Metal Kompozitni Mostovi

Eurocodes - Background and applications
Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008
EN 1994 Part 2
Composite bridges
Jol RAOUL
Laurence DAVAINE
Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable development and Spatial Planning (Paris)
Technical Centre for Highways & Motorways
46, avenue Aristide Briand
BP 100
F - 92 225 Bagneux Cedex
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4

2. Global analysis of composite bridges
3. ULS verifications
4. SLS verifications
5. Connection at the steelconcrete interface
6. Fatigue (connection and reinforcement)
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression
All points are illustrated with numerical applications to a

twin-girder bridge with upper reinforced concrete slab.
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Introduction to composite bridges in EN1994
Composite bridges with steel girders under the slab
Stra
Box-girder bridges
Half through composite bridges
Stra
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The main others EN called when using EN1994-2
EN 1090 :
Execution
EN 1990 :
Basis of design
Combinations
Annex A2 :
application to
bridges
EN 1993 1-5 :
Stiffeners ; Plate buckling
EN 1993 1-8 :
Joints
EN 1993 1-9 :
Fatigue
EN 1993 1-1 :
General rules for steel
EN 1993 2 : Steel bridges

EN 1993 1-10 :
Brittle fracture
EN 1994 2 : Composite bridges

EN 1993 1-12 :
S690
EN 1991 :
1-1 Permanent loads
1-3 Snow
1-4 Wind
1-5 Temperature
1-6 Loads during execution
1-7 Accidental loads
2 Traffic
EN 1993 1-11 :
Cables
EN 1992 2 : Concrete bridges

EN 1992 1-1 : General rules for concrete
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Contents : 7 parts

7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in
compression
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Global analysis for composite bridges
Elastic global analysis without bending redistribution

Second order effect to be considered for structures
Fcr
where
cr =
FEd ,ULS
10
In this elastic global analysis, the following points should be taken into account :
effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete,
effective width of flanges for shear lag,
stages and sequence of construction,
effects of cracking of concrete,
temperature effects of heat of hydration of cement (only for construction stages).
Non-linear global analysis may be used (no application rules)
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CLASS 1
sections which can form a plastic hinge
with the rotation capacity required for a global plastic
analysis
BUILDINGS
CLASS 2
sections which can develop M pl,Rd
limited rotation capacity
CLASS 3
sections which can develop
with
M el,Rd
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
CL. 1
CL.3/4
In general, non-uniform section

(except for small spans)
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Actual behaviour of a continuous composite girder
When performing the elastic global analysis, two aspects of the non-linear
behaviour are directly or indirectly considered.
Static structure
Cracking of concrete
1
M
Deformed structure
Yielding
M at mid-span with
increase of P
2
Mpl,Rd
Mel,Rd
Class 1
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Cracked global analysis
Determination of the stresses c in the extreme fibre of the concrete

slab under SLS characteristic combination according to a non-cracked
global analysis
In sections where c < - 2 fctm, the concrete is assumed to be cracked
and its resistance is neglected
EI1
EI1
EI2
EI1 = un-cracked composite inertia (structural steel + concrete in compression)

EI2 = cracked composite inertia (structural steel + reinforcement)
An additional iteration is not required.
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Cracked global analysis
10
Simplified method usable if :

- no pre-stressing by imposed deformation
- Lmin/Lmax>0.6
EI2
As
0.15 (L1+ L2)
L1
L2
EI1
Ac = 0
In the cracked zones EI2 :

the resistance of the concrete in
tension is neglected
the resistance of the reinforcement is
taken into account
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Yielding
11
Yielding at mid-span is taken into account if :

Class 1 or 2 cross-section at mid-span (and MEd > Mel,Rd )
Class 3 or 4 near intermediate support
Lmin/Lmax < 0.6
Lmax
Class 1 or 2
Lmin
Class 3 or 4
Elastic linear analysis with an additional verification for the crosssections in sagging bending zone (M>0) :
MEd < 0.9 Mpl,Rd
or
Non linear analysis
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Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis
To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

ULS combination of actions
elastic global analysis (except for accidental loads)
linear
non linear (behaviour law for materials in EC2 and EC3)
cracking of the concrete slab

shear lag (in the concrete slab : Le/8 constant value
for each span and calculated from the outside
longitudinal rows of connectors)
neglecting plate buckling (except for an effectivep area
of an element 0.5 * gross area)
12
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Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis
13
To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

SLS combinations of actions
as for ULS (mainly used for verifying the concrete slab)
To calculate the longitudinal shear per unit length (SLS
and ULS) at the steel-concrete interface
Cracked global analysis, elastic and linear
Always uncracked section analysis
Specific rules for shear connectors design in the elastoplastic zones for ULS (Mel,Rd < MEd < Mpl,Rd)
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Shear lag in composite bridges
bslab
beff ,slab
14
Concrete slab EN 1994-2

Same effectives width beff for
SLS and ULS combinations
of actions
Steel flange EN 1993-1-5

Used for bottom flange of a
box-girder bridge
Different effectives width for
SLS and ULS combinations
of actions
3 options at ULS (choice to
be performed in the National
Annex)
beff ,flange
b flange
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Effectives width of the concrete slab EN1994-2
Global analysis : constant for each span for simplification

(with a value calculated at mid-span)
Section analysis : variable on both sides of the vertical
supports over a length Li /4
15
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Example : Twin-girder composite bridge
Application to a steel-concrete
composite twin girder bridge
Global longitudinal bending
16
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Example : Composite twin-girder road bridge
17
P2
P1
C0
60 m
80 m
2.5 m
7m
C3
60 m
2.5 m
34 cm
b fs = 1000mm
IPE 600
Note:
b fi = 1200mm
IPE600 every 7.5m in

side spans and every
8.0m in central span
2.8 m
Example : Structural steel distribution
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18
Note : Bridge dimensions verified

according to Eurocodes (crosssection resistance at ULS, SLS
stresses and fatigue)
bfs = 1000 mm
h = 2800 mm
bfi = 1200 mm
Longitudinal structural steel distribution of each main girder
18
C0
26
18
26
18
40 mm
55
80
120
80
55
40
55
80
120
80
55
40
35 m
10
18
10
28
10
18
10
35
60 m
P1
80 m
P2
60 m
C3
Example : Used materials
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19
> Structural steel (EN1993 + EN10025) :

S355 N for t 80 mm (or S355 K2 for t 30 mm)
S355 NL for 80 < t 150 mm

Yield
strength
fy (MPa)
S 355 N
S 355 NL
thickness t (mm)
t 16
16 < t 40
40 < t 63
63 < t 80
355
345
335
325
80 < t 100
100 < t 150
315
295
Note : the requirements of EN 1993-1-10 (brittle fracture and through-thickness properties)

should also be fulfilled.
> Cross bracing and stiffeners : S355

> Shear connectors : headed studs with fu = 450 MPa
> Reinforcement : high bond bars with fsk = 500 Mpa
> Concrete C35/45 defined in EN1992 :
fck,cyl (at 28 days) = 35 MPa
fck,cube (at 28 days) = 45 MPa
fctm = -3.2 MPa
Creep - Modular ratios for bridges
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20
n L = n 0 . (1 + L t )
n0 =
Ea
E cm
for short term loading (L = 0)
t = ( t t 0 )
creep function defined in EN1992-1-1 with :
t = concrete age at the considered instant

t0 = mean value of the concrete age when a long-term
loading is applied (for instance, permanent loads)
t0 = 1 day for shrinkage action
correction factor for taking account of the type of loading
Permanent loads
1.1
Shrinkage
0.55
Pre-stress by imposed deformations (for

instance, jacking on supports)
1.5
Example : construction phasing
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1.
21
Concreting order of the 12.5-m-long slab segments

3 x 12.5 m
4 x 12.5 m
B
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
6 x 12.5 m
3 x 12.5 m
2.
Construction timing
Steel structure
put in place
1st
t=0
Non-structural equipments
(pavement, safety barriers,)
put in place
End of slab
concreting
...
...
...
16 concreting phases in a selected order

assuming :
3 working days per segment
only 1 mobile formwork (2 kN/m)
16th
t = 66
Pre-stressing
t = 80
Time (in days)

t = 110
assembling bridge
equipments
Note : 14 days are required in EN1994-2 before introducing pre-stressing by imposed deformations.
Example : age of concrete
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22
1st
16th
...
...
t=0
t = 66
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 16
66
63
66 + 63 + ... + 3
= 35.25 days
16 phases
t = 110
Mean value of the ages of concrete segments :
t0 =
t = 80
+ 14 days
+ 30 days
used for all concreting phases

(simplification of EN1994-2).
t 0 = 49.25 days
t 0 = 79.25 days
1 = ( t = , t 0 )
2 = ( , t 0 )
3 = ( , t 0 )
nL ,1 = n0 (1 + 1.1.1 )
Time
(in days)
nL ,2 = n0 (1 + 1.5.2 )
nL ,3 = n0 (1 + 1.1.3 )
Note : t0 = 1 day when shrinkage is applied to a concrete segment.
4 = ( , t 0 )
nL ,4 = n0 (1 + 0.55.4 )
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Example : creep function and modular ratio values
23
EN1992-1-1, Annex B :
t t0
( t, t 0 ) = 0 .c ( t t 0 ) = 0 .
t
t
0
H
0.3
0
t +
RH
16.8
1
100
0 = RH . ( fcm ) . ( t 0 ) = 1 +
.1 . 2 .
.
0.2
0.10.3 h0
fcm 0.1 + t 0
RH = 80 % (relative humidity)
h0 = notional size of the concrete slab = 2Ac/u
where u is the part of the slab perimeter which is directly in contact with the atmosphere.
C35/45 : as fcm = 35+8 > 35 MPa, 1 = (35/fcm)0.7, 2 = (35/fcm)0.2
Short term loading
Long term loading

Concrete self-weight nL,1 = 15.49
E
n0 = a = 6.16
E cm
Shrinkage
nL,4 = 15.23
Pre-stressing
nL,2 = 18.09
Bridge equipments
nL,3 = 14.15
Example: shear lag in the concrete slab
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24
Equivalent spans Le :
P2
P1
C0
60 m
in span
on support
0.85x60 = 51m
80 m
C3
60 m
0.7x80 = 56m
0.85x60 = 51m
0.25 x (60+80) = 35m
0.25 x (60+80) = 35m
beff = b0 + 1 .be1 + 2 .be2 where: bei = min e ;bi

8
i = 1.0
except at both end supports where:

i = 0.55 + 0.025
Le
1.0
bei
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Example: shear lag in the concrete slab
25
beff
be1 b0=0.6 m be2
b2
b1
b1=3.5 m
b2=2.5 m
Le (m)
be1
be2
beff (m)
Spans 1 and 3
51
3.2
2.2
6.0
Span 2
56
3.2
2.2
6.0
Internal supports P1 and P2
35
3.2
2.2
6.0
End supports C0 and C4
51
3.2
2.2
0.948
1.129 < 1.0
5.83 < 6.0
=> No reduction for shear lag in the global analysis

=> Reduction for shear lag in the section analysis :
beff linearly varies from 5.83m at end supports to 6.0 m at a distance L1/4.
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Applied loads on the road bridge example
26
Permanent loads
Gmax , Gmin Self weight:
structural steel
concrete (by segments in a selected order)
non structural equipments (safety barriers, pavement,)
EN1991 part 1-1
EN1992 part 1-1

EN1994 part 2
Shrinkage (drying, autogenous and thermal shrinkage

strains)
Creep (taken into account through modular ratios)
Possibly, pre-stressing by imposed deformations (for

instance, jacking on internal supports)
Variable loads
Tk
Thermal gradient
EN1991 part 1-5
UDL, TS
Road traffic (for instance, load model LM1 with uniform

design loads UDL and tandem systems TS)
EN1991 part 2
FLM3
Fatigue load model (for instance, the equivalent lorry FLM3)
EN1991 part 2
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Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge
cs
hc
27
+ Ncs
Ncs = E c cs .bchc
zcs
e.n.a.
+
Free shrinkage strain applied
on concrete slab only (no
steel concrete interaction)
Shrinkage strain applied on

the composite section (after
steel concrete interaction)
1- Auto-equilibrated stress diagram in every section and an imposed rotation

due to the bending moment Miso = Ncszcs :
bc
concrete = E c cs +
e.n.a.
+
-
steel =
1 N cs (N cs z cs ) .z
+
.
n A
I
N cs (N cs z cs ) .z
+
A
I
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Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge
28
2- Curvature in an isostatic bridge due to the imposed deformations :
Miso
Miso
P1
P2
v (x)
3- Compatibility of deformations to be considered in an hyperstatic bridge :

P1
L1
P3
L2
P2
v (P3 ) = 0
Mhyper
1+2 = isostatic (or primary) effects

Effects of shrinkage
3 = hyperstatic (or secondary) effects
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Shrinkage and cracked global analysis
29
Concrete in tension
Cracked zone
Isostatic effects
neglected in cracked
zones for calculating
hyperstatic effects
M iso
M iso
M iso
M iso
SLS combinations
iso + hyper effects
hyper
iso + hyper
ULS combinations
hyper (if class 1)
hyper
hyper (if class 1)
M hyper
M hyper
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Thermal gradient from EN 1991 part 1-5
30
could be neglected if all cross-sections are in Class 1 or 2
1- Non linear gradients :

0.6h
400
3- Difference +/- 10 C :
16 C
-5 C
2- Linear gradients :
+15 C
-18 C
4 C
-8 C
+/- 10 C
Traffic load LM1 from EN 1991 part 2
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31
Longitudinal axis of the

most loaded girder
3.5 m
Bridge axis
0.5 m
Lane no. 1
Lane no. 2
3m
3m
9 kN/m
300 kN / axle
TS (Tandem
System)
2m
3m
Residual
area
2m
girder no. 2
girder no. 1
UDL (Uniform
Design Load)
Lane no. 3
Safety barrier
Safety barrier
1m
3.5 m
2.5 kN/m
200 kN / axle
100 kN / axle
Characteristic
values
of traffic loads
from LM1
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Combinations of actions
32
For every permanent design situation, two limit states of the

bridge should be considered :
> Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
Quasi permanent SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.5 Tk
Frequent SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.5 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.6 Tk
Characteristic SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + (TS+UDL) + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Qlk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Tk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL
> Ultime Limite State (ULS) other than fatigue

1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 (TS + UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk)
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 Qlk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk)
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.5 Tk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL)
Un-cracked global analysis
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33
(MPa) : Stresses in the extreme fibre of the concrete slab, under Characteristic SLS combination
when considering concrete resistance in every cross-section
8
6
4
2
x (m)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-2
-4
-6
2.f ctm = 6.4 MPa
-8
-10
-12
x = 49.7 m
L1 = 60 m
x = 72.5 m
Cracked
zone on
P1
17 %.L1
EI1
x = 121.6 m
Cracked
zone on P2
L2 = 80 m
15.6 %.L2
EI2
x = 150.6 m
L3 = 60 m
23 %.L2
EI1
EI2
17.7 %.L3
EI1
Note : Dissymmetry in the cracked lengths due to sequence of slab concreting.
Cracked global analysis: bending moments
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34
80
Bending moment (MN.m)
60
56.07
50.16
37.06
40
50.84
41.33
37.59
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-20
-40
-60
-80
-77.66
-80.69
-100
-107.25
ELS
caractristique
Characteristic
SLS
Fundamental
ULS
ELU
fondamental
-120
x (m)
-103.54
180
200
Cracked global analysis: shear forces
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35
10
ELS
caractristique
Characteristic
SLS
ELU
fondamental
Fundamental
ULS
7.47
Shear force (MN)
5.54
5.49
4.38
3.24
7.39
3.09
2
1.09
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-2
-3.09
-2.92
-5.54
-5.49
-7.46
-7.41
-4
-6
-8
-3.26
-4.40
-10
x (m)
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Contents : 7 parts
36

compression
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ULS verifications of a composite bridge
resistance of the composite cross-sections

- to bending moment M (EN 1994-2, 6.2.1)
- to shear force V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.1 to 6.2.2.3)
- to interaction M+V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.4)
shear resistance of the concrete slab (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(3) )
concrete slab (EN 1992)
shear connection (see below, point 5)
fatigue ULS (see below, point 6)
LTB around intermediate supports (see below, point 7)
37
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ULS section resistance to M > 0
38
fck/C
0.85 fck/C
compression
(+)
(+)
p.n.a
e.n.a
()
tension
fy/M0
Elastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4)
e.n.a. = elastic neutral axis

p.n.a. = plastic neutral axis
()
fy/M0
Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 and 2)
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ULS section resistance to M < 0
39
fsk/S
tension
fsk/S
()
0.85 fck/C
p.n.a
()
fy/M0
e.n.a
(+)
(+)
compression
fy/M0
Elastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4)
fy/M0
Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 and 2)
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Class 4 composite section with construction phases
40
Use of the final ULS stress distribution to look for the effective cross-section
If web and flange are Class 4 elements, the flange gross area is first reduced. The corresponding first
effective cross-section is used to re-calculate the stress distribution which is then used for reducing the
web gross area.
MEd = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed
Mc,Ed
Ma,Ed
Recalculation of the stress distribution

respecting the sequence of construction
A eff , Ieff , Geff

1- Flange
2- Web
Justification of the recalculated
stress distribution
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ULS resistance under V and interaction M + V
41
Plastic resistance : ensured by the steel web

Vpl,a,Rd is calculated by using Eurocode 3 part 1-1.
VRd = Vpl,a ,Rd = A V .
fy
M0 3
Shear buckling resistance :

See Eurocode 3 part 1-5.
VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw ,Rd + Vbf ,Rd
Interaction between M and V :

For Class 1 or 2 sections :
f yw h w t w
M1 3
If VEd< 0.5.VRd, no interaction occurs.

If not, the criterion MEd < Mpl,Rd is verified using a reduced Mpl,Rd value
= 2 Ed 1
VRd
For Class 3 or 4 sections : See Eurocode 3 part 1-5.
ULS shear resistance in the concrete slab
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42
For the solid slab of a composite bridge:
VEd VRd,c
=>
Shear reinforcement (Ast for b = 1 m) is not necessary (nor the

minimum shear reinforcement area according to EN1992-2,9.2.2)
VRd,c = CRd,ck(100l fck )1 3 + k 1cp bhc (v min + k1cp )bhc

CRd,c =
If the concrete flange is in tension :
v min = 0.035.k1.5 fck
k =1+
l =
A st
bhc
200
hc
k1 = 0.12
10
Lower fibre
Upper fibre
sigma_cp,0
8
Stresses in the slab at ULS (MPa)
cp,0 = 1.85 MPa cp
N
= Ed
bhc
0.15
= 0.12
C
6
4
2
0
-2
20
40
60
80
100
-4
-6
-8
-10
x (m)
120
140
160
180
200
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Example: Analysis of 2 different cross-sections
43
60 m
80 m
Section
60 m
Section
Concrete in tension
Concrete in compression
M<0
M>0
Class 3 (elastic section analysis)
Class 1 (plastic section analysis)
MULS = -107.25 MN.m
MULS = +56.07 MN.m
VULS = 7.47 MN
VULS = 1.04 MN
Example: Cross-section A under bending
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44
Stress diagram under bending
2.5 m
3.5 m
-171.2 MPa
-149.2 MPa
-275.8 MPa
1000 x 120 mm
2560 x 26 mm
1200 x 120 mm
261.3 MPa
Elastic section analysis :
434.8 MPa =
295 MPa =
fsk
re inf .
S
fy
M0
steel,sup
steel,inf
fy
M0
= 295 MPa
Example: Cross-section A under shear force
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45
First cross-bracing
in central span
P1
a = 8000 mm
VEd = 7.47 MN
hw = 2560 mm
VEd = 6.00 MN
tw = 26 mm
Contribution of the web Vbw,Rd

cr = k E = 19.58 MPa
w =
fyw
cr 3
= 1.33 1.08
1.37
= 0.675
0.7 + w
f
Vbw,Rd = w yw hw t w = 8.14 MN
M1 3
w =
h
k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.75
a
hw 31
tw
Shear buckling to be considered:
VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd

Contribution of the flange Vbf,Rd
Vbf ,Rd = 0.245 MN
can be neglected.
fywhw t w
M1 3
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Example: Cross-section A under M+V interaction
VEd
0.5
VRd
46
so the M+V interaction should be checked, and as the section is in

Class 3, the following criterion should be applied (EN1993-1-5) :
2
M
1 + 1 f ,Rd 23 1 1.0
Mpl,Rd
at a distance hw/2 from internal support P1.
Mf ,Rd = 117.3 MN.m
: design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section

excluding the steel web (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(2)).
Mpl,Rd = 135.6 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section.
3 =
VEd
= 0.89
Vbw,Rd
1 =
M
MEd
= 0.73 f ,Rd = 0.86
Mpl,Rd
Mpl,Rd
As MEd < Mf,Rd, the flanges alone can be used to

resist M whereas the steel web resists V.
=> No interaction !
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Example: Cross-section B (Class 1)
2.5 m
47
3.5 m
p.n.a.
0.85
9.2 MPa
1000 x 40 mm
2720 x 18 mm
202.0 MPa
fck
C
fyf
fyw
M0
M0
-
-305.2 MPa
1200 x 40 mm
Plastic section analysis under bending :
MEd = 56.07 Mpl,Rd = 79.59 MN.m
h
31
h
k , so the shear buckling has to be considered:
k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.80 and w
t
a

w
VEd = 2.21 MN VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd Vbw,Rd = 4.44 MN

VEd
0.5
VRd
=> No M+V interaction !
fywhw t w
M1 3
= 10.64 MN
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts
48

compression
EUROCODES
SLS verifications in a composite bridge
49
Limitation of stresses in cross-sections at characteristic SLS

c 0.6.fck
M>0
a 1.0.fyk
s 0.8.fsk
M<0
(concrete in compression)
a 1.0.fyk
Crack width control

Limitations of deflections (national regulations)
Web breathing (fatigue phenomenon, see EN1993-2)
Note : for shear connectors, see section 5 below
(reinforcement in tension)
EUROCODES
Crack width control
1.
Minimum reinforcement required

- in cross-sections where tension exists in the concrete slab for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions
- estimated from equilibrium between tensile force in concrete just before cracking
and tensile force in the reinforcement (at yielding or at a lower stress level if
necessary to limit the crack width)
2.
Control of cracking due to direct loading

The design crack width wk should be limited to a maximum crack width wmax
by limiting :
- bar spacing s smax
- or bar diameter max
wmax depends on the exposure class of the considered concrete face
smax and max depend on the calculated stress level s = s,0 + s in the
reinforcement and on the design crack width wk
3.
Control of cracking due to indirect loading

For instance, concrete shrinkage.
50
EUROCODES
Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability)
51
XC4, XS1*, XD3**, XF3 or XF4**

XC3, XS1*
waterproofing layer
XC4, XS1*, XD3***
XC4, XS1*, XD3**,

XF1 or XF2**
XC4, XS1*, XD3***,
XF1 or XF2**
* : for bridges near sea water

** : for bridges subjected to (very) frequent salting
*** : for the bottom surface of a bridge deck located
within 6 m above a road with (very) frequent salting
Risk of corrosion of reinforcement
Attack to concrete
Class
Description of the environment
XO
No risk of corrosion or attack of concrete
XC1 to XC4
Corrosion induced by carbonation
XD1 to XD3
Corrosion induced by chlorides
XS1 to XS3
Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
XF1 to XF4
Freeze/thaw attack
XA1 to XA3
Chemical attack
XM
Mechanical abrasion
EUROCODES
Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability)
52
Hypothesis : Bridge in a low-level frost area
The choice of exposure classes leads

to define :
XC4, XF3
XC3
a minimum resistance for concrete

(according to EN1992 and EN206),
for instance C30/37
waterproofing layer
a concrete makeup (maximum E/C
ratio, minimum cement content)
according to EN206
XC4, XF1
XC4
XC4, XF1
a structural class (S1 to S6) for

every face of the slab, chosen
according to Table 4.3 in EN1992
and to the retained concrete
a minimum concrete cover for

every face of the slab according to
the exposure class and the structural
class
EUROCODES
Maximum crack width wmax
Recommended values defined in EN1992-2 (concrete bridges) :
The stress level s,0 in the reinforcement is calculated for the quasi-permanent SLS
combination of actions (in case of reinforced concrete slab).
The tension stiffening effect s should be taken into account.
53
Minimum reinforcement
EUROCODES
54
fct,eff
c
hc
z0
e.n.a.
calculated with n0
change in the
location of the
neutral axis
before
cracking
after
cracking
k sk. k c fct,eff A ct = s A s
kc =
1
+ 0.3 1.0
hc
1+
2z0
stress distribution within the tensile concrete height hc before cracking

(including indirect loading) + change in the location of the neutral axis
at cracking time
ks = 0.9
reduction of the normal force in the concrete slab due to initial cracking
and local slip of the shear connection
k = 0.8
effect of non-uniform shape in the self-equilibrating stresses within hc
fct,eff = fctm
and
s = fsk
give the minimum reinforcement section As,min.
Example : minimum reinforcement
EUROCODES
55
The elastic neutral axis is located in the steel web for every section of the
bridge, so Act is the slab section : Act = 6 x 0.34 = 2.04 m
hc = 0.34 m
z0 = 0.52 m
+ 0.3;1.0 = 1.0
k c = min
h
1 + c
2z0
fct,eff = fctm = -3.2 Mpa

fsk = 500 MPa
As,min = 94 cm which means a minimum reinforcement ratio s ,min = 0.46%
For the design, the following reinforcement ratios have been considered :
Top layer : high bonded bars with = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so s,top = 0.46%
Bottom layer : high bonded bars with = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so s,bottom = 0.46%
We verify :
s,top + s,bottom = 0.92% s,min
EUROCODES
Crack width control
56
Ast is put in place through n high bonded bars of diameter per meter.
Diameter
(Table 7.1)
or
Spacing s = 1/n
(Table 7.2)
= *
fct,eff
2.9 MPa
Example : crack width control for direct loading
EUROCODES
57
The stress level s due to direct loading at quasi-permanent SLS combinations of actions can be
calculated :
s,top = s,bottom = 0.46%
s,0 = 106 Mpa (maximum tension) at quasi-permanent SLS in the top layer
100
Stresses at QP SLS (MPa)
Top and bottom layers : Ast with = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so
50
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-50
-100
x (m)
-150
Stresses in the upper layer

of reinforcement, calculated
by neglecting concrete
resistance (in tension).
EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for direct loading
58
s = 0.4
Tension stiffening effect :
fctm
s st
in the considered cross-section (where s,0 is maximum) :
st =
AI
= 1.31
A aIa
s = 0.92%
(Reinforcement ratio)
fctm
= 106.2 MPa
s st
s = 0.4
s = s,0 + s = 212.2 MPa
*max = 22.3 mm
= 16 mm max = *max 3.2 / 2.9 = 24.6 mm
or
(interpolation in Table 7.1 of EN 1994-2)
s max = 235 mm
s = 130 mm s max = 235 mm
(interpolation in Table 7.2 of EN 1994-2)
EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for indirect loading
The stress level s due to indirect loading (for instance, concrete shrinkage) can not
be calculated in the reinforcement.
In the sections where the concrete slab is in tension for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions, s is estimated using :
s = k skk c fct,eff
A ct
2.04
= 0.9 0.8 1.0 3.2
= 250.4 MPa
As
0.92% 2.04
The reinforcement layers are designed using high bonded bars with = 16 mm.
= fct,eff/fct,0 = 2.9/3.2 = 14.5 mm
The interpolation in Table 7.1 from EN 1994-2 gives : s,max = 255 Mpa
We verify :
s = 250.4 Mpa < s,max = 255 Mpa
59
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts
60

compression
EUROCODES
Steel-concrete connection
61
Objective :
Transmit the longitudinal shear force vL,Ed per unit length of the steel-concrete
interface
Performed by the use of shear connectors (only studs in EN1994) and transverse
reinforcement
Full interaction required for bridges
Elastic resistance design of the shear connectors at SLS and at ULS
Plastic resistance design of the shear connectors at ULS in Class 1 or
2 cross sections where Mel,Rd MEd Mpl,Rd
Shear connectors locally added due to concentrated longitudinal shear
force (for instance, shrinkage and thermal action at both bridge deck
ends or cable anchorage)
ULS design of transverse reinforcement to prevent longitudinal shear
failure or splitting in the concrete slab
EUROCODES
Resistance of the headed stud shear connector
62
PRk = min PRk (1) ; PRk (2)
1.5d
0.4d
h 3d
d 2
= 0.8f u .
Shank shear resistance :
PRk
Concrete crushing :
PRk (2) = 0.29d 2 f ck E cm
16 d 25mm
(1)
if
h
4
d
, then
else
h
= 0.2 + 1
d
=1
Limit State Design resistance National Annex

U.L.S.
S.L.S.
PRd =
PRk
V
k s .PRd
V = 1.25
k s = 0.75
EUROCODES
Elastic design of the shear connection
63
SLS and ULS elastic design using the shear flow vL,Ed at the steel-concrete
interface, which is calculated with an uncracked behaviour of the cross sections.
2.5 m
Shear force from

cracked global
analysis
vL , Ed ( x ) = VEd ( x).
Ac zc + As zs
I
zc
3.5 m
zs
e.n.a.
Uncracked
mechanical properties
SLS
ULS
For a given length li of the girder (to

be chosen by the designer), the Ni
shear connectors are uniformly
distributed and satisfy :
vL , Ed SLS ( x )
Ni
.{k s PRd }
li
( 0 x li )
For a given length li of the girder (to be

chosen by the designer), the Ni* shear
connectors are uniformly distributed and
satisfy :
vL , Ed
ULS
N i*
( x ) 1.1 .PRd
li
li
v
0
ULS
L , Ed
( x ) dx Ni* .PRd
Example : SLS elastic design of connectors
EUROCODES
L1 = 29 m
64
L2 = 41 m
L3 = 41 m
L4 = 29 m
1.4
1.2
v L ,Ed SLS
1
0.8
in MPa/m
0.6
Studs with :
d = 22 mm
0.4
h = 150 mm
Shear flow at SLS (MPa/m)
0.2
in S235
Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)

0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Example : ULS elastic design of connectors
EUROCODES
65
Using the same segment lengths li as in SLS calculation

and the same connector type
1.6
1.4
1.2
v L ,Ed ULS
in MPa/m
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Shear flow at ULS (MPa/m)
0.2
Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Example : longitudinal spacing of studs rows
EUROCODES
66
e (mm)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
spacing at SLS (mm)
100
spacing at ULS (mm)
0
0
20
40
60
80
=> Elastic design governed by ULS.
100
120
140
x (m)
EUROCODES
Elasto-plastic design (ULS) of the shear connection
67
Eventually adding shear connectors in the elasto-plastic zones

where Mpl,Rd > MEd > Mel,Rd
P1
P2
Elasto-plastic zone
First yielding in one fibre of

the cross-section where
MEd = Mel,Rd
MEd
Mpl,Rd
Elastic
design
NB (or NB*) is determined by

using an interaction M-N
diagram in the section B.
Elasto-plastic
design
NA
NB
n=
N B or N*B N A
PRk V
connectors to put between

sections A and B.
Interaction diagram in the cross-section B
EUROCODES
68
Two options : simplified diagram (straight line GH) /

more precise diagram (broken line GJH)
MB (N.m)
Mpl,Rd
MEd
Mel,Rd
H
J
+ Mc,Ed
Ma,Ed
0
G
Nel,B
NB*
Plastic resistance of the concrete slab (within the

effective width) to compressive normal force :
NB Npl,B
N pl,B
NB (N)
0.85.f ck
=
.b eff .h c
C
EUROCODES
Elastic resistance moment in the section B
Ma,Ed
69
Mc,Ed
MEd
c(2)
as(1)
as(2)
+ k .
ai(1)
Step 1 : stress diagram
for load cases applied
to the structure before
concreting Section B
as fyk
=
ai(2)
(For instance, ai(1) + k.ai(2) = fyk )
fyk
ai
Step 2 : stress diagram

for load cases applied
to the structure after
concreting Section B
k (< 1) is the maximum value for keeping

step 3 within its yield strength limits.
fcd=fck/c
=>
Step 3 : ULS stress

diagram in Section B (if
yielding is reached in the
extreme bottom fibre)
Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed
Example : Bending moment in section B
EUROCODES
Concreting
phases
16
15
70
14
13
12
11
10
M_Ed+
Section B
(Class 1)
40
M_EdM_pl,Rd+
M_pl,Rd -
30
20
M (MN.m)
50
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
x (m)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m -----> MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m < Mpl,Rd (B) = 25.7 MN.m
EUROCODES
Example : Normal stresses in section B
71
c
as(2)
88.2 MPa
ai(2)
-63.0 MPa
fy = -345 MPa
151.7 MPa
-360.3 MPa
Mc,Ed(B)
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m
Mc,Ed(B) = 22.3 2.7 = 19.6 MN.m

ai(2) = (-360.3) (-63.0) = -297.3 Mpa
k is defined by k =
fy ( 63.0 )
ai(2)
11.9 MPa
= 0.95 1.0
Mel,Rd is then defined by Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed = 21.3 MN.m
MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m
EUROCODES
Example : Interaction diagram in section B
72
k * ULS stresses
beff = 5.6 m
0.95*11.9 MPa
26.9 cm
3.6 cm
0.95*3.0 MPa
0.85
0.65 m
fck
= 19.8 MPa
C
Npl = 0.85
fck
.A c,eff = 30.3 MPa
C
Nel = 11.4 MN
MB (MN.m)
Mpl,Rd = 25.7
MEd = 22.3
Mel,Rd = 21.3
MaEd = 2.7
0
Nel = 11.4
NB* = 15.7
NB = 25.8
NB (MN)
Npl = 30.3
Example : Limits of the elasto-plastic zone
EUROCODES
73
ULS Stresses (MPa) in the bottom steel flange
Section B
(max = -360.3 Mpa)
400
300
200
100
fy = -345 MPa
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-100
3.3 m
-200
2.8 m
-300
-400
Section A
Section C
fy
beff = 5.6 m
26.9 cm
3.6 cm
0.65 m
Section A
Section C
11.8 MPa
11.3 MPa
3.1 MPa
2.9 MPa
Nel(A) = 12.1 MN
Nel(C) = 11.5 MN
Adding shear connectors by elasto-plastic design
EUROCODES
74
9 rows with 4 studs and a longitudinal spacing equal to 678 mm

(designed at ULS)
e = 678 mm
3300 mm
Section A
Simplified
interaction
diagram
2800 mm
Section B
(25.8-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 28
rows
spacing = 3300/28 = 118 mm
More precise (15.7-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 9 rows

interaction
spacing = 3300/9 = 367 mm
diagram
Section C
(25.8-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 33 rows
spacing = 2800/33 = 84 mm
(which is even lower than 5d=110 mm !)
(15.7-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 10 rows
spacing = 2800/10 = 280 mm
Detailing for shear connectors
EUROCODES
75
for solid slabs :
to allow a correct welding of the connector :
25 mm eD
and if the used shear connectors are studs :
d 2.5.t f
d 1.5.t f for a structural steel flange in tension, subjected to fatigue
h 3d

head 1.5d
tf
hhead 0.4d
EUROCODES
Detailing for shear connectors
76
> Longitudinal spacing between shear connectors rows

to insure the composite behaviour in all cross-sections :
emax = min (800 mm; 4 h )
where h is the concrete slab thickness
if the structural steel flange in compression which is connected to the
concrete slab, is a class 3 or 4 element :
235
e max 22t f
to avoid buckling of the flange between two studs rows :
fy
to avoid buckling of the cantilever eD-long part of the flange :
and if the used shear connectors are studs :
5.d e min
> Transversal spacing between adjacent studs
etrans ,min 2.5.d
for solid slabs
etrans ,min 4.d
in other cases
eD 9t f
235
fy
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs
EUROCODES
77
Truss model for transverse reinforcement which supplements the shear strength of
the concrete on potential surface of failure (a-a for instance)
a
b1
beff
b1
At
beff
hc
1m
io
n
mp
re
ss
co
ss
io n
pr
e
co
m
Transverse
reinforcement
tension
Ab
Ab+At
v L ,Ed
v aa = v L ,Ed ULS .
b1
beff
cracks
EUROCODES
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs
78
tension in reinforcement :
v aa .hc .(1m). tan f ( A b + A t ) .fsd
compression in concrete struts :
v aa 0.6 1 ck fcd .sin f cos f

250
for slab in tension at ULS :
1.0 co tan f 1.25
(or 38.6 f 45 )
for slab in compression at ULS : 1.0 co tan f 2.0 (or 26.5 f 45 )

Other potential surfaces of shear failure defined in EN1994-2 :
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts
79

compression
EUROCODES
Fatigue ULS in a composite bridge
80
In a composite bridge, fatigue verifications shall be performed for :

the structural steel details of the main girder (see EN1993-2 and EN1993-1-9)
the slab concrete (see EN1992-2)
the slab reinforcement (see EN1994-2)
the shear connection (see EN1994-2)
Two assessment methods in the Eurocodes which differ in the partial factor Mf for
fatigue strength in the structural steel :
Assessment method
(National Choice)
Damage tolerant
Required regular inspections and
maintenance for detecting and repairing
fatigue damage during the bridge life
Safe life
No requirement for regular in-service
inspection for fatigue damage
Consequence of detail failure for the bridge

Low consequence
High consequence
Mf = 1.0
Mf = 1.15
Mf = 1.15
Mf = 1.35
Damage equivalent stress range E
EUROCODES
81
In a given structural detail of the bridge which is subjected to repeated fluctuations of stresses
due to traffic loads, a fatigue crack could initiate and propagate. The detail fails when the
damage D in it reaches 1.0 :
Log (stress range)
weld
Fatigue S-N curve of the

studied detail (EN1993-2)
with 2 slopes (m=3 and m=5)
N = C.m
Longitudinal
stiffener on a web
crack
Log N (cycles)
damage
ni
= di
Ni
Total damage in the detail :
D=
ni
Ni
NC = ND=5.106
2.106
NL=100.106
ni
Ni
In term of D, the actual traffic (ni, i)i is equivalent to nE = ni cycles of

the unique equivalent stress range E.
EUROCODES
Fatigue Load Model 3 equivalent lorry (FLM3)
82
axle = 120 kN
2.106 FLM3 lorries are assumed to cross the bridge per year and per slow lane defined
in the project
every crossing induces a stress range p = |max,f - min,f | in a given structural detail
the equivalent stress range E in this detail is obtained as follows :
E = .p
where :
is the damage equivalence factor
is the damage equivalent impact factor
(= 1.0 as the dynamic effect is already
included in the characteristic value of the
axle load)
EUROCODES
Damage equivalence factor
83
In a structural steel detail (in EN 1993-2):
=1 2 3 4 < max
which represents the following parameters :
1 : influence of the loaded lengths, defined in function of the bridges
spans (< 80 m) and the shape of the influence line for the internal forces
and moments
2 : influence of the traffic volume
3 : life time of the bridge ( 3=1 for 100 years)
4 : influence of the number of loaded lanes
max : influence of the constant amplitude fatigue limit D at 5.106 cycles
For shear connection (in EN1994-2):

For reinforcement (in EN1992-2):
v = v ,1 . v ,2 . v ,3 . v ,4
s = fat . s,1 . s,2 . s,3 . s,4
For concrete in compression (in EN1992-2 and only defined for railway bridges):
c = c,0 . c,1 . c,2,3 . c,4
EUROCODES
Example : Damage equivalence factor v
84
v ,1 = 1.55
for road bridges (with L< 100 m) :
hypothesis for the traffic volume in the example (based for instance on the
existing traffic description in EN 1991 part 2):
Nobs = 0.5.106 lorries per slow lane and per year with the following distribution
Q1 = 200 kN
Q2 = 310 kN
Q3 = 490 kN
Q 4 = 390 kN
Q5 = 450 kN
40%
10%
30%
15%
5%
15
Mean value of lorries weight :
Qml
v ,2
bridge life time = 100 years, so
only 1 slow lane on the bridge, so
niQi5
=
n
i
= 407 kN
Q Nobs
= ml
480 0.5.106
(1 8)
407
= 0.848
480
v ,3 = 1.0
v ,4 = 1.0
v = 1.314
EUROCODES
Stress range p = | max,f min,f | in the structural steel
85
Basic combination of non-cyclic actions
Fatigue loads
Gmax (or Gmin ) + 1.0 (or 0.0)S + 0.6Tk +

In every section :
FLM3
Mmax (or Mmin ) = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed
MFLM3,max and MFLM3,min
Bending moment in the section where the structural steel detail is located :
MEd,max,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max
MEd,min,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Corresponding stresses in the concrete slab (participating concrete) :

v
v
v
v
c,Ed,min,f = Mc,Ed 1 + MFLM3,min 1
c,Ed,max,f = Mc,Ed 1 + MFLM3,max 1
I1 n
I1 n
I1
I1
nL
Case
1
n0
c,Ed,max,f > 0
va
va
v1
v1
v1
v1
v1
=
+
+
+
+
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
p
a,Ed
c,Ed
FLM3,max
a,Ed
c,Ed
FLM3,min
FLM3
c,Ed,min,f > 0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Case
2
c,Ed,max,f < 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
Case
3
c,Ed,max,f > 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
p = MFLM3
v2
I2
v
v
v
v
p = Mc,Ed 1 2 + MFLM3,max 1 + MFLM3,min 2
I1
I2
I1 I2
EUROCODES
Stress range p for the upper face of the upper steel flange
Sequence of
concreting
16
86
15
14
13
12
11
10
25
Stress range (MPa)
30
20
15
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
x (m)
Stress range from M_min

always without concrete participation
120
140
160
Stress range from M_max

always with concrete participation
180
200
EUROCODES
Stress range s,p = | s,max,f s,min,f | in the reinforcement
87
Case
1
c,Ed,max,f > 0
c,Ed,min,f > 0
Case
2
c,Ed,max,f < 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
M + MFLM3,max
v
s,p = Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f 1 c,Ed
I2
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Case
3
c,Ed,max,f > 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
s,p = (Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max )
s,p = MFLM3
v1
I1
v1
v
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f
I1
I2
influence of the tension stiffening effect
s,f = 0.2
st =
AI
A aIa
fctm
st s
!
s =
A s,eff
A c,eff
Fatigue : 0.2
SLS verifications : 0.4
.100
in case 3, Mc,Ed is a sum of elementary bending moments corresponding to different

load cases with different values of v1/I1 (following nL).
Tension stiffening effect
EUROCODES
88
Tension
stiffening
effect
s,p,2
s,f
Slope v2/I2 (fully

cracked behaviour)
s,p,3
Bending
moment in the
composite
section
s,p,1
case 2
Slope v1/I1
case 3
case 1
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Stresses in the reinforcement (>0 in compression)
Fatigue verifications
EUROCODES
In a structural steel detail :
89
Ff E
c
Mf
Ff E
3
c
Mf
Ff E Ff E
+
1.0
C Mf C Mf
In the reinforcement :
F,fat E
Rsk
S,fat
S,fat = 1.15
log Rsk
k1 = 5
fsk
k1
k2 = 9
Rsk = 162.5 MPa
k2
N* = 1.106
logN
EUROCODES
Classification of typical structural details
90
EUROCODES
Fatigue verifications for shear connectors
91
R (log)
R (log)
m=8
c=
90 MPa
NR (log)
Nc =
2.106 cycles
( R )
1.
m=5
Nc =
2.106 cycles
NR = ( C ) NC
m
For a steel flange in compression at fatigue ULS :
Ff E
2.
c=
80 MPa
m=3
c
Mf ,s
with the recommended values :
Ff = 1.0
Mf ,s = 1.0
For a steel flange in tension at fatigue ULS :
c
Ff E
Mf
c
Ff E
Mf ,s
Ff E

+ Ff E 1.3
C Mf C Mf ,s
NR (log)
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts
92

compression
EUROCODES
LTB around internal supports of a composite girder
93
To verify the LTB in the lower bottom flange (which is in compression

around internal supports), two approaches are available :
LT =
ult
cr
( )
LT = f LT
with
ult =
1.
Bridge with uniform cross-sections in

Class 1,2 or 3 and an un-stiffened web
(except on supports) : U-frame model
2.
Bridge with non-uniform cross-sections :

general method from EN1993-2, 6.3.4
fy
a
6.3.4.1 : General method
6.3.4.2 : Simplified method

(Engessers formula for cr)
and
LT ult
1.0 ?
M1
cr =
cr
a
Example : lateral restraints
EUROCODES
94
1100
Transverse bracing frames every 7.5 m in end spans and every 8.0 m in
central span
IPE 600
1100
600
2800
Lateral restraints are provided on each vertical support (piles) and in crosssections where cross bracing frames are provided:
7000
Cross section with transverse bracing frame in span
A frame rigidity evaluated to Cd = 20.3 MN/m (spring rate)
EUROCODES
Maximum bending at support P1 under traffic
Traffic loads (with unfavourable

transverse distribution for the
girder n1)
+
Dead loads (construction phases,
cracked elastic analysis,
shrinkage)
MEd = -102 MN.m

NEd = MEd / h
= 38 MN
95
TS = 409.3 kN/axle
udl = 26.7 kN/m
EUROCODES
Elastic critical load for lateral flange buckling
96
EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.2 : ENGESSER

NEd = constant = Nmax
I = constant = Imax
t f bf 3 120.12003
I=
=
12
12
c = Cd/a
Ncr = 2 EIc = 192 MN
L = 80 m
cr = Ncr NEd = 5.1 < 10
EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.1:
General method
I and NEd are variable
discrete elastic lateral
support, with rigidity Cd
a = 7,5 m
a=8m
a = 7,5 m
uy
(I)
x
cr = Ncr NEd = 8.9 (Mode I at P1)
(II)
= 10.3 (Mode II at P2)

= 17.5 (Mode III at P1)
(III)
Lcr = 20 m
EN1993-2, 6.3.4.1 (general method)
EUROCODES
97
First order stresses in the mid plane

of the lower flange (compression at support P1)
Stresses in the mid-plane of the lower flange[MPa]
400
300
fyf 295
= 1.18
=
249
f
ult,k = min
200
100
op =
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-100
ult,k
1.18
=
8.9
cr,op
= 0.37 0.2
-200
-300
-400
Using buckling curve d:
op = 0.875 1.0
op
ult,k 1.036
=
= 0.94 > 1.0
1.1
M1
NO !
EUROCODES
More information about the numerical design example by

downloading the PDF guidance book :
Eurocodes 3 and 4 Application to steel-concrete
composite road bridges
on the Stra website :
http://www.setra.equipement.gouv.fr/In-English.html
Thank you for your kind attention
98

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Eurocodes - Background and applications

Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4

All points are illustrated with numerical applications to a

Introduction to composite bridges in EN1994

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Composite bridges with steel girders under the slab

Half through composite bridges

The main others EN called when using EN1994-2

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

EN 1993 2 : Steel bridges

EN 1994 2 : Composite bridges

EN 1992 2 : Concrete bridges

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4

Global analysis for composite bridges

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Elastic global analysis without bending redistribution

Non-linear global analysis may be used (no application rules)

Background and Applications

sections which can develop

In general, non-uniform section

Actual behaviour of a continuous composite girder

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Cracked global analysis

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Determination of the stresses c in the extreme fibre of the concrete

EI1 = un-cracked composite inertia (structural steel + concrete in compression)

An additional iteration is not required.

Cracked global analysis

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Simplified method usable if :

0.15 (L1+ L2)

In the cracked zones EI2 :

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Yielding at mid-span is taken into account if :

Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

cracking of the concrete slab

Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

Shear lag in composite bridges

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Concrete slab EN 1994-2

Steel flange EN 1993-1-5

Effectives width of the concrete slab EN1994-2

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Global analysis : constant for each span for simplification

Example : Twin-girder composite bridge

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Global longitudinal bending

Example : Composite twin-girder road bridge

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Example : Twin-girder composite bridge

IPE600 every 7.5m in

Example : Structural steel distribution

Example : Twin-girder composite bridge

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Note : Bridge dimensions verified

Example : Used materials

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop