What are the 3 states of matter?

Gas

What is the easiest to study?

How do you breathe?
1

What is pressure?
_______ per unit _____
Molecules in the gaseous state collide with objects,
exerting force (_______) on them

Units of gas pressure

Pounds per square inch (____)

______, _____
atmospheres (____)
Pascal (__) SI unit

Original Barometer

Manometer

Measures ___________ pressures

One end of the tube is ______
Height in the tube is relative to
the __________ on the mercury
reservoir and to _________
Measures _________ pressure
One end of the tube is ________
into the system to be studied

Current barometers and

manometers are _________
What happens the pressure
if the volume is increased?

http://z.about.com/d/weather/1/0/-/1/-/-/Barometer.gif

Increase in pressure _________ in volume

If two systems are at the same temperature with

the same number of moles, k will be the same

__________ temperature, mols

Example: Crushing an empty water bottle, Balloon

Note: Untrue at extreme temperatures,

pressures, volumes

Increase temperature ___________ volume

If two systems have the same pressure and mols,

then k is the same

____________ pressure, mols

Example: Take a balloon from warm outdoors to cool

indoors

Note: Untrue for extreme temperatures, volumes and

pressures
Wait What about negative temperatures?

When using gas laws, __ and __ will not work

Cant have a __________ volume and cant divide by
_______

When using gas laws, __ will work

Do gases exist at absolute zero?

Increase temperature ___________ pressure

If two systems have the same volume and

number of mols, then k is the same

___________ volume, mols

Example: Opening a 2L of cold drink

Note: Untrue for extreme values of

temperature, pressure and volume
7

Increase in volume ____________ in mols

If two systems have the same temperature and

pressure, then k is the same

_____________ temperature, pressure

Note: Untrue for extreme temperatures,

volumes, and pressures
Four Laws
Is there a simpler way?

PV nRT

Ideal Gas Constant

Example:

0.08206 (Latm)/(molK)
8.31447 J/(molK)
8.3145 (kPadm3)/(molK)
A balloon sitting outside (pressure = 1atm) on a chilly
day (temperature = 10C) contains 0.097 mols of
nitrogen gas. What is its volume?
Note: K = C + 273.15
9

A gas exerts a pressure of 0.892atm on a

5.00L container at 15C. How many moles
are in the container?
A 16.0g sample of methane gas (CH4) has a
volume of 5.0L at 27C. What is the pressure?
What is the temperature of a 350mL flask
containing 0.012mols of gas at 0.96atm?
A 25.0mL sample of a gas is sealed in a 22C
flask. The flask is placed in a 0C ice bath.
What is the new volume of gas if the pressure
is constant?
Need more practice?
Try problems 12.12-12.36 and 12.43-12.52
10

What is diffusion (in terms of gases)?

The _____________, due to random motion, of a gas
into a space or the ________ of one gas with another
Hence the strange smell fills the room!

What is effusion?
The escape of a gas through a ____________
____________ material ___________ contain gases it
has to be ________
Hence throwing something producing gas in a trash
can with a lid cannot contain the smell they can
escape!

11

STP

Standard Temperature and Pressure

Ideal gas law works well

Standard Molar Volume

The volume of _____ mol of ___________ at STP

It would be precise if all gases were ideal

What else can be found from the Ideal Gas

Law?

12

If number of grams of sample is known, then can

find molecular weight

Example: What is the molecular weight of a gas

if a 0.495g sample occupies 127mL at 98C and
754 torr?
Note: The molecular weight calculated here can
be used in conjunction with percent composition
information in order to find the molecular
formula
13

Using the ideal gas law, can calculate the

density of a gas at a given temperature and
pressure

Example: What is the density of N2 gas at

1.00 atm and 100C?

14

Number of moles of each type of molecule is

additive, so pressure of each type of molecule is
additive

PTotal P1 P2 P3 ...

Example:

The partial pressures of the atmospheric gases N2, Ar,

CO2 and other trace gases are 0.7808atm, 0.0093atm,
0.00038atm, and 0.00002atm, respectively. If the air
pressure in the room is 1atm, what is the partial
pressure of O2?
15

The fraction of molecules that are a certain

component

Note: The sum of all the mole fractions should equal 1

Can be related to partial pressure using the ideal gas

law

Note: All liquids have a characteristic vapor pressure

The amount of liquid that will vaporize at a given
temperature
A partial pressure if gas is collected over a liquid

16

What is the molecular weight of a gas if a 1.580g

sample occupies 1L at 273K and 760 torr?
What is the density of O2 gas at 0.96 atm and 60.C?
Two flasks are attached with a valve. The 2.4L side is
filled with CO2 to 4.3atm. The 3.6L side is filled with
N2 to 6.9atm. The valve is opened and the gases
mix. What is the volume of the system? What are the
partial pressures of each gas? What is the mole
fraction of CO2?
O2 gas is collected over water at 20C and 754 torr.
The total volume of gas collected was 500mL. How
many mols of O2 were collected?
Note: Vapor pressure of water at 20C is 17.54 torr

P1V1 P2V2
x

PTotal P1 P2 P3 ...

PV nRT

Need more practice?

Try problems 12.37-12.42, 12.53-12.71

17

Volumes of gases are additive

Reactions follow mol ratios
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)

Example: 37.2g of Al(s) is placed in a balloon

with excess water and NaOH. By how much
will the volume of the balloon increase when
the Al has finished reacting assuming H2 is an
ideal gas?
2NaOH(aq) + 2Al(s) + 6H2O(l) 2Na[Al(OH)4](aq) + 3H2(g)
Try problems 12.72-12.84

18

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Gases are made of ___________ (atoms or molecules) in

constant _____________
The _______ of the motion (kinetic energy) is determined
by the _____________
Molecules ________ and can _________ kinetic energy, but
the _______ kinetic energy remains the _____
Gas particles have ____________
Gas particles do ___________ or ________ each other
Gas ___________ is caused by the ___________ of the
particles with the container it is in

If this is Kinetic-Molecular ________, whats your

proof?

19

Boyles Law

PV k
Constant temperature same
___________ of molecules
Halving the volume __________
the surface area of the vessel
and ____________ the distance
traveled by molecules
More molecules _________ with
the exterior of the vessel
Pressure depends on _________
with the walls of the vessel,
then the pressure would
__________ due to the _________
volume

20
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_hfAYZzG11r8/SRj1eLqgMCI/AAAAAAAAAZw/ce4I1jM-XYI/s1600-h/Boyle_1.gif

Daltons Law
PTotal P1 P2 P3 ...
Gas molecules do ________ or _______ each other, so
they collide independent of the type of molecules in
the vessel
Each molecule __________ with the exterior of the
vessel as if ___________ molecules are there
Each gas exerts the same
amount of __________, giving
a total pressure equal to the
____ of the ________ pressures

21

http://spinner.cofc.edu/~martine/111LectWeek7.htm

Charles law
V
k
T
____________ the temperature _________ the average
KE of each of the molecules, ___________ the velocity
(and momentum) of each of the molecules
Increased energy of the
_________ on the exterior
of the vessel pushes the
walls ________, __________
the total volume of the
vessel
22

http://boomeria.org/chemtextbook/fig18-6.jpg

What is KE equal to?

KE

1 2
mv
2

KE T

So, if _____________ is known, the average ______

of molecules is known?
Yes, but how do you change from ___ to __?
Start with pressure

Force is proportional to momentum (=mass*velocity)

Rate is proportional to molecular speed (v) and number
of molecules in the volume (N/V)
So,
or
23

It can be shown that on average (average velocity),

the molecules collide 1/3 of the time, therefore
Knowing that the number of molecules (N) equals
number of mols (n) times Avogadros number (NA)
and the ideal gas law
Knowing KE=mv2/2, then
Knowing NA*m is molecular weight (M) and defining
vrms as v 2 , then

24

Example:

What is the root-mean-square speed of N2 molecules in

m/s at 25C?

vrms

3RT

Try this!

kg m 2
1J 1
s2

g
M
mol

What is the root-mean-square speed of O2 molecules in

m/s at 20C?
The root-mean-square speed of some molecules was
found to be 1.425x103 m/s at 23C. What is the
molecular weight? What molecule/atom is it?
Why is there such few molecules of H2 and He on earth
when they are the most abundant molecules in the
universe?
Need more practice?
Try problems 12.85-12.92

25

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Gases are made of particles (atoms or molecules) in

constant motion
The speed of the motion (kinetic energy) is
determined by the temperature
Molecules collide and can change kinetic energy,
but the total kinetic energy remains the same

Gas pressure is caused by the collisions of the

particles with the container it is in

All true?

26

If every gas were perfectly ideal, then

PV nRT

Then,

PV
1
RT

For one mole

27

http://itl.chem.ufl.edu/2045/lectures/lec_e.html

Attempt to account for non-ideality of gases

Two corrections

n2a
P 2 V nb nRT
V

Gas particles do have _________, especially seen at high _________

Each mole of gas takes up approximately __ (a constant for each gas) of

space (L/mol), so the volume of empty space is reduced by ___

Gas particles do ________, especially seen at low ____________ and

high _______________
Molecules deviate from a straight line, ___________ the collisions with
the walls
The pressure measured is ________ than the pressure of an ideal gas
The constant __ is a measure of the ______________ between molecules
(larger _, more ___________ attracted)

Constants are experimentally found

28

Example

What is the pressure of 2.00 moles of H2 in 250mL

vessel at 20C if H2 acts as an ideal gas? As a van
der Waals gas? (a=0.244 L2atm/mol2; b=0.0266
L/mol)

Try this!

You want to store 165g of CO2 gas in a 12.5L tank

at 25C. Calculate the pressure the gas would
having using the ideal gas law and the van der
Waals equation (a = 3.59 atmL2/mol2; b = 0.0427
L/mol).
Which molecule would have a higher value for a,
NH3 or H2? b?

Need more practice?

Try problems 12.93-12.101

29

Where do you see acids and bases?

______________ (ammonia, sulfuric acid, sodium
hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, boric acid,
phosphoric acid)
_____________ (sulfuric acid)
_____________ (hydrochloric acid, carbonic acid)
_____________ (ammonia, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
phosphoric acid)
_______ (carbonic acid, sodium carbonate, uric acid)
____________ (carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, citric
acid)

30

Acids

Bases

________ taste
Change the ______ of indicators
Nonoxidizing acids react with metals to produce
_________________
React with some salts to form a weaker acid and a
different _____
Conduct _______________

_________ taste
Slimy or slippery (_______ are slightly basic)
Change the _______ of indicators (different _______ than
acids)
React with acids to form __________
Conduct ______________

31

Gay-Lussacs thoughts
Acids and bases should be defined by their ________
with _______________
Concluded that an acid and a base _________ each
other

Arrhenius Theory
Acids a substance that contains hydrogen and
produces ___ (_________) in aqueous solutions
Base a substance that contains the ___ group and
produces _________ ions (____) in aqueous solutions

H+ + OH- H2O
32

Acids are found in aqueous solutions

What happens to H+ in water?

Forms the hydronium ion, ________

Hydrated hydrogen ions

Protons, hydrogen ions, hydronium ions, acid

are all interchangeable terms

33

Arrhenius definitions work every time, right?

Acids work great!

What about _________?
What is the formula for _____________?
Is it an acid or a base?

Brnsted-Lowry Theory
Acid a substance that is a ________________
Base a substance that is a ________________
34

Anytime a _________ moves from one molecule to

the other, it is an ___________ reaction
HF + H2O
F- + H3O+

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

From the Acid to the Base: The acid has ______ an H+ in

the formation of its conjugate base (both a hydrogen
and a positive charge)
From the Base to the Acid: The base has ________ an H+
in the formation of its conjugate acid
35

Why was there a double arrow in the last reaction?

Do all acids and bases act that way?

Strength of Acids

The reaction goes _____________________

Strong acids completely dissociate in water

Weak acids _________________ in water

Equilibrium lies (far) to the left

Strength of Bases

Strong bases completely dissociate and

are soluble in water

Weak bases __________________ in water

Equilibrium lies (far) to the left

36

H2SO4

H2O

HSO4- + H3O+

H2O

SO42- + H3O+

See Table 10-2

37

Name the conjugate base for the following acids. Note

which are amphiprotic.

H2SO4
CH3COOH
HClO4
HNO3
HCN

NH3
OHPO43HSO4NH2-

Name the conjugate acid for the following bases. Note

which are amphiprotic.

Which is a stronger electrolyte, a strong acid or a weak

acid? Why?
Need more practice?
Consider problems 10.1-10.29

38

What is the other half of the following

equilibrium?

H2O + H2O

Water self-ionizes
Which side is more favored? Why?

Is water amphiprotic?

39

Binary Acids

Strong Acids: HCl, HBr, HI

Weak Acid: HF Why?
Things to consider:
The ease of breaking the HF _______
The _________ of the resulting _____ in solution

Bond strengths:

HF>>HCl>HBr>HI
The HF bond is strongest

Difference in electronegativity: HF ____; HCl ____; HBr

____; HI _____
Wait that would mean HF is _______, so it should dissociate
and be the strongest acid in water

Since each ion is ________, it causes the water molecules

to be more _________, which is energetically ____________

40

Out of HF, HCl, HBr, and HI HF is the weakest.

What is the strongest?
In dilute water solutions, HCl, HBr, and HI ___________
ionize

Water is basic enough to ___ differentiate between the acids

Water is considered to be a ________________ for these acids
All are completely ionized, so all are _______ in acid strength
Acids ____________ than H3O+ ______________ with water to form
H3O+ and their conjugate base

In anhydrous acetic acid, (or other solutions less

basic than water)
HCl __ HBr __ HI in acid strength

Pattern is the same for group 6A hydrides

H2O ___ H2S __ H2Se __ H2Te

Consider Table 10-2

41

Any acids _________ than H3O+ will completely react in

water to form H3O+ and its conjugate base
All of the ______________ are stronger than H3O+
The ______________ is the one that exists in solution

Any base __________ than OH- will react in water to

form OH- and its conjugate acid

All of the bases with an __________ completely dissociate

_____________ bases than water
Bases without _________ (NH2-) are stronger bases than OHand acquire an additional ___ from ________
Remember: Bases have to ___________ into water to be
considered a strong base

Note: Other solvents can be leveling solvents, but

must be ____________ and are defined using ________
acidic and basic forms

42

Ternary Acids acids containing __________

different elements
Many are __________ compounds of nonmetals
Ionize to produce ___ (not _____, like in compounds
of metals)
Example: HNO3 is written with the H first to
emphasize it is an _______, but could be written as
HONO2 due to its ____________
The O-nonmetal bond is more _________
than in O-metal bonds giving a
_____________ bond for O-nonmetal
Makes the _____ bond the _____ point,
causing ___ to ionize rather than _____

43

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitric-acid-3D-balls-B.png

What is the Lewis Dot Structure of H2SO4? HSO4-?

SO42-?

Do all polyprotic acids completely dissociate?

H2SO4

H2O

HSO4- + H3O+

H2O

SO42- + H3O+

Most polyprotic acids are _________ than H3O+ in their most

acidic form
Removing an additional positive charge from a positive ion
is more _________ than a positive charge from a neutral acid

44

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sulfuric-acid-2D.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Sulfurous-acid-2D.png

What is the Lewis Dot Structure for H2SO3? HSO3-?

SO32-?

Which is a stronger acid, H2SO4 or H2SO3? Why?

Typically, acids in the same periodic table group

increase in strength as the electronegativity _________

_________ more electronegative oxygen atoms causing the

hydrogen bonds to be more _______________
H2SeO4 __ H2SO4

Try this! - Which is the stronger acid?

HNO3 or HNO2?
HClO or HClO2?

Need more practice?

Consider problems 10.30-10.45

45

Strong acids and bases

Completely ____________ in water

Acid is stronger than H3O+, base is stronger than OH(and can be dissolved in water)

Any strong acid strong base reaction will have

the same net ionic equation
Consider HCl and NaOH
What happens to HCl in water? NaOH?
Then what reacts?
What is the total ionic equation?
46

What is the net ionic reaction of a weak acid and a strong

base that form soluble salts and water?
Consider the reaction of HCN and NaOH
What is the overall reaction?
What happens to HCN in water? NaOH?
What is the total ionic equation?
What is the net ionic equation?

What is a general way of denoting a weak monoprotic acid

reaction with a strong base?

47

Try this!

What is the overall reaction, total ionic reaction, and net ionic
reaction for the neutralization of HClO2 and LiOH?
What is the overall reaction, total ionic reaction, and net ionic
reaction for the neutralization of KOH with HClO4?
Predict the acid-base reaction that would form the following salts

NaCl
KNO3
BaCl2
CaSO4

A strong acid strong base reaction producing an insoluble salt

A weak acid strong base reaction producing an insoluble salt
A weak base - strong acid reaction producing a soluble salt
A weak acid weak base reaction producing a soluble salt
Note: there are no common examples of a weak base reacting with
either a weak or strong acid producing insoluble salts

Predict the general net ionic equation for

Need more practice?

Consider problems 10.46-10.56

48

When all the H+ and OH- have reacted, there

has been complete ________________
Normal salts contain no __________ H or OH
groups (complete neutralization)
Examples: NaCl, KNO3

Acidic salts less than stoichiometric

amounts of base used with a ___________ acid,
products are water and an acidic salt
H2SO4 + NaOH
H2SO4 + 2NaOH

49

Basic Salts less than stoichiometric amounts of

acid used with a _______________ bases
Ca(OH)2 + HCl
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl

Note: Acidic Salts are considered acidic

Because they contain another ____________ and can

neutralize __________
Not because they are _______ (___)

Note: Basic Salts are considered basic

Because they contain another ____________ group and

can neutralize _________
Not because they are _______ (___)

Consider problems 10.57-10.66

50

Most comprehensive
Acid any species that can accept or share an __________
______
Atoms not having a ___________

Base any species that can donate or share an __________

______

In theory, any species with a _____________ can act as a Lewis base

Neutralization coordinate covalent bond (or dative)

formation, a bond in which ______ electrons are furnished
by _____ atom or ion (Lewis ______)
Includes all the ______________ acids and bases as the proton is
bonded using ________ electrons from the _________
Example: BCl3 + NH3

Try this! Which of the following are Lewis Acids? Lewis

Bases?
AlCl3, NH3, SnCl4, PBr3

Need more practice?

Consider problems 10.67-10.74

51

Which is the best theory to use?

____ Arrhenius acids and bases are Brnsted-Lowry
acids and bases, but ________ Brnsted-Lowry acids
and bases are Arrhenius
___ Brnsted-Lowry acids and bases are Lewis acids
and bases, but ________ Lewis acids are BrnstedLowry acids and bases
The vast majority of Lewis acids that _______ BrnstedLowry acids and bases are most important in
___________ solvents
In _______ solvated solutions (or other protic solvents),
Arrhenius or Brnsted-Lowry definition works _______

52

Every neutralization reaction has a ______________

Reaction ratio relative number of ______ of reactants
and products in a reaction
Ratio between moles of ________ and moles of ______

For complete neutralization, the product must be a

___________________
All ___________ H and OH groups must have __________

Example: What are the products of the complete

neutralization of H2SO4 and NaOH? Mole ratio?
Try this! What are the products of the complete
neutralization of each of the following? Mole ratio?
H3PO4 and LiOH
HCl and KOH
HBr and Ca(OH)2

53

The mole ratio indicates how many ______ of acid

needed to _______ with the base
In what form do acids and bases usually come in?

What is molarity?

Solid (______ ________)

Aqueous (________ _______)

Example: 150mL of 0.12M HCl is mixed with 150mL

of 0.15M NaOH. What solutes exist in the solution?
What are their concentrations?
Try this! 200mL of 0.60M H3PO4 is mixed with
300mL of 0.9M Ca(OH)2. What solutes exist in the
solution? What are their concentrations?
Need more practice?
Consider problems 11.1-11.18

54

The process of reacting an acid or a base of

known concentration (____________) and volume
with a base or an acid of unknown concentration
where the volume is added slowly until the
___________________ is reached
Typically use a ______ to measure volumes

___________________ where the mols of acid and

base are stoichiometrically equal
Indicators are selected to change _______ at or
near the equivalence point

Indicator a substance that has different forms having

different _______ based on the ___ concentration,
intensely __________ (little must be added to the reaction)
____________ where the indicator changes colors

55

A solution with known concentration, has been

_______________
Standardization process by which one determines the
_________ concentration of a solution by titration against a
______ standard, the solution is then a __________ standard
Primary standard

Must _________ with or _______ the components of the atmosphere

(H2O, O2, CO2, etc)
Must react with ______________ reaction
High _______
High ___________ (minimize errors in weighing)
_________ in solvent of interest

Readily available and _____________

Environmentally _____________
Examples: Oxalic Acid, Sodium Carbonate, KHP (Potassium
hydrogen phthalate)

56

Example: Consider the standardization of

HCl with Na2CO3. If the volume HCl needed
to neutralize 0.2130g of Na2CO3 is 43.21mL,
what is the concentration of HCl?

What is the molar ratio?

How many mols of Na2CO3 was neutralized?
How many mols of HCl were in the solution?
What is the molarity of HCl?

2HCl + Na2CO3

2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

57

23.42 mL of the secondary standard solution

of HCl found in the previous problem was
used to titrate 25.00mL of an unknown
concentration of KOH. What is the
concentration of the KOH?

What is the molar ratio?

How many mols of HCl was neutralized?
How many mols of KOH were in the solution?
What is the molarity of KOH?

HCl + KOH

KCl + H2O
58

30.00mL of 2.424M HCl is reacted with an unknown

concentration of LiOH three times. The volume of LiOH used is
15.32mL, 15.28mL, and 15.29mL, respectively. What is the
concentration of LiOH?
What is the concentration of NaOH if 43.96mL, 43.97mL and
43.99mL were required to reach the equivalence point with
20.00mL of 3.6513M HNO3?
The volumes of H2SO4 used in the three titration trials were
23.43mL, 23.41mL, and 23.44mL. If 25.00mL of 1.3287M NaOH
was used, what is the concentration of H2SO4?
A student had just finished their titration experiment using
35.00mL of 2.157M HCl as a standard and found that the
concentration of their NaOH was 2.074M. As they were cleaning
up, water spilled all over the volumes of NaOH used, making
them unreadable. What was the average value of the volumes?
If two of the volumes were found to be 36.40mL and the other 36.41mL,
what was the third volume?

Need more practice?

Consider problems 11.19-11.47

59

Using a primary or secondary standard, the

______________ can be found
Example: An impure sample of KHP was
titrated against standardized 0.1932M
Ca(OH)2. The titration required 16.51mL of
the base to reach the end point upon reaction
with 1.452g of KHP. What is the percent
purity of the sample of KHP (KC8H5O4)?
Ca(OH)2 + 2KHP

Ca(KP)2 + 2H2O
60

A molecule has resonance when ____________

Lewis formulas with the same atomic
arrangements can be drawn to describe the
bonding
What are the Lewis structures for CO32-? How
would the bonds be appropriately denoted on a
single Lewis structure?
What about SO2?
NO2-?

61

Steps to balance a redox reaction

Determine which atoms change _____________ (there should be

_______ than one!)
Write _________ for all atoms that change oxidation state (be sure
to balance the atoms on each _____________)
Balance the ___________ lost with the __________ gained across the
half-reactions
Place the ____________ on the overall reaction (be sure to always
keep those proportions)
Balance the remaining atoms
If the reaction is in acid,
Balance O with _____ (make sure to add to the correct side)
Balance H with ____ (make sure to add to the correct side)

If the reaction is in base,

Balance as if in acid
Neutralize the ___ by adding the same number of ___ as ___ to each side
Cancel out _______ molecules if necessary

62

Balance the following redox reactions

Cu + H+ + SO42P4 + NO32-

Cu2+ + H2O + SO2

H3PO4 + NO

Cr2O72- + H+ + I-

Cr3+ + I2 + H2O

ClO3- + H2O + I2

IO3- + Cl- + H+

acid

Need more practice?

Consider problems 11.48-11.61

63

Combining titration calculation with a

balanced redox reaction
__________ the redox reaction
Complete the calculation as a _____________________

Example: The following reaction happens in

acidic conditions. What is the concentration
of H2O2 if it takes 13.53mL of 0.2582 MnO4to react with 20.00mL?
H2O2 + MnO4-

Mn2+ + O2

64

What volume of 0.1897M KMnO4 would be

required to oxidize 25.00mL of 0.1482M KI?
(Products include Mn2+ + I2)
What volume of 5.0M nitrate ion solution would
be required to react with 35mL of 0.75M sulfide
ion solution?
NO3- + S2-

NO + S

acid

35.32mL of the I2 solution is required to titrate a

sample containing As2O3. Calculate the mass of
As2O3 in the sample.
As2O3 + H2O + I2
H3AsO4 + HI
Need more practice?
Consider problems 11.62-11.71

65

Exam 5

Measuring pressures
Boyles Law, Charles Law, Gay-Lussacs Law, Avogadros Law, Daltons Law
Temperature Scale
Ideal Gas Law
Diffusion, Effusion
STP, Standard Molar Volume
Molecular Weight/Density of gases
Mole Fraction
Reactions involving gases
Kinetic Molecular Theory, problems thereof
Experimental evidence of Kinetic Molecular Theory
Kinetic Energy of Molecules, Root Mean Square Velocity of molecules
Van der Waals gases
Properties of Acids and Bases
Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis Acids and Bases
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Strength of Acids and Bases (Binary and Ternary)
Amphiprotic Acids
Leveling Effect
Acid-Base Reactions in Water (titrations, standardization)
Acidic and Basic Salts
Percent purity
Resonance
Redox reactions, redox titrations

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Cumulative

Reading volumes, lengths, etc.

Significant Figures
Scientific Notation
Unit Conversion
Accuracy vs. Precision
Specific Heat
Density
Radioactive particles, Fusion vs. Fission, Atomic Symbols
Naming Ionic and Binary Covalent Compounds
Moles
Molecular/Formula Weight
Balancing Reactions
Mass Relationships/Limiting Reagents
Percent Composition
Molarity, Dilutions
Reaction Types
Quantum Numbers
Orbital Box Diagram
Electron Configuration
Effective Charge
Atomic Spectra
Lewis Dot Structures
Periodic Trends
Bond Types, polarity of bonds
Electronic Geometry, Molecular Shape, Bond Angles
Molecular Orbital Diagrams (homonuclear, heteronuclear)
Bond order
Balancing redox reactions in water, acid, base
and the information for Exam 5

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