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kVA of a three phase transformer = V x A x 1.732, where 1.732 = the square root of 3.
The square root of 3 is introduced for the reason that, in a three phase system,
the phases are 120 degrees apart and, therefore, can not be added arithmetically.
They will add algebraically.
The 5.75% impedance rating indicates that 1203 amps will flow in the secondary if
the secondary is short circuited line to line and the primary voltage is raised from
zero volts to a point at which 5.75% of 480 volts, or, 27.6 volts, appears at the
secondary terminals. Therefore, the impedance (Z) of the transformer secondary may
now be calculated:
The transformer is connected directly to the utility power lines which we will
assume are capable of supplying the transformer with an unlimited short circuit
kVA capacity. The utility company will always determine and advise of the short
circuit capacity available at any facility upon request.
With unlimited short circuit kVA available from the utility, the short circuit
amperage capacity which the transformer can deliver from its secondary is
The voltage drop at the transformer terminals will be proportional to the motor load.
The voltage drop will be expressed as a percentage of the inrush motor load compared
to the maximum capability of the transformer. [2] The transformer has a maximum kVA
capacity at its short circuit capability, which is
The transformer output voltage will drop to 480 x .669, or, 321 volts. Thus, we can
see that the transformer is much too small to use a motor that has a full load rating
equal to the full load capacity of the transformer.
The transformer must be sized so that its short circuit capabilty is equal to or
greater than 5751 kVA times 10, or, 57,510 kVA in order to have a voltage drop of 10%
or less. Therefore, the short circuit amperage capacity of the transformer to be used
must be a minimum of
A typical 2500 kVA, 5.75% impedance transformer will have a short circuit capacity of
52,300 amps. The next highest standard size transformer at 3750 kVA will have a 6.5%
impedance and would have a short circuit output capability of 69,395 amps which will be
sufficient.
In the particular application discussed, the ratio of the selected standard size
transformer kVA to motor kVA is 3750 kVA / 958.5 kVA = 3.91. Thus the transformer
rating is 391% larger, or, nearly four times, the rating of the motor. Note the non-linear
effect of the impedance rating of the transformers on their short circuit capacities.
cables are not taken into account. However, the smaller the motor leads, the less will be
both the short circuit capacity and the voltage delivered to the motor terminals.
The second transformer, which will have a 480 volt primary and a 480 volt secondary, will
be used to power a 20 HP, 3 phase, 460 volt motor which will be started at full voltage. The
motor will be the only load on the transformer.
Sales catalogs by various manufacturers will invariably recommend a "minimum
transformer kVA" of 21.6 for use with a 20 HP motor. The minimum transformer kVA ratings
are for use with multiple motors on a single transformer. A multiple motor configuration
will be discussed in the next section of this article.
The 21.6 kVA is calculated as follows:
The transformer manufacturers will give a 20 HP motor a nominal full load amp rating
of 27 amps, thus allowing no extra capacity:
One motor manufacturer has rated a 20 HP motor at 26 Full Load Amps, 460 VAC,
205 Locked Rotor Amps, 81% Power Factor. The motor will present a load of
We will consider using a 30 kVA general purpose transformer to supply the 20 HP motor.
The transformer will have a nominal impedance of 2.7% and an ouptut of 36.1 amps at
480 volts. The short circuit current capacity that can be delivered to the 21.6 kVA
transformer by the upstream 1000 kVA transformer is 20,924 amps, or, 17,395 kVA.
The short circuit amperage capacity of a transfomer with a limited system short circuit
capacity available at its primary is:
transformer full load amps / (transformer impedance + upstream system impedance as seen
by the transformer)
Where:
Therefore,
The transformer output voltage drop upon motor inrush will be:
A 30 kVA transformer rating is too small as the motor voltage drop will exceed 10%.
A 45 kVA transformer with a 2.4% impedance and an output of 54.1 amps at 480 volts
would have a short circuit capacity of 2034 amps. The voltage drop upon motor inrush
would be 9.66%.
For a single motor and transformer combination, one transformer manufacturer
recommends that the motor full load running current not exceed 65% of the transformer
full load amp rating. [3] Thus, for our 26 amp motor the transformer rating should be
a minimum of 40 amps, or, 33.3 kVA.