level of up to 20-25
dB, although a 10 dB reduction may be more likely.
The amount of sound reduction is typically proportional to the size of the barrier,
both height and length.
Noise barriers offer the greatest reduction when they are placed close to either the
source or the receiver (the receiver is the person, residence, etc.).
The closer the barrier is to the source, the greater the effective height of the barrier.
Barriers that are closer to the receiver provide abatement by creating a shadow
zone, which typically is only effective for a limited area.
Barriers are least effective when placed in the middle of the source and receiver.
Barriers also lose effectiveness with increasing distance between the source and
receiver, particularly when the barrier is neither close to the source or the receiver.
4. Sources Control
Reducing the source sound emissions results in the most desirable effect; lower
sound levels for everyone without those who are impacted having to provide
mitigation.
Source control can sometimes be the cheapest form of noise reduction since lower
source emissions may preempt alternative mitigation efforts at many other
locations.
Noise control engineering can typically reduce source sound emissions, particularly,
when it is included into the equipment design or prior to installation.
Notably, some equipment or operations can not accommodate any or more noise
reduction technology and other methods of noise control must be considered.