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_________________________________________
Technology
& Livelihood Education
Source
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Agricultural
Crop
Production
included):__________________________
1
Learners Material
First Edition, 2014
ISBN: ___________
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Yolanda S. Quijano, PhD
Assistant Secretary: Elena R. Ruiz, PhD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Quarter I
TITLE
PAGE
MODULE 1 - ENTREPRENEURSHIP
WHAT IS THIS MODULE ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
LESSON I
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECS)
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
REFERENCES
LESSON II
Market and Environment
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
REFERENCES
LESSON III
Land preparation (Irrigated/rainfed)
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON IV
Seed Selection
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
WHAT TO TRANSFER.
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
QUARTER III
LESSON V
Seedling production
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT
WHAT TO TRANSFER.
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON VI
Planting/Transplanting
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON VII
Nutrient Management
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS
WHAT TO REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
WHAT TO TRANSFER.
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON VIII
Water Management
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
4
WHAT TO PROCESS.
WHAT TO REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX
Pest Management
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS.
WHAT TO REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON X
Harvesting , Threshing , Drying, Storing and Milling
WHAT IS THIS LESSON ALL ABOUT
WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
PRE TEST
WHAT WILL YOU KNOW
WHAT TO PROCESS.
WHAT TO REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
WHAT TO TRANSFER
POST TEST
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LESSON XI
Marketing, and Keeping Farm Records and Accounts
5
REFERENCES
QUARTER 1
Learning Material No. I
6
Performance Standards
The
learner
demonstrates
The learner independently creates a
understanding
of
ones
PECs
in plan of action that strengthens/ further
Agricultural-Crop Production
develops his/her PECs in AgriculturalCrop Production.
Time
Allotment 4
hours
Quarter I
Module 1
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Introduction
In this module you will learn more about entrepreneurship and the
entrepreneurial competencies related to Agricultural-Crop Production. You will
have a first-hand experience in educational activities leading to personal
assessment of your entrepreneurial competencies of a successful crop
producer/agri-entrepreneur within your province. There are some activities
below that will help you align your competencies with the competencies of
successful practitioners. Moreover, this module is designed to stimulate your
mind to think about entrepreneurship, its role in the business community in
particular and to the economic and social development in general.
Now, to start with this module, let us first learn what is the difference
between entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs are people with skills and capabilities to build, organize
and evaluate business opportunities. They are individuals who can strategically
identify products or services needed by the community and deliver these at the
right time and the right place.
Entrepreneurs are agents of economic change; they organize, manage
and assume risks of a business. Some of the good qualities of an entrepreneur
are opportunity seeker, risk taker, goal setter, excellent planner, confident
problem solver, hardworking, persistent and committed worker.
7
Now that you have an idea about the enabling knowledge and skill that
you will develop/achieve and master, try to take the first challenge in this module
the pre-assessment.
Pre-assessment
As part of your initial activity, you will be challenged to test your knowledge
on the topic. To diagnose/assess what you already know about personal
entrepreneurial competencies. Answer the tasks below.
B
makes a wise decision towards the
attainment of the set objectives
strategic thinking and setting of goals
trusts in ones ability
adaptable to change
innovative, have edge over other competitors
solid dedication
skillful in record keeping
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
____8. Hardworking
____9. Ability to accept change
____10. Committed
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having
gone through pre-assessment and answering the guide questions, you will be
asked to set your own personal goals. These goals will inspire you to further
achieve the ultimate objective of this module. In the end, these goals would
motivate you to learn more about PECs.
10
Know
evaluate her attitude towards agricultural crop production and the business
opportunity that lies ahead.
REBECCA C. TUBONGBANUA: WOMAN FARMER-SCIENTIST
September 26, 2010 filipino achievers
Woman-Farmer-Scientist
Rebecca Tubongbanua is a successful agri-entrepreneur from San
Isidro,Buenavista, Guimaras. She entered the world of business in 2003, with a
measly capital amounting seven thousand pesos.
She toiled for several years experimenting and perfecting her sulfite-free
and low-sugar technology in processing indigenous fruits, primarily the Guimaras
mangoes.
She put up an agri-business firm-the McNester, which caters to
consumers in the national and global market as well. Her processed commodities
include mango jam, mango-calamansi concentrate, dried mango, mango
chutney, calamansi juice, mango with calamansi juice, mango sauce, mango
ketchup-regular, pineapple ketchup-hot and spicy, Indian mango pickles, and
pineapple marmalade.
needs to deal with people. Well- developed people skills can spell out
the difference between success and failure of the business.
Process
Strength
Development
Areas
Reflect
and
How was your experience in discovering your strengths and the areas to
be developed? Did you gain valuable experience in exchanging insights with your
classmates? To learn more and deepen your understanding of PECs, do Task 5
below.
Task 5: Interview
Interview successful agri-business owners or entrepreneurs in your
15
Note: Ask the needed information from the interview to supply answer/s to
Row 1 in the table below. Meanwhile, fill out the second row with your
PECs.
Personal
Entrepreneurial
Competencies
Successful
Entrepreneur
the province
Characteristic
s
in
16
Attribute
s
Lifestyle
s
Skills
Traits
My PECs
Using the information from the table above, analyze, and reflect on the
similarities and differences in your answers. Put your reflection on the
table below. Write your conclusion on the space provided on the next
page.
Personal
Entrepreneurial
Competencies
Similarities
Differences
Characteristics
Attributes
Lifestyles
Skills
Traits
Conclusion:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________ .
Transfer
17
Objective
To align my
PECs with the
PECs of a
successful
entrepreneur
in
agribuisness/agri
-crop..
Area
Activities
Characteristics
Skills
Attributes
Traits
18
Strategies
Time
Frame
Expected
Outcome
Performance Standards
19
Quarter I
Module 2
Environment and Market
Introduction
People who aspire to start a business need to explore the economic,
cultural and social conditions prevailing in the area. Needs and wants of the
people around the vicinity that are not met may be considered as business
opportunities. Identifying the needs of the community, its resources, available raw
materials, skills, and appropriate technology can help a new entrepreneur in
seizing a business opportunity.
To be successful in any kind of business venture, potential entrepreneurs
should always look closely at the environment and market. They should always
be watchful of the existing opportunities and constraints. The opportunities in the
business environment are those factors that provide possibilities for a business to
expand and make more profits. Constraints, on the other hand, are those factors
that limit the ability to grow, hence reducing the chance of generating profit. One
of the best ways to evaluate the opportunities and constraints is to conduct
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis.
SWOT analysis is a managerial tool to assess the environment. It gathers
important information, which in turn is used in crafting a strategic plan. Strengths
and weaknesses are internal in an organization. Basically they relate to
resources owned by the organization, things that one has control over, as- well
as the extent of its marketing capability.
Opportunities and Threats exist in the external environment. Opportunities
relate to the market, development of new technologies, and external factors such
as government policies, climate, and trends. Threats relate to what the
competition is doing as well as legal and other constraints.
Now that you have read some of the important things to consider to
succeed in any business, you are now ready to explore more about the
environment and market.
To begin with, lets first try to find out the competencies that you will
master after finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
-
Now that you have an idea about the things you will learn, try to take the
first challenge in this module-- the pre-assessment.
Pre-assessment
A. New Idea
C. Product Development
B. Creativity
D. Innovation
7. A managerial tool used to assess the environment in gathering important
information used for strategic planning.
A. Environmental Scanning
C. WOTS Analysis
B. SWOT Analysis
D. Survey Analysis
8. A marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that identifies
and differentiate a product from others.
A. Product Naming
C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition
D. Tagline
9. This is a meaningful and unforgettable statement that captures the
essence of your brand.
A. Product Naming
C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition
D. Tagline
10. These are the things that people cannot live without.
A. Wants
C. Requirements
B. Desires
D. Needs
Task 2: Guide Questions:
Directions: Read and study the guide questions below. You may use a
separate sheet of paper to write your responses to the guide
questions.
1. How does one determine the product or service to be offered/delivered to
the target customers?
2. How does one select an entrepreneurial activity?
3. When can one say that a certain product has a value?
4. Are innovation and creativity to your product/service important? Explain.
5. How can one effectively respond to the needs of the target customer?
6. What is the importance of scanning the environment and market in
generating business idea?
7. What is your level of confidence in formulating a business idea after your
self assessment? Explain.
After all the guide questions have been answered and skills have been
22
mastered, share them with your classmates. Discuss your insights, personal
knowledge of, and relevant experiences on the topic to make it more exciting and
engaging.
LEARNING GOALS AND TARGET
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having
gone through pre-assessment and answering the guide questions, you will be
asked to set your own personal goals. These goals will inspire you to further
achieve the ultimate objective of this module. In the end, these goals would
motivate you to learn more about Environment and Market.
Know
Product Development
When we talk of product development, we are referring to a process of
making a new product to be sold by a business or enterprise to its customers.
Product development may involve modification of an existing product or
its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly
defined customers needs and/or want and/or a market place.
The term development in this module refers collectively to the entire
process of identifying a market opportunity, creating a product to appeal to the
identified market, and finally, testing, modifying and refining the product until this
will be ready for production. This product can be any item to be sold to the
consumers.
There are basic, yet vital questions that you can ask yourself. When you
23
shall find acceptable answers to these, you can say that you are ready to
develop a product and/or render service.
1. For whom are the product/service aimed?
2. What benefit will the customers expect from it?
3. How will the product differ from the existing brand? Or from their
competitor?
Likewise, needs and wants of the people within the area should also be
taken into consideration. Everyone has his or her own needs and wants.
However, people have different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in
business are important things that every individual do without in a society. These
include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live
with dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously
help you generate business ideas and subsequently to develop a marketable
product.
Wants are desires, luxury, and extravagance that signify wealth and an
expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic
necessities of life. Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every
individual which are non- basic needs like fashion accessories, shoes, clothes,
travelling around the world, eating in an exclusive restaurant, watching movies,
concerts, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living
in impressive homes, and others.
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of
business that you may engage into because they can serve as the measure of
your success. Some other good points that you might consider in business
undertakings are the people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture, and tradition,
and social orientation.
To summarize, product development entirely depends on the needs and
wants of the customers. Another important issue to deal with are the key concept
of developing a product. The succeeding topic shall enlighten you about the
procedure in coming up with a product concept.
Concepts of Developing a Product
Concept development is a very critical phase in developing of a product.
From this stage, the needs of the target market are identified and competitive
products are reviewed before the product specifications are defined. The product
concept is selected along with an economic analysis to come up with an outline
24
of how a product is being developed. Below is a figure that shows the stages of
concept development of a product.
Concept Development
25
specifications are the results of extensive study. Expected service life and
projected selling price are being considered in this stage.
G. Perform Economic Analysis - Throughout the process of product
development, it is very important to always review and estimate the
economic implications regarding development expenses, manufacturing
costs, and selling price of the product/service to be offered/provided.
H. Plan the Remaining Development Project - In this final stage of concept
development, you may prepare a detailed development plan which includes
a list of activities, the necessary resources and expenses, and a
development schedule with milestones for tracking progress.
Finding Value
Innovation
Innovation is the introduction of something new in your product/service.
This may be a new idea, a new method or a device. If you want to increase your
sales and profit you must innovate. Some of the possible innovations in your
products are change in packaging, improved taste, color, size, shape, and
perhaps price. Some of the possible innovations in providing services are
application of new improved methods, additional feature of product/ services, and
possibly, freebies.
Let us go back to what Mrs.Tubongbanua did with the Guimaras mangoes
aside from its known qualities. She made mango jam, mango calamansi
concentrate, mango sauce, mango ketchup-regular to make a difference from
other existing products in the market.
Unique Selling Proposition (USP)
Unique Selling Proposition is the factor or consideration presented by a
seller as the reason that the product or service being offered is different from and
better than that of other key players or competitors. Before you can begin to sell
your product or service to your target customers, you have to sell yourself into it.
This is especially important when your product or service is similar to those
around you.
USP would require careful analysis of other businesses' ads and
marketing messages. If you analyze what they say or what they sell, apart from
the qualities of their product or service, you can learn a great deal about how
companies distinguished themselves from competitors.
Here's how to discover your USP and use it to increase your sales and
profit:
Discover the actual and genuine reasons why customers buy your
product instead of that of your competitor's . Information is very
important in decision making. Competitive entrepreneur always endeavor
to improve his/her products/services and constantly provide satisfaction
and sustain patronage of customers. As your business grows, you should
always consider the process of asking your customers some important
information and feedback that you can use to improve your
product/services.
Process
5. What were your preparations before you started the actual business?
6. What creative and innovative techniques did you adapt to your
product/service? What was the effect of the innovative techniques on the
sales and profits of your business?
7. What strategies did you consider to have a unique selling proposition for
your product/service?
Reflect
Understand
and
Transfer
product/services.
________________________________________________________________
30
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________
Know
2.
Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the
customers, institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods and
services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the
moment. Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in
the future, in the event of certain developments in the community. For
example, a province will have its electrification facility in the next six months.
Only by that time will the entrepreneur could think of agricultural products
which are made using electrically-powered tools or equipment.
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and
services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to
supply the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The
term market refers to whoever will use or buy the product or services, and
these include people or institutions such as other businesses, establishments,
organizations, or government agencies.
There is a very good business opportunity when there is absolute lack of
supply of a pressing market demand.
Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and
services. Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such
as selling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
4. Examine the available resources around you. Observe what materials or
skills are available in abundance in your area. A business can be started out
of available raw materials by selling them in raw form and by processing and
manufacturing them into finished products. For example, in a copraproducing town, there will be many coconut husks and shells available as
waste products. These can be collected and made into coco rags/doormat
and charcoal bricks; then sold profitably outside the community.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that
can be harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province
possess loom weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to
the next. Some communities there set up weaving businesses to produce
blankets, decorative items, and various souvenir items for sale to tourists and
lowland communities.
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience
you may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT
classes will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed skills
which will earn for you extra income, should you decide to engage in incomegenerating activities. With your skills, you may also try on doing things during
32
Branding
Develop a tagline. Write a meaningful, unforgettable, and easy-toremember statement that captures the essence of your brand.
34
Write down your brand messaging. Select key messages you want
to communicate about your brand.
Be
Process
Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis
SWOT is subjective.
important. Utilize the SWOT analysis table below to list all your observations.
Consider the strategies below to select the best business idea.
Strength (S)
Weaknesses (W)
Opportunities (O)
Threats (T)
Strategize:
36
Strategies/Activities:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
Analysis:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
Reflect
and
Transfer
Logo
Taglin
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
K TO 12 CURRICULUM
67
68
Content Standard
The
learner
demonstrates
understanding of concepts and
principles underlying theories
and
actual
application
in
agricultural
crop
production
(Rice).
Performance Standard
The
learner
independently
demonstrates common competencies
in agricultural crop production work
(Rice)
as prescribed in TESDA
Training Regulation.
Quarter II
69
70
What
is
this
lesson
all
71
Rice is the staple food of all the Filipinos hence, rice production
is an important industry in the Philippines. It is the backbone of
Philippine economy for it does not only give benefit to rice growers but
also to other industries like rice threshing, warehousing, milling, seed
production, and many others, that offer a lot of job opportunities. Being
the prime commodity, rice leads the growth of the agricultural sector. It
is indispensable to sustainable development. Rice accounts for the
majority of the total value of production in agriculture. This is primarily
because rice is the most preferred commodity of the population.
Furthermore, majority of the people depend on farm labor and ricerelated businesses for their livelihood.
72
73
74
Pre-assessment
75
76
77
Let us find out how much you already know about rice production.
Read and understand the questions below. Choose the letter of the best
answer and write it on your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following is a digging tool?
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Shovel
D. Pruning shear
2. Which tool is used for cleaning the levees?
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Mattock
D. Shovel
3. What tool does NOT belong to the group?
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Mattock
D. Shovel
4. Farm tools are needed in rice production operations because they
A. make work easier.
B. make work faster.
C. save time and effort.
D. make work faster, easier and economical.
78
80
22. Which of the following is the recommended seedling rate per hill for
growing rice?
A. 2-3
B. 3-4
C. 4-5
D. 6-7
81
23.
Replanting of missing hills should be done ______ days after
planting to complete the required plant population in a given area.
A. 3-5
B. 5-7
C. 7-9
D. 10-12
24.
25.
To reduce application of chemical fertilizer that contains
nitrogen, green manuring could be done. Green manures are
A. organic materials that come from animals.
B. leguminous plants that are plowed under.
C. concentrated form of plant food.
D. organic materials that are thoroughly decomposed.
26.
A.
B.
C.
D.
27. Below are ways by which irrigation water is lost except one:
A. evaporation
B. percolation
C. seepage
D. absorption
28.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
30. This is the most destructive rice pest which attacks the plant
from seedling stage to maturity .
A. rice stem borer
B. plant hopper
C. rice bug
D. maggot
31. This method of insect control utilizes the natural enemies of
insects to control the pest.
A. Biological
B. Cultural
C. Chemical
D. Physical
32. Which among the following is not needed in cleaning rice
grains?
A. 1.5 mm fish net and stirrer
B. Canvas and winnowing basket
C. Blower and shifter
D. Sickle and reaper
33. What is the most popular method of drying rice grains?
A. Solar dryer
B. Mechanical dryer
C. Batch dryer
D. Air dryer
34.
A.
B.
C.
D.
83
35.
A.
B.
C.
D.
84
LESSON 1
Farm Tools and Equipment
I.
INTRODUCTION
The different farm tools and equipment in agronomic crop
work have been profoundly taken up in your lessons last year.
Their proper operations and maintenance were discussed, too.
But for you to be able to perform properly the different rice
production activities, the important tools and equipment to be
used will be discussed in this lesson with emphasis on their
correct operation and maintenance as well as safety precautions
in using them and the protective gears to be used.
85
86
What
is
this
lesson
87
The lesson is all about the farm tools and equipment used in rice
production. You will learn this within 12 days.
Know
HAND TOOLS
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or
machines. They are being used in performing farm activities which involve
small yet important jobs to be done. Below are some of the examples:
88
89
FARM IMPLEMENTS
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or
mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the
preparation of large tract of land. These are usually made of a special kind of
metal.
Examples :
1. Plows. These are farm implements used in rice production operations either
pulled by a working animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used for
tilling large areas, making furrows and ditches to facilitate irrigation and
drainage.
Plows pulled by working animals are made of either a combination of
metal or wood or pure metal . Due to intensive farm mechanization it is
becoming extinct in some regions. They are used to till areas with a
shallower depth than that of the disc plows which are pulled by tractors.
90
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal tooth and
pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is a metal mounted to a tractor.
Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil in upland rice
production where the soil is tilled dry while waiting for the rain or water
supply.
Harrow
3. Rotavator. The rotavator is an implement attached to a tractor used for land
preparation. It could be used for wet and dry land preparation. One passing
of rotavator is equivalent to the combined effect of one plowing and
harrowing in land preparation.
91
EQUIPMENT
These are machineries used in farm operations especially in rice
production. They are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs
and produce. Using these equipment requires a highly skilled operator .
1. Hand tractor. It is the most useful and convenient equipment of the
farmers. It is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a wide area of
land. It is also used to transport other materials from the house to the farm
and a very important equipment in the mobility of most farmers.
2. Four wheel tractor. It is used to pull disc plow disc harrow and rotavator
in preparing much wider area of land. It is also used to draw a trailer to
transport bulk of materials, equipment, farm inputs, and harvest. It is very
useful during harvest and other post harvest activities.
3. Water pump. This equipment is very important to draw irrigation water
from a source such as deep well, rivers and lakes. In some areas where
water is scarce, second cropping of rice could be done using a water pump.
4. Combine harvester .This equipment performs the harvesting and threshing
at the same time. The grains are deposited in its compartment and could be
easily transported to the nearest road when hauling the harvests.
Hand Tractor
Small Tractor
92
Combine Harvester
Rice Thresher
Photos Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture ,CLSU
LET US REMEMBER
Using the right tools and equipment for the specific farm operation
makes it easier and more economical.
After knowing the farm tools and equipment, continue the lesson in doing
pre-operative check-up of equipment.
Activity#1
Give at least five reasons why it is very important to do pre-operational
check-up of equipment?
Nowadays due to intensive farm mechanization, many types of farm
machineries are being introduced to the Filipino farmers. Before operating these
machines, one needs to read and familiarize the operations manual to be able
to operate them efficiently and attain their maximum usage. For safety reasons,
whenever using these farm machineries, always do the following:
93
Safety Check: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor, thresher, reaper and any
attached implement checking the area for obstacles that may be under or
near the tractor which include stones, boards, children's toys etc. Make
sure there are no bystanders; remember this is a working area. Check
whether the wheels are free, or stuck in the ground. Check for any loose
parts or objects on the tractor such as tools on the platforms or around
brakes and other controls.
Inspect around: Walk around the tractor, hand tractor a second time to check
the equipment itself. This time look at the tires for wear and inflation, the
power take-off shaft for shielding and guarding (rotate the shield to make
sure it moves freely), the hitch for proper hitch pin and safety clip. Pay
particular attention to the ground under the tractor for any signs of
liquid leaks such as oil, coolant or fuel.
Check the oil of all engines attached to machineries to be used: Remove the
dipstick, wipe it clean, and check the oil level. If oil is required, remember
to wipe off the filler cap before you remove it to avoid dirt falling into the
engine. Use a clean funnel and clean the top of the oil can to prevent rust
or other foreign objects going in with the oil.
Check the radiator: Slowly remove the red cap and check the liquid level.
Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner. Remove and shake out any dirt.
Always check the fuel gauge. Fill if necessary, through it should have been filled
at the end of the last day the tractor was used.
Have a fire extinguisher. Your tractor should have a fire extinguisher in case of
fire during operation or refueling and in area of storage and milling .
Make sure it is charged and easily accessible.
Remember:
Smooth operations of all machines are ensured if periodic
maintenance is done. These can affect performance and your
safety!
Hazardous activities
During the maintenance of agricultural machinery, there are many
activities which are potentially hazardous.
Always observe the safety
procedures in doing the maintenance of the equipment and tools.
94
Hazardous activities
Lubricating
signs
and may
the
Sharpening
Hammering
95
protective
in
Blockages
96
97
Respiratory Protection
Workers must use appropriate respirators to protect against adverse
health effects caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs,
fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors. Respirators generally cover the
nose and mouth or the entire face or head and help prevent illness and injury.
A proper fit is essential, for respirators to be effective.
Process
Activity #1
Conduct an interactive activity with the class by forming two
groups, one group will enumerate what farm operations will be
undertaken, and the other group will indicate what farm tools/equipment
to use together with the applicable PPE to wear and vice-versa. The group
with the highest score will be the winner.
Activity #2
Students will be asked to draw from the box containing the names
of farm tools and equipment and explain how and when it will be used in
accomplishing rice production activities.
Activity #3
Get your partner, list two farm equipment and make a research in
the internet on the different parts that need to be maintained, and the
procedure on how to do the maintenance.
98
Activity#4
Report to the class your output on Activity#3.
Reflect
and
Activity #1
Group yourselves into three, and go to a nearby farm. Observe how
a new farm equipment is used. Make a step by step description of how
each equipment is used, to know how to operate these properly. Share it
with the class.
Activity #2
Using the rice reaper of the nearest farm in the locality, make a report
about the conditions of the parts needed to be maintained. Are they in the
best condition? Why or why not? Share it with class.
Transfer
Activity#1
You are the farm manager of the San Pedro Apartado Multi-Purpose
Cooperative and tasked to prepare the farm equipment conditions
analysis. Make a list of the equipment; evaluate each equipment and
identify the parts that need maintenance.
99
List of equipment
Condition
Activity # 2
Divide the class into groups and with the supervision of the teacher or
the farm technician or the owner of the combine harvester in the nearby farm in
the locality, let each group will conduct pre-operational check-up of the combine
harvester.
Summative Test
Glossary of Terms
Hand tools tools that are usually light and are used to do minor
operation in the farm.
Farm implements accessories pulled by animals or mounted to
100
101
LESSON II
SITE SELECTION AND SOIL ANALYSIS
Introduction
Like any other plant, rice needs an appropriate kind of soil as well as
good location to attain the highest possible yield.
102
103
What
is
this
lesson
104
The lesson is all about the factors to consider in site selection for
planting rice and doing soil analysis. You will learn this within twelve days.
Know
If given a chance to select a good site for rice production, here are the
important factors to consider to ensure optimum growth and development.
These are soil, climate, and location.
The following are the different factors to be considered in
selecting a good site for rice production, as stated in the CompetencyBased Learning Module (CBLM) for Rice Production:
105
Important
things
to
Selecting the appropriate site plays a vital role in the success of rice
production.
Factors to consider in selecting the site
a. accessibility of the farm to the road
b. availability of good labor supply
c. good irrigation and drainage
d. proximity of threshing and drying pavement
Factors that affect growth and development of the crop
1. kinds of soil
2. climate
3. location
Soil pH for rice is from 6.2 to 7.0
108
Process
Activity#1
Select at least four cooperating farmers in the community and
conduct an on-site inspection of their farm. Based on your
observation identify the ideal site. Use the table below and check the
spaces if the factors are met.
Score card in selecting the site
Name of Farmer:_______________
Location:______________________
Directions: Of the four sites visited, write the appropriate rating based on
the scale listed below, considering the adaptability of factors in selecting
the site.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Factors to consider in
selecting the site
Accessibility
Availability of water supply
Exposure to sunlight
Soil condition
Site
A
109
Reflect
and
Activity#1
Select four cooperating farmers in the locality, get the data on their
average harvest (number of cavans) for the past three years. Compare and
analyze to see if the differences were affected by the farm location.
Activity#2
Search the internet for videos/film showing pictures of different farm
locations in the country. Compare the data on harvest, if available and
arrive at a conclusion if there are differences or none. Share your findings
with the class.
Transfer
Post-assessment
110
A. Answer the following questions in your quiz notebook. Write only the
letter of the correct answer.
1. There are three important factors that affect rice yield. Which of
the following is not among the factors?
A. Climate
B. Kind of soil
C. Location
D. Topography
2. Water supply is an important factor in rice production because
it directly affects the
A. frequency of planting.
B. photosynthetic activity of the rice plant.
C. physical characteristics of the rice plant.
D. population of common pests and diseases.
3. An ideal rice field possesses all of the following attributes
except:
A. Good drainage
B. High clay content
C. High organic matter
D. pH range of 6.2 7.0
4. Rainfall, sunlight, and temperature are referred to as
A. climate.
B. season.
C. weather.
D. all of the above
5. What is the ideal soil pH for rice production?
A. 6.2 7.0
B. 6.5 8.0
D. 7.0 8.0
D. 7.5 8.0
B. Describe the appropriate site for planting rice crop.
111
Glossary of Terms
Soil - is a loose and friable material of the earth surface where plants
grow and develop.
Climate - is the weather condition of a locality,
Temperature - is the degree of hotness and coldness of the
environment.
pH - is a value used to express the relative acidity or alkalinity of the
soil.
112
LESSON III
PREPARE THE LAND FOR PLANTING RICE (IRRIGATED/RAINFED)
INTRODUCTION
Thorough land preparation is necessary either for rainfed or irrigated
rice production method in order to have bountiful harvest.
113
114
What
is
this
lesson
115
This lesson provides the learner with the appropriate land preparation
techniques and strategies. It includes the tools and equipment needed and
the steps in undertaking these activities. You will learn this within thirteen
days.
Know
help reduce the initial pest host population and maintain the hardpan
which minimizes water seepage.
A rotavator drawn by a tractor for easier, faster and safer land preparation
both for wet or dry method.
Rotavating - This method of land preparation is employed with the
use of a rotary tiller or rotavator drawn by a tractor. A rotary tiller may take
the place of a plow and harrow because it changes the soil into fine tilth
having sufficient depth. One or two rounds of rotavation followed by one
harrowing is enough to have a preferably level field. Prepared land can be
planted after 2- 3 days. Chopped rice straw and weeds may be fully
decomposed but are already
in the process of decomposition.
Decomposition produces too much heat and carbon dioxide (CO2) which may
cause the newly transplanted seedlings to exhibit slow growth.
119
LET US REMEMBER
After the last leveling there should be no higher or lower levels of the
rice paddies.
The best time to fix the levee is after the first plowing because the
upturned soil near the levees can be used for plastering in the work. The
following are the steps in repairing levees.
1. Clean the levees. Trim the thick portions of both sides of the levees
using a bolo. Patch all rat holes, breaks, and soft spots.
2. Repair the levees by using soil which has been broken up during
the first plowing for patching soft spots and cracks. Break up and
rebuild the portion of the levees containing rat holes.
3. Patch-up/cover/fill the levee with mud making sure that all cracks
are sealed properly.
4. Dikes must be cleaned to remove pest, compact to prevent seepage,
and maintain at 15 cm high x 20 cm wide to prevent rat
burrowing. Ditches will ensure even water distribution and
drainage.
120
Lowland rice requires well puddled and well prepared soil. This
ensures a soil surface that is weed-free, soft and leveled to make
transplanting of seedlings/planting of seeds easier. It also facilitates
mixing of organic matter such as rice straw, weeds, and stubbles with
the soil to hasten decomposition. Proper land preparation is
undertaken to level the field, for uniform distribution of irrigation
water, fertilizer, and pesticides. It also prevents or minimizes water
seepage from the field.
Process
Activity #1
Each student will be asked to visit a certain farm to evaluate if
121
thorough land preparation has been done. Use the checklist below.
V Good
91100
ACTIVITIES
RATING
Good
Fair
8190
7580
Poor
70-74
Reflect
and
Activity #2
Transfer
Activity#3
122
Post-assessment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bolo
Moldboard plow
Harrow
Draft carabao
Shovel
123
6. Pick mattock
7. Hand tractor
8. Tractor
Glossary of Terms
Tools simple devices used in the farm such as bolo, digging bar,
and shovel
Equipment machineries used in the farm such as tractor
Farm implements devices such as plow and harrow
Levee dike or bund that surrounds a paddy
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
Puddled soil a soil surface which was plowed and harrowed several
times, leveled and ready for planting.
Seepage sideward loss of water
124
LESSON IV
SEED SELECTION
125
126
What
is
this
lesson
127
This lesson deals with the principle of selecting good quality seeds to
grow. It includes the characteristics of good seeds, sources of good seeds,
seed testing, and computing the percentage of germination. You will learn
these in thirteen days.
Know
PhilRice
Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI)
Agricultural Productivity Commission (APC)
Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)
Seed Grower cooperators in your locality
Reliable dealers of farm supplies
6. Farmers also often prefer new varieties, believing that they yield
better. However, a variety may be released based on reasons
other than yield (e.g. better grain quality and resistance to
pests). Thus, it is important to know the characteristics of the
varieties but, more importantly, to conduct adaptability trials.
Your choice of an appropriate variety is determined by specific
conditions in the farm. The following are the desirable characteristics of
high yielding rice varieties:
1. Early maturing and non-seasonal (100 130 days from seeding to
maturity)
2. Resistant to pest, diseases, drought and lodging
3. Nitrogen-responsive (this means that when you apply nitrogen to
the rice plant, the yield increases)
4. High grain weight (6 7 mg)
5. High grain milling quality (whole )
6. High milling recovery (66% -70%)
The following are some rice varieties recommended for irrigated and
rainfed regions of the Philippines:
Irrigated Varieties
Variety
10 Rc230H
NSIC 2010
Rc232H
NSIC 2010
Rc234H
NSIC 2010
Rc236H
NSIC 2011
Rc21 SR
NSIC 2011
Rc23
Agronomic Characteristics
Ave.
Max
Maturity Height
Yield
Yield
days
(cm)
(Tons)
(Tons)
BLB
Tungro
BPH
GLH
6.7
10.6
108
103
S (S)
MR
10.7
110
110
S (S)
MS
6.5
9.8
115
119
S (S)
MS
6.2
10.9
114
115
S (S)
MS
4.5
7.3
122
90
7.6
108
108
130
Borer
NSIC 2011
Rc244H
NSIC 2011
Rc246H
11 Rc248H
NSIC 2011
Rc250H
NSIC 2011
Rc252H
NSIC 2011
Rc254H
NSIC 2011
Rc256H
NSIC 2011
Rc258H
NSIC 2011
Rc260H
NSIC 2011
Rc262H
NSIC 2011
Rc264H
NSIC 2011
Rc266H
NSIC 2011
Rc268H
11.2
110
104
7.2
11.4
106
103
7.1
10.3
108
112
6.5
8.9
109
109
MR
6.8
9.8
108
105
6.1
10.2
117
118
6.3
9.9
109
104
MS
MS
6.7
9.8
106
103
6.5
10
109
107
6.4
10.4
114
113
MR
6.3
10.9
118
115
MS
6.3
10.2
110
111
MS
6.5
12.7
115
113
MS
Rainfed Varieties
Variety
RC100
PSB RC102
PSB RC12
PSB RC14
PSB RC36
PSB RC38
PSB RC40
PSB RC98
Agronomic Characteristics
Ave.
Max
Maturity
Yield
Yield
Height
days
(Tons)
(Tons)
4.1
2.3
3.5
3.6
3.1
3.2
3.1
2.6
4.1
4.4
6
6.1
5.3
5
4.9
4.5
118
117
109
110
127
127
130
116
111
101
89
92
121
119
126
98
BLB
Tungro
BPH
GLH
Borer
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S
S
S
S
MS
MS
MS
I/S
I
I
I
I
S
S
S
R
S
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
I
MS
S
MS
I
MS
I
Source:www.philrice.gov.ph
Legend:
I - Insusceptible
S-Susceptible
R-Resistant
MS-Moderately Susceptible
132
100%
x rate of seeding
% germination
6.
Seed bulk
Germination
Seeding rate
=
=
=
60 kg
78%
50 kg
How much adjusted amount of seeds will you sow per hectare
using the given bulk, germination percentage and seeding
rate. Substitute the values:
Adjusted amount of seeds =
100
78
X 50 kg
= 1.28 x 50 kg.
= 64.10 kg/ha.
To ensure high crop yield and good quality, viable seeds should be
selected. Desirable characteristics such as early maturing, resistance to
lodging and nitrogen responsiveness are not the only factors to consider
when buying rice seeds. Other factors such as purity, physical composition,
moisture content, and capacity of the seed to germinate should be included.
Seed viability is a characteristic of rice essential to profitable rice
production because good quality seeds bring about a maximum yield with
minimum expenditure of time, money and effort.
Seed viability test should be done before the seed is sown in seed beds
or directly seeding in paddies following the rag doll or seed box methods.
Process
Activity #1
1. Prepare the following and perform the rag doll method of testing the
viability of seeds.
a. 20.32cm X 30.48cm rag
b. handful of rice seeds
c. 25.4cm stick
d. water
2. After 5 days, open your rag doll and determine the viability percentage
of germination of your tested seeds. Write the result in your activity
notebook.
135
Reflect
and
Activity#2
Organize a simple symposium in the class and invite two farmers to
share their farming experiences. Select one farmer using seeds sourced from
his neighbor, sowing same seeds without testing the viability; the other
using seeds acquired from a certified seed grower which is tested before
sowing. Draw some conclusions from the shared experiences of the farmers.
Deepen knowledge by having an intellectual discussion with the farm
technician assigned in the locality.
Transfer
Activity#3
Tie-up with the technician of the Department of Agriculture and a
cooperating farmer. Identify a certain farm lot along the road to be used as
demonstration farm for seed growing venture. Students will act as junior
technicians working and learning jointly with the farmers.
Post-assessment
136
A.
4. A seed germination test showed that of the 120 seeds used in the
test, 98 germinated. The percentage germination of the seed is
a. 68.71%
c. 81.67%
b. 76.18%
d. 87.76%
5. Which of the following is not a variety of rice?
a. NSIC RC10
c. TSG
B. BPI RI10
d. IR 36
B.
RESOURCES
1. Seeds
2. Piece of cloth
3. Container on which to soak the seeds
Glossary of Terms
138
QUARTER III
LESSON V
SEEDLING MANAGEMENT
139
140
What
is
this
lesson
141
prepare seed bed, sow seeds and care for rice seedlings;
sow seeds in wet and dry seed bed;
practice proper care and management of rice seedlings; and
internalize the relevance of proper seedbed preparation, sowing and
care of seedlings.
5.
Know
6.
1. Select a site far from the residential area and away from wandering
chicken. If not, protect the area against stray animals with a nylon net
or chicken wire.
2. The site must have undergone soil analysis to be able to correct soil
deficiency and to ensure healthy seed growth.
3. Make sure it is far from fields infected with tungro, grassy stunt, and
other diseases. It should not be lighted at night to avoid attracting
adult stem borers, brown plant hoppers, and green leaf hoppers.
4. Monitor fields nearby to detect the presence of virus-infected plants
particularly from ratoon of previous crop.
5. Protect against insect vectors. If there is an abnormally high
incidence of virus infestation in the area, look for better site.
b.
c.
d.
e.
This will allow the weed seeds to be carried out thus leaving
lesser weeds to grow in the seedbed.
Use mud around to raise the seedbed to about 4-5 cm.
higher than the original soil level. Level the bed and slightly
incline to the side using a wooden plank. This will facilitate
irrigation and drainage, and to ensure uniform growth of the
seedlings.
Incorporate carbonized rice hull or organic materials on bed
for easier pulling of seedlings later.
Use a plot of about 400-500 sq. meters to sow 44 kg. of
inbred seeds and 20 kg. for hybrid seeds (adjust seed bulk
based on actual % of germination) for a one-hectare field .
For seedbeds with poor soil, apply 60-100 grams of nitrogen
fertilizer before sowing. Then sow seeds uniformly.
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
144
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Dapog Method
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
THINGS TO REMEMBER
Process
Activity#1
147
area.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Form a
group
to perform
Assign an observer group to fill up the rubric for scoring on the table
below to determine how good the work group manage their activity, and
vice-versa.
A. Seedbed preparation
Activities
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rating
3
Rating
3
B. Care of seedlings
Activities
1
1. Visited the seedbed at least once
2. Sprayed insecticides when there was
occurrence of insect pests
3. Collected golden apple snail (GAS)
eggs
4. Removed weeds
5. Applied irrigation water at
recommended depth
Legend:
1 = 75-79%
2 = 80-85%
3 = 86-90% 4 = 91-95%
148
5 = 96-100%
Reflect
and
Activity#2
Present and discuss to the class the findings of the observers group
performed in the activity above. Prepare a plan of action on how to improve
ones performance in doing the same task.
Transfer
Activity #3
Using the experiences gained from the above activities, and enriched
by extensive readings on the topic, present to the class a discussion paper
on the best method of raising seedlings for rice production both in irrigated
and rainfed field conditions.
Post-assessment
Direction: Choose the correct answer and write the letter on your quiz
notebook.
149
1. The ideal size intended for raising seedlings using seedbed method is
_______________:
a.1-1.5 m wide with any convenient length.
b. 1-1.5 m wide x 10 m.
c. 4m x 2m only.
d. 5m x 5m.
2. The recommended soaking time for rice seeds before sowing the
seedbed is________________:
a. 20-22 hours.
c. 28-30 hours.
b. 24 hours.
d. 36-48 hours.
3. How many hours of soaking will it take to incubate seeds before
sowing in the seedbed?
a. 36 to 48
c. 46 to 50
b. 40 to 48
d. 48 to 72
4. Five days after sowing, the seedbed is irrigated for two days at a
depth of
a. 1-2 centimeter.
c. 3-4 centimeters.
b. 2-3 centimeters.
d. 4-5 centimeters.
5. Rudy wanted to produce healthy seedlings in his rice farm How
many times in a week should he visit the young plants?
a. Only once
c. 3 times
b. Twice
d. 4 times
6. Which among the following methods of raising rice seedlings is more
economical?
a. Dapog
c. Seed bed
b. Dry bed
d. Seed box
150
Glossary of Terms
152
LESSON VI
PULLING AND TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS/DIRECT SEEDING
153
154
What
is
this
lesson
155
Just like any other crop, raising rice seedlings needs extra care during
planting and transplanting. This lesson discusses the steps in pulling
seedlings, the system of transplanting, and direct seeding. You will these
within twelve days.
Know
156
Random transplanting
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M. Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
159
160
A mechanical seeder
Photo Courtesy of Dr. Pedrito S. Nitural, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
161
Process
Activity #1
1. Divide the class into two groups. The first group will pull seedlings
while the second group will transplant seedlings.
2. Demonstrate direct seeding by broadcast system.
The teacher will fill up the rubrics based on student performance in the
activities to find out their learned skills.
Activities
Name of students
Hold seedlings
close to
ground
Pull seedling
gently
1.
2.
3.
162
Clean and
bundle
seedlings
Follow proper
distance and
rate of
planting
Legend:
1 = 75-79%
2 = 80-85%
3 = 86-90%
4 = 91-95%
5 = 96-100%
Reflect
and
Activity#2
Watch a video presentation of new technologies in transplanting rice
seedling like the use of a transplanting machine. Brainstorm on the
advantages and disadvantages of mechanical seeder over the manual
transplanting method. Emphasize on the positive impact of farm
mechanization in boosting production.
Transfer
Activity#3
Organize a small farmer learning cell and act as an agent of change in
the community. Demonstrate the use of transplanter and seeder
technologies in the locality. Each student should have at least five farmerlearners/cooperators.
Post-assessment
163
A. Answer the following test items. Write the letter of your choice in your
quiz notebook.
1. The random system of transplanting
a. provides enough space for growing plant.
b. makes weeding using rotary weeder difficult.
c. makes hand pulling of weeds difficult.
d. causes overcrowding of plants.
2. What is the average number of transplanted seedlings per hill?
a. 2-3 seedlings
b. 3-4 seedlings
c. 4-5 seedlings
d. 6-7 seedlings
3. What
rice?
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. What is the average rate of transplanting for hybrid seedlings per hill?
a. 1 2
c. 4 - 7
b. 3 6
d. 7 - 10
5. When is the right time to replant missing hills after transplanting?
a. 3 5 days after planting
b. 5 - 7 days after planting
c. 7 9 days after planting
d. 10 12 days after planting
B. Answer the following:
164
1.
2.
transplanting?
RESOURCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
references
seedlings raised in seed bed
pre-germinated seeds
string (planting guide)
dibbler
Glossary of Terms
166
LESSON VII
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
167
168
What
is
this
lesson
This lesson will equip you with the knowledge on the macro and
micro elements of the soil and their functions, the kinds of fertilizer
materials, and amount of fertilizer to apply, methods of applying fertilizer,
and the time to apply it. You will learn these within thirteen days.
Know
Proper application of fertilizer will give you more returns from your rice
crop at less cost. For maximum returns, fertilizer should be applied at the
right amount, place, and at the time the crop needs it. Indiscriminate
application of fertilizer will result in plant over growth which will make the
plant susceptible to pests and diseases causing it to be less productive.
The result of the soil analysis explained and discussed in Lesson 2
should be the basis in determining the right amount of fertilizer to be
169
applied.
The assigned Municipal Agricultural Officer in your locality could be
tapped to provide assistance in case the soil intended for rice production
has not been analyzed.
In the absence of soil analysis, refer to any available Fertilizer
Recommendation Maps in your locality. Follow the average general
recommendation and time of application.
The Macro and Micro Elements of the Soil and their Functions
Sources of Nitrogen
1. Ammonium sulfate (21 0 0)
2. Ammonium phosphate (16 20 0)
3. Urea (46 0 0)
4. Organic fertilizer
5. Liquid fertilizer
170
Phosphorous (P)
Functions:
1. Encourages root growth
2. Hastens maturity of the plant
3. Helps in the production of seeds
Deficiency symptoms:
Not enough tillers per hill
Sources:
1. Superphosphate (0-20-0)
2. Ammonium phosphate(16-20-0)
3. Triphosphate(0-45-0)
4. Complete fertilizer (14-14-14)
5. Liquid fertilizer
6. Organic fertilizer
Potassium (K)
Functions:
1. Increases the vigor of the plant.
2. Plant becomes more resistant to disease.
3. Stalks become stronger.
4. Grains become bigger and plump.
Deficiency symptoms:
Plant growth, root development, and seed development are
usually reduced.
Sources:
1.Muriate of potash (0-0-60)
2.Complete fertilizer (14 14 14)
Proper Storing of Fertilizers
Although fertilizers are not highly poisonous chemicals, always
keep them out of reach of children and away from the supply of foods.
Store fertilizers in a dry and cool place. They should be protected from
moist and rain. Do not allow the fertilizer bags to touch the cement
floors to prevent caking due to accumulation of moisture.
171
Kinds of Fertilizer
Type
Moisture%
Composition %
N
Ca
Mg
Fresh
79.9
2.06
0.66
0.77
0.70
0.16
Decomposed
71.4
2.41
0.75
0.88
0.88
0.12
Fresh
71.0
1.22
0.85
0.79
0.15
0.09
Decomposed
67.8
1.09
0.82
0.70
0.19
Fresh
73.8
2.76
2.64
1.47
1.26
0.09
Decomposed
70.5
2.11
2.41
0.97
0.35
0.04
Fresh
82.2
3.17
3.25
2.35
0.52
0.25
Decomposed
44.6
3.17
3.29
2.41
0.65
0.37
172
b. Green manures are green growing plants that are plowed under.
Leguminous plants are mainly used for this purpose due to
their capacity to produce nutrients in their root nodules. Upon
decomposition, nutrients become available to new crops grown
in the area. Green manure supplies the crop its needed
nutrients like nitrogen and others.
c. Compost is an organic material consisting of very fine,
thoroughly decomposed mixture of manure, plant parts, and
other organic matter. It contains mineral elements needed for
plant growth. It is prepared by piling up animal manure, soil,
crop residues, lime or wood ashes. It could also be produced
through vermi-composting using African night crawlers (ANC)
worms which produce cast which is a very good source of
organic material.
2. Inorganic Fertilizer. These are the commercial fertilizers. They
are concentrated form of plant food which maybe complete or
incomplete. A complete fertilizer contains all the three macro
elements (NPK). An incomplete fertilizer contains only one or two of
these elements N, P or K.
Inorganic fertilizers are classified according to the number of
fertilizer elements present.
a. Single element fertilizers. These contain only one
element. Examples:
Ammonium sulphate(21-0-0)
Urea (46-0-0)
Ordinary superphosphate (20-0-0)
Muriate of potash (0-0-60)
b. Incomplete fertilizers. These fertilizers contain only
two fertilizer elements. Examples:
Mono-ammonium phosphate (21-53-0)(18-46-0)
and (16-20-0) (11-18-0)
c. Complete Fertilizers. These contain all three major
elements, N,P,K in percentages indicated respectively by
the three numerals .Examples:
12-12-12, 14-14-14, 12-24-12, 10-25-25, 5-10-16
173
are
P
and
deficient
Irrigated
First application:
not
3-3.5 bags 14-14-1412S
For fine-textured soil:
First application:
3-3.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
0.5 bag 16-20-0 + 0.5
bag 0-0-60
Rain fed
First application:
4-4.5 bags 14-14-1412S
For fine-textured soil:
First application:
4-4.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
1 bag 16-20-0 + 1
bag 0-0-60
For medium-textured
soil:
First application:
4.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
1 bag 16-20-0
At EPI:
0.5 bag 0-0-60
First application:
3-3.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
0.5 16-20-0
For fine-textured soil:
First application:
3-3.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
At EPI:
1 bag 0-0-60
First application:
4-4.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
1 bag 16-20-0
For fine-textured soil:
First application:
4-4.5 bags 14-14-1412S +
Only P is deficient
Only K is deficient
174
1 bag 0-0-60
For medium-textured
soil:
First application:
4.5 bags 14-14-1412S + 0.5 bag 0-0-60
At EPI:
1 bag 0-0-60
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Roger C. Nazareno, Farmer, San Pedro Apartado Multi-Purpose Cooperative, Pangasinan
Crop
Fertilizer
Time of application
Interval
day
Rate
Tbs/16 l
10 14
4- 6
4 x / 15 days
interval
6-8
RICE
Foliar Plus
15 15 30 + ME
MATURITY
Irrigated
VEM (100 105)
IR -56, IR-58
IR 36, IR 60,
BPI R; 10
UPL R, -4
MM (115 130)
IR 42, IR 64
BPI R; 4,
IR 46, IR 52
RAINFED
MM (120 130)
C 22
Wagwag
TRANSPLANTED
18 21 days
Panicle initiation (DAYS)
TRANSPLANTED
25 28 days
48 56
58 66
48 -56
58 -66
48 56
75 - 80
potassium (K2O) per hectare. Another way is by bags of the fertilizer material
per hectare. For farmers it is advisable to use the latter but for extension
men, the former is used to facilitate communication.
The amount of fertilizer to be applied per hectare to supply a certain
amount of plant nutrient depends on the recommended rate and
composition of the fertilizer material to be used.
Recommended rate
x 100
Formula # 2
Number of fertilizer bags = Weight of nutrient
Weight of nutrient per bag
177
x 100
217.39 kg
50 kg/bag
= 4.35 or 4.4 bags
Therefore, approximately 4.4 bags of urea per hectare are
needed to supply the fertilizer recommended rate of 100-0-0.
Example # 2
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for phosphorous 0-70-0. The recommendations
could be supplied with super phosphate (0 20 -0 ):
= 70 kg x 100
20
= 70 kg or 3.5 x 100
.20
= 350 kg
Step 2. Convert the computed weight of fertilizer material into number
of bags by dividing it with 50 kg which is the commercial weight per
bag of the fertilizer material.
= 350 kg
50 kg/bag
178
= 7 bags
Therefore, a total of 7 bags per hectare are needed to supply the
fertilizer recommended rate of 0-70-0.
Example # 3
Step 1. Determine the amount of fertilizer to use to meet the
recommended rate for potassium 0-0-40. The recommendations could
be supplied with muriate of potash (0- 0-60 ):
= 40 kg x 100
60
= 40 kg or 0.6666 x 100
.60
= 66.67 kg
Step 2. Convert the computed weight of fertilizer material into number
of bags by dividing it with 50 kg which is the commercial weight per
bag of the fertilizer material.
=
66.67 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.33bags
Therefore, approximately 1.33 bags per hectare are needed to
supply the fertilizer recommended rate of 0-0-60.
Example # 4
The fertilizer recommendation for a given area is 8050-0 per hectare.
Compute the kind and amount of fertilizer needed to meet the requirement.
Step 1. Determine the fertilizer to be used. The recommendation could
be supplied by:
ammonium phosphate (1620-0) and urea (4600) or
ammonium sulfate (21-00) or urea (4600) and ordinary
phosphate (0160) or superphosphate (0200).
179
Step 2. If you use two single element fertilizers follow the same
sequence as example 1. If ammonium phosphate is to be used (16200) or superphosphate (0-20-0)
Step 3. Determine the weight of the fertilizer with the formula:
x 100
= 50 kg x 100
20
= 30 kg
.20
= 250 kg
Step 4. Change into number of bags by dividing with 50 kg/bag.
= 250 kg
50 kg/ha
= 5 bags
Step 5. Find the nutrient weight of nitrogen. Since 16200 has 16%
nitrogen and 20% phosphorus 250 kilograms 16200 contains 25 kg
N and 30 kg phosphorus.
Therefore, 250 kg of 16200 will supply 40500 nutrient
weight.
Step 6. Subtract the nutrient
recommendation rate.
80 50 0
- 40 50 0
40 0 0
weight
in
step
from
the
= 40 kg x 100
46
= 36 kg
.46
= 86.96 kg
Step 8. Change the number of kilograms into bags per hectare.
=
86.96 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
Finally, 5 bags of ammonium phosphate and 1.74 bags of urea
are needed to satisfy the recommendation.
Example # 5.
Suppose the fertilizer recommendation is 1006060 per hectare. In
this case, you may use complete fertilizer 141414 and urea (4600) to
come up with the recommendation.
Step 1. Compute for the smaller content first which is 60 to determine
the amount of complete fertilizer needed to supply the requirement .
Weight of fertilizer material= Recommended rate
x 100
= 60 kg x 100
14
= 60 kg
0.14
= 428.6 kg
Step 2. Convert the weight of fertilizer material into number of bags by
dividing the weight of fertilizer material per hectare by 50 kg.
=
428.6 kg
50 kg/ha
= 8.6 bags
181
86.96.2 kg
50 kg/bag
= 1.74 bags
So you need 8.6 bags of 141414 and 1.7 bags of urea to
supply the fertilizer recommendation per hectare.
LET US REMEMBER
x 100
Formula # 2
Number of fertilizer bags = Weight of nutrient
Weight of nutrient per bag
Process
Activity#1
Solve these problems.
1. The fertilizer recommendation for rice crop planted in clay loam soil
type is (45 0 0). Determine the amount of fertilizer needed to
supply the recommended rate if you use ammonium sulfate (21-0-0)
and urea (46-0-0) to supply the nitrogen.
2. The fertilizer recommendation for clay soil is 40 20 0. Determine
the kind and amount of fertilizer needed to supply the recommended
rate using ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) as the source of (N)and
ordinary superphosphate (0-20-0) as the source of P2O5.
Reflect
and
Activity#2
183
Transfer
Activity#3
Conduct some field research on the possible combinations of different
kinds and amount of fertilizers to come up with the best yield result.
Course the recommendations to the farmer cooperators/learners for field
trials to validate research results.
Post-assessment
RESOURCES
Reference
Fertilizer samples
a. Organic
b. Inorganic
Glossary of Terms
186
LESSON VIII
WATER MANAGEMENT
187
188
What
is
this
lesson
Know
189
191
192
Irrigating the field using water pump , at the panicle initiation stage of rice where water
supply is very important.
193
The six stages of rice growth when the rice field has to be drained:
1. during transplanting
2. early stage of growth
3. weeding
4. fertilizer application
5. maximum tillering stage
6. two weeks before harvesting
194
Stop irrigation one week before harvesting for medium textured soil
and 2 weeks before harvesting for fine textured soil.
This ensures sufficient moisture to complete grain filling and
facilitates harvest operations. This also helps ensure better
grain appearance, i.e., grains will not be splashed with mud
and water.
Process
Activity#1
Make a powerpoint presentation on effective and efficient water
management on rice production. Encourage fellow students interactions to
broaden your knowledge.
195
Reflect
and
Activity#2
Access the website of the different agencies and companies engaged in
rice research. Study and compare their water management technologies.
Select one which you believe is best suited to the community and present it
in class.
Transfer
Activity#3
As an offshoot of your research papers that you had presented in the
class, demonstrate the technology selected in the assigned area in the
school farm. Encourage your farmer-cooperators/learners to explore the fun
of cooperative work and learn with you.
Post-assessment
Answer the following questions. Write your answer on your quiz notebook.
196
Glossary of Terms
197
198
QUARTER IV
LESSON IX
PEST MANAGEMENT
199
200
What
is
this
lesson
201
Know
The rice field is a complete battleground for existence, where our human
interest clashes with many organisms. While we are doing our best to
produce the highest possible yield to ensure food sufficiency, pests such as
rodents, birds, insects eat their way for their survival too. The bacteria and
fungi invade plant tissues and the weeds compete with the plants for food.
202
Mother nature is sometimes cruel that plants wither during drought and
submerge them when flood comes. It takes a lot of challenges to produce
enough food for the ballooning population. With enough knowledge and
skills in pest management, we could limit their effects and continue to
increase production to help contribute to sustainable development through
sustained rice production.
In the past, farmers immediately apply toxic chemicals upon detection
of some pests in the rice field. It is their most convenient way of controlling
them. But, due to increased awareness and understanding of the ill effects
of these chemicals in our environment,friendly technologies have been
developed to reduce significantly the destructive pests through integrated
pest management. It is a combination of effective cultural, biological,
chemical, genetic, and physical cropping practices.
Both approaches, the chemical and IPM should be both used with
responsible discretion of the farmers to boost production and at the same
time protect our mother earth for a sustainable livable environment.
205
Monochoria vaginalis
In all cases, all kinds of weeds must be controlled before they could
compete with the plants. It is therefore more economical to make use of the
cultural and biological methods before resorting to chemicals.
A. Physical/mechanical method. Weeds can be controlled by means of:
1. hand pulling or hand weeding
2. use of mechanical weeders or rotary weeder possible when
transplanted, using the straight row planting and mechanical
seeder in direct row planting
3. efficient use of irrigation water which prevents the emergence of
all kinds of weeds
B. Cultural method. This involves good land preparation and flooding
during land preparation to remove weed seeds, closer crop spacing,
and use of varieties that are taller and will produce more tillers early
in the season.
C. Chemical Control. Herbicides may be used to kill weeds or suppress
their growth.
Chemical control is cheaper than hand weeding and can be
used in all rice environments. However, the continued use of the same
herbicides leads to build-up of perennial weeds which are difficult to
control with herbicide. This can be prevented by hand or mechanical
weeding periodically. Herbicides are applied either pre-emergence
(before weeds germinate) or post-emergence (after weeds have
germinated) in granular or sprayable form.
Pre-emergence application of granular or sprayable herbicides
controls most annual weeds. This is applied 3-5 DAT in a water depth
of 3-5 centimeters.
Post-emergence herbicides control annual broadleaf weeds and
sedges. This is applied 20-25 DAT. Drain water from the paddy before
spraying. Reflood the paddy the following day to a depth of 5-7 cm. to
206
207
Knapsack sprayer
outside the feeding stalk and lasts for 7-10 days. Egg to adult stages
normally extends 26-28 days. Infestation generally occurs from
seedling to maximum tillering stage.
2. Rice caseworm (Nymphula depuntalis) Local name: kutalo (Iloc.).
The adult moth is white with wings that are marked with a few
light brown to black specks and 2 - 3 dull brownish yellow bands
located below the margin (Figure 27). Eggs are laid in 1 or 2 adjacent
rows in the lower surface of the leaves or on the leaf sheath near the
water surface. After 2-4 days, eggs hatch into pale cream minute
larvae.
The caseworm derives its name from the larvas habit of
wrapping itself in a section of a leaf and attaching itself to the rice
plant. It feeds on the upper portion of the leaf. The larva undergoes
five instars. It changes its leafcase after each morning.
210
Heart
by Stem
Photo
Courtesy
of Mr. Efrelito
M.
Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
211
212
213
b. Rice caseworm
(Nymphaula
depuntalis)
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
c. Armyworm
(Pseudoletia
unipuncta)
a.
d. Cutworm
(Spodoptera
litura)
e. Rice stemborers
a. Yellow
stemborer
(Tryporyza
inertulas)
b. Striped
stemborer
(Chilo
suppressalis)
f.
b.
214
g. Green
leafhopper
(Nephotetix spp)
h. Brown planthopper
(Nilaparvata
lugens)
i.
Rice bug
(Leptocorisa
oratorius)
215
216
Stemborer
Leaffolder
Caseworm
After panicle Brown planthopper
initiation
Green leafhopper
Other Pests
Rat Control
Rats have been a persistent problem of rice growers, especially in
areas near forests and uncultivated lands. They cause estimated yields
217
losses ranging from 5-60%. Rats attack at all stages of rice growth but reach
their peak during the maturity stage. Damage is greater during wet season.
To control rats effectively, keep the rice fields clean and employ sustained
baiting only when necessary. Make use of available rodenticides in the
agricultural supply and always follow the manufacturers instruction in its
label.
218
Symptoms
a. Slight stunting of plant growth
and reduced tillering occurs.
b. Yellowing from the tips of leaves.
c. Mottling of the infected leaves
with pale green to whitish
interveinal spots.
d. Panicles are half-exerted or
choked neck.
e. Grains are usually covered with
dark brown blotches.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Yellow dwarf
(Virus)
3. Grassy stunt
(Virus)
219
1.
2.
4. Bacterial leaf
blight
(Xanthomonas
campestris)
5. Bacterial leaf
streak
(Xanthomonas
campestris pv.
Oryzicola)
6. Rice blast
(Pyricularia
oryzae)
7. Cercospora
leafspot or
narrow brown
spot
(Sphaerulina
oryzina Hara)
220
8. Brown spot or
Helmin
thosporium
(Helmin
thosporium
oryzae)
9. Stem rot
(Helmin
thosporium
sigmoideum)
221
Viral Diseases
222
Bacterial Diseases
1. Bacterial leaf blight. (Xanthomonas campestris). It is widespread in
the country especially in areas with high rainfall and humidity.
Infection starts at the tip of leaf margins and may cover the entire leaf
blade. The bacterium enters the leaf through cuts or wounds and on
the natural openings of the leaf. The systematic form of the disease
223
Fungal Diseases
1. Rice blast. (Pyricularia oryzae). This is the most common disease of
rice infecting plants at any stage of growth. Symptoms are most
conspicuous on the leaves (leaf blast), nodes (nodal blast) and parts of
the panicles (neck rot), and grain. The neck of the panicles becomes
most vulnerable to attack during early emergence of the panicle.
Lesions form at the neck causing the panicles to fall over.
The disease development and severity is aggravated by high
amount of quick acting fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, cloudy
skies with frequent rains and drizzle, and a relative humidity of 90%
224
226
Process
228
Activity #1
Proceed to the field to remove weeds in a specific area in the farm
using the appropriate method. Collect samples of weeds to be described in
class how they affect the plants and how to control them.
Activity #2
1. Prepare a gallon of water, mixed with the recommended dosage based
on the manufacturers recommendations and demonstrate proper
spraying. Students performance will be evaluated using the rating
scale below.
Activities
5
Rating
3
2 = 80-85%
3 = 86-90%
4 = 91-95%
5 = 96-100%
1. Collect specimen of insects in the field and name them based on the
description mentioned in this module.
Reflect
and
Activity #3
229
Transfer
Activity #4
Using your formulated local insect control mixture, validate its efficiency
through a field research demonstration farm in the school . Involve your
farmer-cooperator in the learning activity.
Post-assessment-1
230
A. Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer. Write only the letter of
the correct answer on your quiz notebook
1. Weed growth in the rice field cannot be controlled by
a.
herbicides.
b.
insecticides.
c.
flooding.
d.
hand-weeding.
2. Weeds, if not controlled, can reduce the rice production to as
high as:
a.
10 - 30 percent.
b.
20 - 38 percent.
c.
24 - 48 percent.
d.
30 - 50 percent.
3. Echinochloa crusgali or bayakibok is a weed belonging to the
type called
a.
grasses.
b.
sedges.
c.
broadleaved weeds.
d.
narrow leaved weeds.
4. In irrigated fields, weeds can be controlled with less cost
through:
a.
flooding.
b.
herbicides.
c.
hand pulling.
d.
mechanical weeder.
5. When preparing liquid herbicides, remember to.
a.
pour herbicides before the water.
b.
pour herbicides and water at the same time.
c.
never pour herbicide ahead of water.
d.
pour water ahead of herbicide.
B. Briefly answer the following questions in your notebook.
1. Why do you measure the required amount of herbicide with
great care before mixing with water?
2. Why do you pour at least water in the container before
pouring in the herbicide?
3. How does water control the weeds in an irrigated field?
231
Post-assessment-
Answer the following questions to find out how much you have
learned. Write the answers on your notebook.
1. Which of the following methods is not appropriate to control golden
apple snail?
a. Cultural
b. Chemical
c. Biological
d. Use of resistant varieties.
2. Which of the following insect pests is considered as the most serious
rice pest because it attacks the plant from seedling stage to maturity?
a. Rice stemborer
b. Rice bugs
c. Planthoppers
d. Maggots
3. When handling and using insecticides always remember to
a. follow recommended dosage.
b. never wear face mask.
c. store pesticides and keep out of reach of children.
d. smoke while spraying insecticides.
4. What is the recommended dosage of most insecticides to be mixed up
into 16 liters of water?
a. 7-10 tbsp/16 liters water
b. 10-11 tbsp/16 liters water
c. 8-12 tbsp/16 liters water
d. 10-13 tbsp/16 liters water
5. Which of the following methods is done by promoting the existence of
natural enemies to control rice pest and diseases?
232
a.
b.
c.
d.
Biological
Cultural
Chemical
Physical
RESOURCES
Herbicide/Insecticides, sprayer, face mask, gloves.
Glossary of Terms
234
LESSON X
HARVESTING, THRESHING, DRYING, STORING, AND MILLING
OF RICE SEEDS
235
236
What
is
this
lesson
Know
237
Harvesting
Harvesting is the process of collecting the mature rice crop from the
field. It starts from cutting, stacking, handling, threshing, cleaning and
hauling. According to some experts great losses in rice production happen
during harvesting and other post harvest activities. Our definite goal then is
to maximize our yield and minimize grain losses.
Like other cultural management of rice, correct timing of harvesting
is crucial in order to have a good quality of harvest and to prevent crop
losses. Grain losses may occur from the damage caused by rats, birds, and
crop lodging and shattering during windy days. Proper timing of harvesting
ensures good grain quality and high market value. Too early harvesting will
result in higher percentage of unfilled or immature grains which will result
in higher grain breakage and lower milling recovery. Too late harvesting will
lead to excessive grain shattering losses and increased breakage of rice.
Timing of harvesting also affects drying, storing, and even the germination
potential of rice seeds.
We can determine the best time to harvest based on the maturity date
of a given variety or by examining the panicle if all the grains are ripened.
Rice should be harvested when 80-85 percent of the grains turned yellow.
238
The grain moisture content ideally is between 20-25% MC. If the crop is too
dry, when these are rewetted, they break when milled resulting in low
quality and low milling recovery. The table below shows the different rice
varieties and their maturity date after planting.
Table of different rice varieties and their maturity period
Variety
Maturity date
Variety
Maturity date
IR 36
110
IR 66
108
IR 42
135
BPIRi10
108
IR 64
113
PSBRc10
106
PSBRc
123
PSBRc 34
124
PSBRc 18
123 -130
PSBRc 28
111-118
PSBRc 82
110-117
NSICRc 112
111-118
NSICRc 122
121-128
PSBRc 84
111
PSBRc 78
111
PSBRc 80
112
PSBRc 88
116
Mestizo
107
In dry season harvest, an optimum time of harvest 28 - 35 days after
heading gives best grain germination and head rice. In wet season harvest,
optimum time is 32 - 38 days after heading.
Methods of Harvesting Rice
1. Manual is the method of harvesting rice with the use of sickle and
scythe.
2. Mechanical is the method of harvesting rice with the use of a reaper
or combine harvesters.
Whatever method is used in harvesting always take note of the following:
Harvest at the right time and moisture content (20-25% MC). Too
early harvesting results in difficulty in separating grains from the
panicle and immature grains from the head will be ground during
milling.
Avoid delays in threshing after harvesting, within an overnight that
the harvested rice is stacked specially if it is wet, the grain quality is
affected.
239
Use the proper machine in threshing. There are some machines that
allow lots of grain to go with the hay during threshing.
Clean the grain properly after threshing.
240
Advantages
Disadvantages
Efficient
High labor cost, skill
Most effective in
dependent
Susceptible to grain
lodged crop
Less weather
damage
Winnowing/cleaning
dependent
necessary
3.
Standard Harvests,
High output,
Higher cost
combine harvest
threshes,
timelines
Less effective in partially
and cleans
attained
lodged crop
crop
Produces clean
mechanically
grain
Transport
Spread straw
harvested
back in the
grains in
field, which
convenient
will ensure a
area.
good source of
organic
material to the
farm.
Note: Avoid burning of rice material wastes such as the hays, hulls, and
other materials. Farm wastes burning is regarded as one of the big
contributors to global warming.
241
Threshing
Given the high labor requirements of manual threshing, in many
countries, threshing of rice is now mechanized by use of small stationary
machine threshers. Stationary threshing is generally done in the field or
near or at the field side.
In many regions, machine threshers are owned by individuals who
offer custom operations to farmers. This requires that farmers schedule
harvesting dates depending on the availability of the thresher. Many
threshers are mounted on tractors to quickly move from field to field. Some
are still drawn by a carabao especially on muddy areas.
Guidelines for Threshing
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
is driven slowly around the stake to trample the grain off the straw.
The palay is raked occasionally until the grain is completely threshed,
and all the straw have been removed. Many of the grains may be
damaged due to the hard hooves and heavy weight of the carabao.
5. In flail treading, grain separation is done by beating the paddy with a
stick or hinged device called flail.
6. Another method is through the impact of rice heads beaten against a
solid object (hampasan method). A simple way to do this is to beat the
rice panicles with a stick. The method can thresh 20-60 kg of palay
per person per hour.
7. One low-cost mechanical thresher you can use is the pedal-powered
model. It has a low initial cost and one worker can thresh about 1-2
cavans per hour with this model.
8. Another low-cost model is the throw-in axial flow thresher. This is
portable, weighs about 100 kg and requires a 5-7 horsepower engine.
It has a higher output of up to 600 kg/hour.
9. The most commonly used mechanical thresher are lightweight which
could be drawn by a carabao or a tractor in a muddy field powered by
a diesel engine and could finish threshing harvest of 2 hectare in
one day, if it is dry, and 1 hectare if wet. Be sure to lay plastic sheet
in the area to minimize grain losses.
10.Using the combine harvester, it could finish harvesting and at the
same time threshing with a minimum of 3 hectares per day.
Grain Cleaning is the removal of unwanted materials from the grain such
as straws, chaffs, unfilled grains, weed seeds, soil, rubbish, and other
impurities.
1. Clean the grains immediately after threshing. Cleaning is an essential
post-harvest operation since it affects storability and milling quality of
grains. Uncleaned grains are prone to deterioration during storage.
2. In some mechanical threshers cleaning is carried out simultaneously
with threshing. However, in manual or animal treading, further
cleaning is necessary because the grain is mixed with straw, chaff,
dirt, stones, and other impurities.
3. The most common method of cleaning rice grains in the Philippines is
the use of winnowing basket (or Bilao). Winnowing sieves called
bithay, made either of wire mesh or bamboo slats are also used for
cleaning.
4. Another method is the use of hand operated winnower or hunkoy. This
gadget consists of a paddle-type fan mounted on a wooden frame to
direct air blasts against the grain or foreign matter that falls from the
hopper.
244
Methods of Cleaning
1. Winnowing. Lighter materials such as unfilled grains, chaffs, weed
seeds, and straw can be removed from the grain by using a blower, air
fan, or by wind. Recover only the heavier grains.
245
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
Drying
In tropical country like ours grain drying is not so much a problem.
But in the advent of climate change, extreme weather conditions often
prevail. Stormy weather prevails even during harvest season. This situation
threatens the vulnerability of rice production. A lot of harvest immediately
could turn into a lower quality. After harvest when the grain is re-wet high
temperature occurs and excessive grain moisture content causes
deterioration of rice grain . To ensure quality grains and to prevent spoilage,
clean and properly dry the harvested and threshed grains immediately. The
approximate moisture content of the crop at harvest time is 20-25%. The
right moisture content (MC) for storage is 14 percent.
Importance of Drying Rice Grains
1.
2.
3.
4.
246
Methods of drying
1. Solar or sun-drying. Traditionally, this method has been used by the
farmer using nylon net and plastic sheets to sundry the grains. It is
the basis of majority of farmers then to schedule their harvest due to
scarcity of drying materials. With the fast construction of concrete
solar driers and concreting of farm to market roads, sun drying is now
a minimal problem. In solar drying, spread the cleaned grains in a
layer 2-4 cm thin on various surfaces such as fish nets, canvases,
threshing floors or on pavement. Stir the grains regularly (30 min.
interval) to allow uniform drying. Dry grains under the sun for 1-2
days frequently turning over the grains for uniform drying.
Traditionally, farmers determine the right moisture content by biting
the grain if it is brittle. This method usually results in a lot of losses
because grains were pulverized and thrown away when vehicles pass.
2.
Sundrying of grains along the concrete farm to market road and using net.
Photo Courtesy of Mr. Efrelito Jay M.Guittap, Faculty, College of Agriculture, CLSU
247
9. Avoid storing fertilizer and insecticides near the rice stock to ensure
safety and maintain market quality.
10. Make use of a bait for rodents if necessary.
Milling
It is one of the thriving rice related business. Rice milling is the
removal of hulls and bran from rice grains to produce polished or white rice
ready for human consumption. The rice bran is a very important ingredient
in feed formulation for animal production. The farmers utilize it as a direct
feed to their farm animals. The rice hull is being used as a good substitute
for firewood in cooking.
Depending upon the equipment used, milling operation involves
cleaning, hulling, grain separation, whitening or polishing, and to some
extent grading.
There are three types of milling in the country under the introduced
technology: the kiskisan, the cono and the combination of rubber-roll-huller
and horizontal whitener. Additional improvement with the machinery is the
attachment of stoner to remove small pebbles being mixed to the grains
during drying. Before, you need to transport your rice grains to the nearest
rice mill to avail its services. Now with the proliferation of the travelling rice
mill, they provide the services to the doorsteps of their customers.
To obtain high milling recovery, observe the following:
1. Clean and dry grains immediately after harvest. Allow to temper
overnight or longer before milling to minimize grain breakage.
249
13.
14.
15.
into
Combine Harvesting
1. Review the manuals that came with the harvester. Understand the
controls before operating.
2. Do the operational check-up before operating.
3. When operating around machinery, wear work clothes that fit and
have no loose ends.
4. Do not allow anyone to climb onto the machine while it is in motion.
5. Keep children at a safe distance from the machine.
6. Do not operate when very tired. Change operators during the day.
7. Always have a fire extinguisher at hand on engine-operated
equipment.
8. Ensure that the fuel system has no leaks.
9. While refueling, stop the engine and do not smoke.
IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER
Harvesting is the process of collecting mature rice crop from the field.
Threshing is the process of separating rice grain from the panicle.
The maturity indices of rice are: a) 80-85% of the grains are straw
colored b) grains have 20-25% moisture content of the grain c) based
on maturity date
Methods of harvesting are manual or mechanical.
The choice of selecting the method in threshing depends upon the
availability of labor, capital outlay of the farm, time of harvesting, field
layout, demand for quality, and demand for straw.
Observe the safety measures in harvesting, threshing, and milling.
Clean rice is easier to dry.
Clean rice when properly dried to improve the storability.
Clean and properly dried rice grains have higher market value.
Clean and properly dried rice grains obtain good milling quality.
251
Process
Activity #1
Prepare your materials, proceed to the farm, and identify which area
is ready for harvest. In your assigned area demonstrate how to properly
harvest using scythe and a reaper. Stack the harvested rice and
demonstrate threshing and drying.
Reflect
and
Activity #2
Based on your field experience, your understanding on the module
and enhanced by your extensive research on Harvesting and other postharvest activities, realign your understanding by preparing a power point
presentation on minimizing postharvest losses in rice production this will be
reported and discussed in the class for possible suggestions for refinement.
252
Transfer
Activity #3
Assume the personality and character of an expert agriculture
technician who has a strong advocacy on minimizing postharvest losses in
rice production to improve farmers income. Organize a farmers educational
forum in your locality and present in a convincing manner your
refined/improved presentation on minimizing postharvest loses.
Post-assessment
Answer the following questions. Write the letter of your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. Which of the following does not belong to the maturity indices of rice?
a. Based on maturity period.
b. Grains have 20-25% moisture content.
c. Grains are firm and brittle.
d. 80-85% of the grains are straw colored.
2. Which are the four basic operations in harvesting?
a. Cutting, handling, threshing, and cleaning
b. Cutting, stacking, drying, storing
c. Cutting, threshing, cleaning, storing
d. Stacking, threshing, cleaning, storing
3. What is the appropriate material needed for harvesting a ha. rice
field for proper timing?
a. Combine harvester
253
b. Header pick up
c. Stick
d. Scythe
4. What is the most effective method of harvesting and threshing lodged
rice crop?
a. Combined harvester
b. Manual harvesting and threshing
c. Manual harvesting and threshing by machine
d. Reaper and thresher
5. Choosing an appropriate system for threshing require the following
factors except
a. availability of labor.
b. demand for hay and straw.
c. field layout.
d. variety of rice.
6. Which of the following materials is not needed in cleaning and drying
rice grains?
a. Blower
b. Canvas and winnowing basket
c. Sickle and reaper
d. 1.5 mm fish net and stirrer
7. Which is the most widely used system of drying rice grain in the
Philippines?
a. Air drier
b. Mechanical dryer
c. Solar dryer
d. None of the above
8. What is the standard moisture content of rice to be stored?
a. 14%
c. 18-22%
b. 18%
d. 20-25%
9. Below are guides in storing except one. Which is it?
a. Observe good housekeeping before storing in bodega
b. Separate the old from new harvest when piling
c. Store fertilizer near pile of rice grain
254
Glossary of Terms
LESSON XI
RECORD KEEPING
256
257
What
is
this
lesson
258
Pre-assessment
Let us try to assess your readiness of the subject matter you are
about to read by taking the test below.
A. Direction: Choose the best answer and write the letter in your activity
notebook.
_____1. What record is kept by the farmer that shows the budget of
the project?
259
a. Cash
b. Production
c. Sales
d. Stock
_____2. What record tells the farmer how much she/he gained in the
venture?
a. Cash
b. Cost and profit
c. Sales
d. Stock
_____3. What can be found in the production record report?
a. Expenses paid
b. Profit earned
c. Miscellaneous expenses
d. Manpower needed
_____4. Which record shows the supplies and materials needed for
all activities in the farm?
a. Cash
b. Production
c. Sales
d. Stock
_____5. Which form shows the profit or return of investment in farm
projects?
a. Cash
b. Post and profit
c. Production
d. Stock
B. What is the importance of farm record keeping?
C. What are the different forms prepared in the farm?
260
Know
March
2,
2014
P8,000.00
0913412
No.
Sale of 10
cavans of
palay @
P800/cavan
261
P4,400.00
0112311
Payment
for 8
sacks of
14-14-14
fertilizers
@
P550/bag
(50k)
March
10,
2014
P12,000.00
Total
P20,000.00
0877611
Sale of 12
cavans of
milled rice
@
P1,000.00
at 50kg/
sack
P3,400.00
0887123
Payment
for 4 liters
of
pesticides
P7,800.00
2. Farm sales record. This is used to record all sales in rice production.
There are two kinds of farm sales record: general and the classified.
The general form has only one amount column where the value of
farm produce sold is recorded. The other columns are for the other pertinent
information such as date, unit, description, and unit value.
Date
Description
Quantity
Unit
Unit Value
Total Value
P
P
March 2
rice
50
cavans
P 800.00
P40,000.00
March 3
glutinous
5
cavans
1,000.00
5,000.00
The classified farm sales record contains special columns for the main
product of the farm stock record.
3. Stock record. This record shows the stock of supplies and materials
needed by the farm for all farming activities, especially in large-scale
production.
Aside from the date item columns, the stock record has three main
columns the received column, the issued column, and the balance column.
The received column has three sub columns: quantity, unit price, and the
total amount of the materials received. The issue column shows the quantity
used while the balance column shows the materials or supplies which are
unused. The stock record is useful in determining how much supplies and
materials are needed per cropping .
Here is an example of stock record.
Date
Item
Quantity
Unit Value
262
Total Value
Issued/Used
Balance
Quantity
Mar. 3
Mar. 8
Fertilizer
Herbicide
8 bags
2 bottles
P800/bag
P1,200/b
P6,400.00
P2,400.00
4
1
Unused
Quantity
4
1
Description of
the commodity
Pepper
Cost
Production
P3,500.00
Rice
of
Total Sales
Net Income
P10,500.00
Remaining
stock
500 grams
P5,000.00
P22,000.00
250 grams
P17,000.00
Beans
P2,000.00
P8,000.00
90 grams
P6,000.00
Total
P10,500.00
P40,500.00
P7,000.00
P30,000.00
From the sample above, it may be noted that the total annual income
of the farm for that year gained P30,000.00. However, the amount does not
include its remaining stocks.
3. Cost and Profit Analysis. This record tells the farmer how much
profit he/she will gain for the project undertaken. It contains a list of
all the farming activities that were done in a season and the expenses
incurred per farming activity. It also indicates the cost of supplies and
materials used for the cropping season. The cost and return analysis
helps the farmer get the total cost of production and estimate the net
return he/she will gain depending on the crop yield or the mode of
production.
The following table shows a sample cost and return analysis in rice
production for one-hectare lowland and irrigated rice.
263
Item
Labor Cost of
Man/Day (8
hrs) P
Labor Cost of
Man &
Animal /Day
(8hrs)
No. of Days
Req. at 8
hrs./day
Amount
1.Land Preparation
Seed and seedbed
preparation
Wetbed
Plowing
Harrowing and
Leveling
Repair and Dike
Cleaning
Sub total
2. Crop Management
Sowing and Care
of seedlings
Pulling and
bundling seedlings
Transplanting
Weeding (Manual)
Irrigation
Application of
herbicides
Application of
insecticides
Application
of
Fertilizers (Basal and
Side dressing
P200
2
P300
P300
.5
10
P 150.00
P3,000.00
P300
P2,400.00
P200
4 persons
800.00
P6,750.00
P200
2 persons
400.00
P200
4 persons
P 800.00
P200
P200
15 persons
5 persons
P3,000.00
P1,000.00
P200
1 person
4 persons
200.00
800.00
P200
4 persons
800.00
P200
Sub total
3.
Other
Operations
Harvesting,
P 400.00
P7,000.00
Major
threshing,
winnowing,
and
hauling
(contractual
contract
7 cavan/ha
4,500/ha
@ P14.00/kg
@5/cavan
P4,500.00
4,900.00.
550.00
264
basis)
Drying and hauling
@5/cavan
@ 110 cavans/ha
Sub total
550.00
P10,500.00
Agricultural Inputs
Herbicides Machete
Insecticides Karate
Cymbush
Fertilizers
1
liter
@
P680.00
1
liter
@
P1,020/liter
0.5
liter
@
P850/liter
4 bags T14 @
P1,100.00/b
87 kgs. 46-0-0
@ P1,000/bag (1
bag= 50kg.)
28 kgs. 0-0-60 @
P750/bag
P 680.00
P1,020.00
425.00
4,400.00
1,740.50
420.00
Sub total
P8,685.50
Process
3. How do you
compute the ROI or return of investment of your
entrepreneurial activity?
Reflect
and
Transfer
A.
Interview a rice farmer in your locality. Prepare a cost and return
analysis of the project. Ask her/him all the necessary details on the part of
the record. Present the output in your class.
B. Visit a nearby farm and interview the farmer. Prepare a production record
of the cropping season. Follow the format below and report your findings to
the class
Cropping
season
Description
of the
commodity
Cost of
Production
266
Total
Sales
Remaining
stock
Net
Income
Post-assessment
REFERENCES
CBLM Year 3
Technology and Home Economics III
PHILRICE, Palay Check
Crop Establishment_PhilRice-IRRI RSSP.ppsx
www.pinoyrkb.com
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269