P.

Bhavya Spandana
2/4 BE NMA

Theory of Ships (Assignment-7)

310106918020

Classification societies:
For a ship to be insured, a third party must certify that the ship has laid down certain norms (or)
standards. That third party is known as a classification society .
This classification is done on the basis of
(i)order of merit,
(ii) materials used etc.
Safety of the ship comes under government authority.
Organisations that regulate the design, construction and safety of ships are1.Classification societies
2.Government authorities, and
3.International authorities.

1.Classification societies~ Classification is defined as a division by groups in the order of merit.

Some of the International Association of Classification Societies(IACS) are-

International Register of Shipping(IRS)

American Bureau of Shipping(ABS)

Lloyds Register of Shipping(LRS)

German Institute of Shipping

Russian Maritime Register of Shipping(RMSR), etc.

Lloyds Register of Shipping (LRS) ~

a)The original system of classification- AEIOU for hull

b)G,M (or) B for equipment(cables and anchors)
c)100A hull built to highest standards
d)LMC(Lloyds Machinery Certificate)-machinery is surveyed.
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Periodicity survey by classification(i)Most important check is of scantling of structures because of deterioration due to corrosion.
(ii)Checked every 5 years.
2.Government authorities~ Govt. authorities are concerned with the safety of ships and rules which
they produce are mandatory. The ship wont be allowed to sail until and unless they are insured. In India,
Directorate General of Shipping deals with implementation of shipping policy and legislation so as to
ensure the safety of life and ships at sea, prevention of marine pollution, promotion of maritime education
etc.
3.International Maritime Organisation(IMO) ~IMO is the United Nations
specialized agency with responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the
prevention of marine pollution by ships with 170 member countries. It holds
assembly and discusses various aspects of ships safety, stability and also risk
involved in particular ship type.
The two major committees part of it are(i)Maritime Safety Committee(MSC)
(ii)Marine Environmental Protection Committee(MEPC)
The IMO is solely concerned with maritime affairs and main concern is safety at sea

The work of classification society and govt. authorities overlap to a certain

extent and governments often delegate authority to them.

Classification societies are concerned to a very small extent with the

strength of the ships structures, so that govt. authority accepts it.

Class notation signifies the level of compliance with the classification society .

 STANDARD SHIP PARAMETERS

-

The ratio L/D = 15

Block coefficient value= 0.68

Must have a standard sheer, minimum percentage length of superstructure and

the required forecastle.

Safety and Survey regulations for Ships ~

FREEBOARD -

Freeboard deck is defined as uppermost complete deck exposed to the weather and sea which has
permanent means of closing and below which the sides of the ship are fitted with permanent means of
watertight closure.

Cb correctionCorrection = freeboard* (Cb+0.68)/1.36

{ for Cb>0.68}

Depth correction-

(D L/15)R mm , where D is the depth to the freeboard deck

R=L/0.48 mm , for ships less than 120m

R=250 , in ships of length above 120m

Sheer correction-

Calculating the mean sheer of deck

(0.75 S/2L) * deficiency (or) excess of sheer , where S = length of superstructures

Additional sheer provides extra reserve buoyancy so that some reduction in freeboard is permissible.

If the effective length is 1.0 L then the allowances on freeboard are-

350mm for L = 24m

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860mm for L = 85m

1070mm for L=122m

Minimun bow height- It is defined as the vertical distance at the forward perpendicular between
the waterline and top of the exposed deck at side.
56L[1- L/500] * 1.36/(C B+0.68) mm
(or) 0.672L[1-l/1640] * 1.36/(CB+0.68) inch

for ships below

250m in lth

7000 * 1.36/(CB+0.68) mm
(or) 275.6 * 1.36/(CB+0.68) inches

Gross tonnage consists of-

Underdeck volume (i.e, volume below the tonnage deck)

Volume of space between tonnage deck and upper deck

Volume of closed in spaces above upper deck(i.e,accommodation, forecastle etc)

Volume of hatchways
1 Gross Tonnage(GRT)=100ft3=2.83m3

Tonnage length is defined as the length of the upper deck measured in a straight line in the mid line plane
of the ship between the points at forward and aft ends of the deck.