NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

Basic statistics
Item analysis

After completing the script answers checked, item analysis must be made. Some
things about the item is as follows:

1) Ensure that the test item construction and suitable for use.

2) assess the suitability of these items in terms of difficulty, namely whether the
item is too easy or too difficult for a group of students.

3) Demonstrate the ability of an item that separates students pendai of weak

students.

4) The results of the analysis item can be used to improve the quality of the
item.

5) Generate coefficient / index named index item difficulty, item discrimination

index, Index Reliability Testing and Test Validity Index.

6) It is necessary to do so is suitable produced test / apply for a particular

purpose.

Item difficulty index (p) Objectives

Item difficulty index can determine the quality of an item. This index shows the
level of difficulty of an item as to whether an item is easy to answer or hard to
answer. The difficulty index is from 0:00 to 1:00.
Step 1: Arrange the marks of the highest points score to lowest score marks.
Table 6.2 shows an example of students who score marks have been prepared in
accordance with the position of score marks.

NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

Num. Student Name Score marks

1 A 85
2 B 83
3 C 80
4 D 77
5 E 76
6 F 76
7 G 70
8 H 67
9 I 65
10 J 64
11 K 61
12 L 58
13 M 55
14 N 54

Table 6.2: Score marks were arranged according to the highest position to the
lowest

Step 2: Multiply the number of students (22 people) with (27% to 35% - can
choose from among a percentage of 27% to 35%). This percentage represents
the percentage of the normal curve. However, for ease of calculation, usually is
multiplied by 27%

Example (based on the score table above)

Total students = 14 x 27% = 3.78 4

This means that 4 score the highest score will be set high and 4 the lowest score
will be the lowest group.

NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

Step 3: Create a table of students' high scores (top 4) right or wrong answer
every item. Similarly, the fourth lowest score marks. Table 6.4 shows an example
of how the analysis was made. (Item is any objective questions in the question
paper). For example for Table 6.4, the number of questions in the exam is 5.

Student scores are high (4 top, A, B, C and D)

Item students
1 2 3 4 5 Jum
AX4
BX4
C5
DXX3

Student scores are low (ie top 4 K, L, M, N)

Item students
1 2 3 4 5 Jum
KXXX2
LXXX2
MXX3
NXXX2

Table 6.4: Sample Analysis Group Students Score High and Low Answering Each
Item
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NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

Step 4: Calculation of item difficulty index for each item. For example, for Item 1.

p = (BT + BR) / J

p = (4 + 2) / (4 + 4) = 6/8

p = 0.75

Step 5: Formulate item difficulty index for Item 1. Refer to Table 6.1, Item 1 is
easy category.

Difficulty index items (p) subjective

For subjective questions (eg essays), difficulty index is calculated as the ratio of
the average marks (marks min) to a range of Full marks. Here is a method of
calculating the index of difficulty:

p = (Score average) / (Full Score Range)

For example, in one test scores of 10 candidates for subjective item number 2
which has a maximum score of 10 points is as follows:
Students P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10
Score 7.5 8.0 9.0 6.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 6.5 5.5 9.0
The average score of 10 candidates are:
Average score = (7.5 + 8 + 9 + 6 + 8 + 8.5 + 7.5 + 6.5 + 5.5 + 9) / 10 = 7:55

Full marks = Marks range maximum - minimum value

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NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

= 10-0 = 10
Hence, the difficulty index is:
p = 7.55 / 10 = 0,755
Refer to Table 6.1, it indicates the level of difficulty is at the level of simple items.

Steps:
This test marks recognized as raw score or raw marks.
Usually, after the test results obtained, the marks will be collected at random.
The marks are not arranged in order.
Teachers need to develop student achievement scores from highest score to
lowest score.
Examples of student test results:

Table 1: Test Results

Table 2: Frequency Distribution Data

Marks (x) Frequency (f) Percent
89
88
87
86
85
84
5

NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

83
82
81
80
Number 4
5
6
9
8
6
5
4
2
1
50 8
10
12
18
16
12
10
8
4
2
100

Table 3: Table of Frequency Distribution Association

Marks (x) Frequency (f) The sum of the frequency of collection frequency (cf)

NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80 4
5
6
9
8
6
5
4
2
1
4+5
9+6
15 + 9
24 + 8
32 + 6
38 + 5
43 + 4
47 + 2
49 + 1 4

NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

9
15
24
32
38
43
47
49
50

Pause counting
The size of the class interval = (highest score lowest -skor) / Number of class
interval
The size of the class interval = (89 -80) / 5
= 1.8
=2

Scores in the interval are as follows:

Pause class Class
1 88-89
2 86-87
3 84-85
4 82-83
5 80-81

The information in the above table shows that:

Lower class boundary = 79.5

Highly border = 81.5
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NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

Class = 81.5-79.5 border size = 2

Sun.
The mean is the average of a set of scores, such as the average score of term
exam marks set
The mean is calculated by adding all the scores obtained in a measurement and
the sum is divided by the total number of scores or frequency.
The calculation is based on the scores mean raw scores:
For example, students of Class 4 Red score Math test scores as follows:
50, 65, 65, 86, 67, 68, 69, 75, 84, 78
Min (x) = (( x)) / N
= (50 + 65 + 65 + 86 + 67 + 68 + 69 + 75 + 84 + 78) / 10
= 707/10
= 70.7

Calculating the mean of the scores that have frequency:

If the scores are presented in Table frequency distribution, mean values can be
obtained by summing the product of the frequency with each score and the sum
of (fx) divided by the frequency (f), namely:

Min ((x)) = fx / f
where:
fx = sum frequency multiplication with respective scores
f = sum of frequencies

Score (x) Frequency (f) f multiplication x fx

60 1 1 x 60 60
55 2 2 x 55 110
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NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

74 3 3 x 74 222
65 4 4 x 65 260
68 5 5 x 68 340
85 3 3 x 85 255
76 2 2 x 76 152
Total 20 1399

Min (x) = 1399/20 = 70.0

Min to score in a frequency table with cumulative scores in the class interval:
For more min in the frequency table with cumulative scores in the class interval,
the formula used is as follows:
Min (x) = fx / f =
f = frequency
x = the middle class
f = number of frequency
Class Class median interval (x) Frequency (f) fx
40-49 44.5 4178
50-59 54.5 4218
60-69 64.5 7 451.5
70-79 74.5 5 372.5
Total 20 1220

Min (x) = 1220/20 = 61

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NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

3.Median
The median is the value set in the center position scores are sorted in ascending
or descending order.
The median is obtained by dividing a set of raw scores were arranged into two
equal parts.
If the score is even number, the median is the mean of the two scores in the
middle.

Total raw score is odd

For example, if the raw score points earned is as follows
Score: 30, 45, 55, 54, 56, 66, 69, 74, 75
Median = score of 56 in the center position
The total raw score is even
Score: 30, 45, 55, 54, 56, 59, 66, 69, 74, 75

The median score in kedudukantengahialah 56 and 59

Median = (56 + 59) / 2 = 57.5
Total score indicated in the frequency table set with no cumulative score.
Score (x) Frequency (f) the frequency of collection (cf)
60 4 4
65 1 5
70 2 7
75 2 9
78 1 10
82 1 11
Total N = 11

Median (M) = score (N + 1) / 2 where:

N = frequency

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NORASHIDAH BINTI MAT GHANI

PISMP BI (SK) 2 JAN 2013

SJH3093E

Median (M) = (11 + 1) / 2 = 6

6 is between 5 and 7. Thus, the median lies between 65-70
* If the answer count is 7, the median was 70
4. Mode
Mode is the score that has the highest frequency in the distribution of scores.
The mode can be obtained by arranging the distribution of scores in ascending
order.
The symbol used is M0.
Methods of obtaining mode as follows:
a. Scores raw score
Scores raw score obtained from a test should be arranged in ascending or
descending order as follows:
Score: 50, 55, 65, 65, 65, 68, 72, 75, 78, 82, 84

Mode (M0): 65 (ie, a score which has the highest frequency in the distribution).

If there are more than two score marks that have the highest frequency (also
known as dual), method of getting mod for these scores are as follows:
Score: 50, 55, 65, 65, 65, 76, 77, 77, 77,78, 79, 82, 84

Mode (M0): 65 and 77 (both scores have the highest frequency in the
distribution)

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