Segregate service traffic.

Service vehicles range in size from small

motorized carts and pickups to larger delivery and refuse trucks.
They require convenient access to building entrances, collection
stations, mechanical rooms, utility vaults, and similar locations.
When practical, service vehicle circulation and parking areas are
separated from passenger automobiles and are designed to accommodate the larger turning radii, maneuvering space, and holding
patterns required.
Plan for emergency access. Fire trucks, ambulances, police cars, and
utility service vans require building access. The site plan must
ensure that these vehicles can get where they need to go. If direct
road access cannot be provided, walks and other paved areas may
be utilized, provided they are designed with this purpose in mind.

Travel by Rail, Air, and Water

Aside from the automobile, the traditional means of transporting people
and goods have been trains, planes, and waterborne vessels. Their routes,
crossings, and points of convergence have set the locations of our towns
and cities and provided their outlying regions with the essential outlets
for agricultural products and manufactured goods.
The railroads, ships, and airlines have served their purpose well. Recently,
however, they have experienced increasing problems in their stubborn
insistence, and sometimes forced requirement, that they maintain their
original all-purpose role of moving goods and people concurrently. The
two functions are incompatible. As new forms of conveyance by rail,
water, and air emerge, the carriers will be highly specialized, as will be
their routes, equipment, and terminals. Improved means of transit,
transportation, and distribution will change established concepts of land
use, community, and city and require a whole new planning approach.

Travel by Rail
Passenger travel by rail in its most recent forms is known as rapid transit.
Some types are streamlined versions of the old interurban or commuter
trains. They move on fixed rails on grade, underground, or elevated.
Some vehicles are equipped with steel wheels, some with wheels that are
coated. All are highly automated and can be computer-controlled. Other
types use linked cars which are suspended from or propelled along a single or multiple glideway. All systems have been improved to a point at
which they are light, bright, environmentally sound, and highly efficient.
They can move people in groups from point to point within a region far
more rapidly and at less cost per mile than the passenger car or bus.
Why, then, hasnt rapid transit been more widely accepted?
First, it does carry many more people to more places each day than is generally realized. The advanced systems of San Francisco, Toronto, Mon240

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE