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General Chemistry II
Laboratory
Week 3 DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF CITRIC ACID
IN
SOFT DRINKS VIA ACID/BASE TITRATION (MAJOR LAB #1)
OBJECTIVE
In this laboratory exercise, the student will determine the amount of citric acid in
various soft drinks. This will be determined via acid-base titration with the use of
phenolphthalein indicator.
INTRODUCTION
The acid content of many foods and beverages contributes significantly to their
taste. Soft drinks often contain varying quantities of several acids, which give
sodas their tart flavor. In cola products, these acids are predominantly carbonic
acid (from the carbonated water) and phosphoric acid. In citrus flavored sodas
such as Sprite, Sierra Mist, and 7-Up the acids are carbonic acid and citric acid.
As we have discussed in class, acids can be classified as monoprotic, diprotic or
triprotic depending on the number of ionizable hydrogen ions. Examples of each
class of acid undergoing a neutralization reaction with sodium hydroxide are shown
below.
Monoprotic Acid: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)
Diprotic Acid:
H2SO4 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) 2 H2O (l) + Na2SO4
(aq)
Triprotic Acid:
Any acid that has more than one proton that undergoes a reaction with a base is
called a polyprotic acid. Citric acid, with the chemical formula of H3C6H5O7 is a
weak, polyprotic acid that undergoes a neutralization reaction with sodium
hydroxide to form water and a salt.with sodium hydroxide.
As you know, soft drinks are carbonated or fizzy. The chemical responsible for
this carbonation is carbonic acid which decomposes into H 2O and CO2. Prior to the
laboratory exercise, the majority of the carbonic acid will have been removed by
allowing the soft drink to go flat.
A buret is used in a titration to dispense measured increments of one solution into
a known volume of another solution. Careful technique will allow you to detect the
point where the reaction is complete; in this case, when all of the citric acid has
been reacted with the base. The technique of titration can be applied to other
types of reactions such as oxidation-reduction, precipitation, and other acid-base
neutralization reactions.
Indicators are used to provide visual information about the amount of acid or
base in a solution. You will be using an indicator called phenolphthalein for this
experiment. In a basic solution (a solution that contains more base than acid),
phenolphthalein is pink. In solutions that are acidic (a solution that contains more
acid than base), phenolphthalein is colorless. During the titration performed in this
experiment, the point where the indicator first changes from colorless to pink
corresponds to the point where the reaction is complete. This point is called the
endpoint of the titration.
In order to analyze unknown acids/bases, we must have a "standard" solution to
react with the unknowns. A standard solution is one in which the concentration
is known accurately. We will first prepare a standard solution of NaOH. One way to
prepare a standard solution is to dissolve an accurately massed amount of the
substance and dilute it to a measured volume. In this way, the concentration can
be calculated exactly. However, it is usually impossible to obtain NaOH of
sufficient purity to use it as a primary standard. An indirect method is more
practical for obtaining a standard solution of NaOH. We will prepare a solution of
an approximate molarity and standardize it against a primary standard of known
purity.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) will serve as our primary standard. This is a
large molecule (KHC8H4O4) with a molar mass of 204.2 g/mol. KHP is a monoprotic
acidic substance and will react with NaOH in a simple 1 to 1 relationship according
to the following equation:
After we standardize the sodium hydroxide with KHP, we will use this standard
base to determine the concentration of the citric acid in various brands of soda.
PROCEDURE
A. STANDARDIZATION OF NaOH
CHEM 2124
General Chemistry II
Laboratory
Week 3 DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF CITRIC ACID
IN
SOFT DRINKS VIA ACID/BASE TITRATION (MAJOR LAB #1)
Name
Date
1. Write out the balanced neutralization reaction between citric acid and
sodium hydroxide.
4. Given the following reaction: 2Al (s) + 6 HCl (aq) 2 AlCl3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)
How many grams of hydrogen are produced when 75.0 mL of 0.825 M
hydrochloric acid is reacted with an excess of aluminum?
5. How do you know when a titration of citric acid with a base has reached the
endpoint?
Trial 1
A Mass of KHP (g)
B
Trial 2
1mol KHP
204.23 g KHP
1 mol NaOH
1 mol
Trial #2:
Trial 1
A
Trial 2
Total Volume
(mL) (C-B)
of
NaOH
used
1 mol Acid
1L
3 mol NaOH
mL Soda
Show the calculations of NaOH Molarity:
Trial #1:
Trial #2:
Average Value of Molarity of Citric Acid in sample (mol/L):
Volume of container of soda (mL and L):
Moles of Citric Acid per bottle of soda:
Calculations:
Molar mass of Citric Acid (g/Mole):
Mass of Citric Acid per bottle of soda (g):
Calculations:
Brand Name of Soda Used:
Trial 1
A
Trial 2
Total Volume
(mL) (C-B)
of
NaOH
used
1 mol Acid
1L
3 mol NaOH
mL Soda
Show the calculations of NaOH Molarity:
Trial #1:
Trial #2:
Average Value of Molarity of Citric Acid in sample (mol/L):
Volume of container of soda (mL and L):
Moles of Citric Acid per bottle of soda:
Calculations:
Molar mass of Citric Acid (g/Mole):
Mass of Citric Acid per bottle of soda (g):
Calculations: