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REVIEW
CHAPTER 2:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Low cost housing is one of the incentives of government to help the residents from
the lower income group to have their own house. The aim of the government for this
group is to help them live in comfortable environment and also to improve their
quality of life. According to Husin, et. al (2013), the low cost housing programmes
was established in the 7th Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) to the 9th Malaysia Plan
(2006-2010). The intention of this housing program is to avoid or eliminate the
squatters or illegal residents. This entire squatters and illegal residential also gives a
bad image of the country. That is why the government wish to solve this squatters
problems.
The programme of low cost housing also includes the infrastructure facilities.
Government provides the facilities for use of the residents. Adequate facilities would
create comfort in the residents. This means that the facilities are one of the benefits
to the residents. Nowadays, the cost of life has increased especially in urban areas.
The low income families could not afford to do everything on their own. The low cost
housing must also be provided with related facilities such playgrounds, recreational
area and the like.
The satisfaction level among the residents is important too. This is because it can
help in producing good quality of life for the residents. The satisfaction level among
the residents is based on the physical characteristics of the housing units, the
neighbourhood environment, and the services provided within the housing area and
quality of public facilities and services (Mohit and Azim, 2012). The residents
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satisfactory level is not just based on the condition of the house and the
environment but also the facilities. The facilities are one of the things that they need
in their daily life. Based on a research by Pina, Kowaltowski et. al as citied in Mohit
and Azim (2012), the satisfaction in the housing was related to the communal
services like roads, sewer system and basic utilities at the housing area. All this are
the main factor to the satisfaction of the residents. It shows that the infrastructure
facilities are important at the housing area.
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Table 2.0: Types and price of the house
No
Types of House
Floor Area
1
2
3
Low Cost
Middle Low Cost
Middle Cost
700 sq ft
750 sq ft
800 sq
Price
ft
Price
(Peninsular)
From RM 35,000
From RM 50,000
and From RM 80,000
above
Source: Syarikat Perumahan Negara Berhad
Low cost housing program is one of the programs to provide a house for the low
income groups. The design for this low-cost housing has been set up by the
government. All low-cost houses built are hoped to be in accordance with the
standards set by the government. The design the house of the low cost housing is
similar all the way. This is because the costs for the construction of low cost houses
have been allocated. The characteristics of low-cost houses are the living room,
kitchen, bathroom, and bedrooms. These features show that the low cost houses
are the perfect home for the low-income earners. According to Kementerian
Kesejahteraan
Bandar,
Perumahan
dan
Kerajaan
Tempatan
(2013),
the
The reason to provide this house is to help the people who cannot afford to get their
own house. So this would mean that this group can also get their own house and the
house is really comfortable for living. The demand for this house is always high. A
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research by Awang Besar, et al. (2012), shows that the low cost housing demand is
increasing. It is because the changes in perception of the house from the public and
also the growth of the socioeconomic that is really fast moving. It is an important
needed by the residents. But there are some people who are not satisfied with the
low-cost houses. To them it is too small to live in. This makes them uncomfortable to
occupy the house. It is very obvious especially for people who have a large number
of family members.
The low cost housing is categorized into two (Kementerian Kesejahteraan Bandar,
Perumahan dan.Kerajaan Tempatan, 2013). It is either they own it or just a rental
basis. This low-cost housing program is for those who have an income from RM750
to not more than RM2500 per month. These people cannot afford to own a home
with the current market price. It is shown in Table 1.1.It is specially meant for those
living in the urban area. The availability of low-cost housing price, the low-income
groups can afford to own their own home. This indicates that the government has
never ignored the low-income groups. They are also given the opportunity to live
more comfortably. For the low-income communities the advent of low-cost housing
program seems can reduce the burden of their lives. Thus they can enhance their
quality of life as everyone else as well.
Category
Price (Peninsular)
Price
(Sabah
Sarawak)
13
&
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE
REVIEW
1
2
Own
Rent
RM 40,500
-
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This research is more focus on the types of the infrastructure facilities in low cost
housing, the problem on the infrastructure and a way to solve this problem. All these
objectives hope to know what the level of satisfied the residents against the
infrastructure facilities. The first is to find the types of the infrastructure facilities
provided in the area of low cost housing. Secondly, to identify the problem that
occurs in the infrastructure facilities. The research also hopes to know if all the
facilities provide a good service to the users. After getting the result the next step is
to take the necessary action to look for solution. The solution is more on how to
improve the quality of the infrastructure facilities.
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housing must also provide the facilities to be used for the residents. This is because
the housing and interconnected facilities. Once the infrastructure facilities are
provided it can give the benefits to the both parties. First party is the as the authority
can get the benefits from this when they provide a facilities with the good services
can attract the people to buy the house. Second party who is the residents can feel
the benefits to use the facilities when they buy a house.
Provision of infrastructure is crucial for the construction of low cost housing. In this
study it is more focused on the provision of facilities to the residents of this low-cost
housing area. Infrastructure can be defined as the facilities provided or required for
a life. With the provision of this infrastructure will help reduce the burden of life for
people who belong to the low income. The path can also help improve the quality of
their lives. Some of the basic facilities that are as electricity and water supply, roads,
garbage disposal system, parking and others. While other facilities like playgrounds,
shops, schools and places of public transport services. The important utility for this
area housing is supply clean water to the residential (Sani, 2006). All these facilities
are the basic need of the resident to in low cost housing for their use in their daily
life. Not only in this area but another area also needs these facilities. It is shown how
the importance of the facilities in the housing area. If the facilities not good enough
provided it can be affect to the resident lifestyle. Reported by the Bahagian
Penyelidikan Dan Pembangunan Jabatan Perumahan Negara (2013), the good of
the infrastructure facilities can improve the socio-economic community residents.
The infrastructures are like road network, water supply system, and sewerage and
drainage systems. All these facilities must be designed based on the minimum
standards set for producing efficient infrastructure network. MoHLG (1998) as citied
in Sufian and Sapian (2013), they mention that the development of the housing and
infrastructure is important to achieve the national development program. The
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government wants to give the affordable shelter to the residential where it also can
help the socio-economy that has been issued in Malaysia.
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Figure 2.2: Drainage system
Low-cost housing construction is cooperation between the government and private
sectors. The government will appoint the private sector to do the work of
construction of low cost housing. The government will provide capital to the private
sector to do the construction work. Here the private sector is the person responsible
for the completion of the construction work. This includes the provision of public
facilities. The private sector must build public facilities in accordance with a
predetermined contract. All provisions are from the government. All costs have been
allocated include the cost of construction of public facilities. Due to this private party
shall use the capital allocated wisely. This is so that they do not use money
allocated indiscriminately causing construction projects are abandoned.
In this study, it is more focused on infrastructure facilities available for use by
residents of the low-cost housing. The aim is to find out the types of facilities
provided by the government for the use of residents in low-cost housing. Besides
that the purpose of this study is to find out if the facilities provided are sufficient for
this population.
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facilities. This infrastructure is one of the basic needs of housing construction in the
country.
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low cost housing including congestion, house pests, poor drains, waste water, air
pollution and waste (Cheresek and Opata, 2011). This will not only have a negative
impact on the environment, but it will interfere with social life in the housing area.
For example, when there is a problem Drainage system, the water flow will be
interrupted. If these problems are not resolved, flooding will occur. When flooding
occurs, this residential area is also affected by the floods. Due to the flood, the
people will suffer significant losses. Their property has been destroyed due to the
impact of flooding. Due to maintenance is not done, and then the problem has
arisen.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE
REVIEW
vehicle residents in the area. When accidents like this happen the residents will
suffer from loss of damage they experienced. Due place put these vehicles is not
enough, they had to put the vehicle in a place where to suppose to be dangerous.
This will also cause other problems will arise. Examples are illegal roadside parking,
traffic obstruction and other.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE
REVIEW
areas. This will also result in a lack of communication between neighbours. There is
also a residential area that provides space for this exercise. But the problem arises
when these recreational areas cannot be used because of damage. Responsible
parties are not doing restoration of damage caused. Therefore, this recreation area
could not be used and it can only be seen simply adornment on low-cost housing
areas.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE
REVIEW
The distance of the facilities is one of the consequences of the satisfaction level of
the residents. The distance of the facilities must be not far from the housing area. It
is because to easier for the residents to get and use it. This opinion agreed by the
Mohit and Azim (2012). In his research most of the residents satisfied the location of
the facilities in their housing area. It is because the facilities are not far from their
housing. From that the research the types of the facilities that ben listed are regional
centre, health facilities, markets, and school.
Once to develop the housing, it will include the facilities. It is one of the requirements
to develop the residential area. This one is especially develop at the new area
where there is not having the existing facilities. It was different in build housing
development area that is already available. When develop a housing area, to
provide the facilities can be reduced. It is because in that area it is already have the
existing facilities. So the contractor or developers that are responsible to build this
housing not have to provide the facilities. In here the contractor or developer can cut
the cost from there. According to the Karim (2008), the residents is still satisfaction
event the facilities has long been available. It is mean the residents is not care about
the long span of the facilities, but if it can still be used the residents still feel satisfied
to the facilities that been available.
Meanwhile there are still have the residents not satisfied too the facilities that been
provided in their housing area. From the residents the facilities that be provide is not
enough to be used. Then the residents feel the burden because of that. Sometime
the facilities that be provided at the low cost housing is not complete to be build.
When this happen the facilities that not complete was abandoned. From here it can
cause the danger at the housing area. It is stressed by the Abu Bakar (2008), from
her research it found that the residents is less satisfied to the facilities that be
provided at low cost housing area. Most of the resident feel more satisfied to the
quality of the material that be used to build the house of the low cost housing.
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Some of the residents in the low cost housing provide their own facilities without
permission by the authority. So it became illegal. Example the area of the low cost
housing is not enough provide the car parking. The residents open a new space for
the parking. But when they want to use the space they may need the empty land. In
here they may use the playground space to build the parking. It can be affected to
other facilities and it's still illegal.
Reported by Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020 as citied in Abu Bakar (2008), the
facilities at the low cost housing is not fulfilling the requirement. From that report
show the facilities at the low cost housing is still not enough to be used. The
residents feel less satisfied to the facilities was been provided. The reason they feel
less satisfied because the distance of the facilities is far from their house. Other than
that the reason is the facilities are providing, but it cannot be used. It is because the
construction of the facilities is incomplete and the party that is responsible to the
work was not continuing the construction. So that why the facilities is cannot be
used and then cause the facilities that be provided is not enough. It is the reason
why the facilities are not enough to be used.
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progress of the work. The both parties share all the work including the risk and the
improve coordinate of mechanism. These parties are the group that is responsible to
manage the system of low cost housing and also the infrastructure facilities. These
parties must be ensuring all the facilities run smoothly. If not when the facilities is not
in good condition it can be burdened to the resident.
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long span. It mean the material that be used to develop the facilities must be use the
good quality. If the developers use the low quality of the material, the facilities can
easy to be damage. When the facilities are always repairing, the quality can be
reducing. Sometime in cannot be sure. So to make sure the facilities can be used in
the long span, the developer must use the material in good quality. Sometime it has
the developer use the low quality of material to build facilities. It is because they
want getting extra profit from this development.
In here the residents in the low cost housing is also main their role. The residents
have the responsibility to the facilities that be provided. To improve the quality of the
infrastructure, the residents must be making sure the facilities are in good condition.
Residents should also work together to keep the facilities provided this. When
residents have free time, they can perform clean-up activities in their
neighbourhoods. If doing this activity, it also includes the cleaning of this
infrastructure. The quality of these facilities will always be circumstances better.
Other than that, residents should keep these facilities from vandalism activities. In
the event of vandalism activities will cause damage to these facilities. If these
facilities are damaged then it will decrease the quality. By the residents should take
care facilities provided that no vandalism occurred.
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REVIEW
residential buildings, maintenance will be done on the infrastructure facilities
available in the area. Here it can be seen that the maintenance of these facilities is
one way to improve the quality of this infrastructure facilities. Usually this
maintenance work done by the authorities. According to Government of Malaysia as
citied in the Ramli et al. (2013), the Government has provide the budget for the
maintenance work in the range of RM500 million for the low cost housing. Local
authorities will appoint someone to do this maintenance work. Local authorities will
ensure the responsible parties are doing the maintenance works according to what
has been set.
Each maintenance charges are applicable. Common responses to this payment will
be made by residents. Here it can be seen one of the ways to ensure the
maintenance work, the payment will be applied to residents the housing area. When
the money payment was taken then the maintenance work can be done.
Maintenance of infrastructure facilities will also be done. Then in this case, the
quality of these infrastructure facilities can be improved.
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