Unit -I

Transmission Lines
Objective:

Introduction:
Transmission lines are used to transmit or provide guided direction to energy from
one point to another point.
Transmission lines are commonly used in power distribution at low frequencies and
in communication at high frequencies.
A transmission line is a two-port network connecting a generator circuit at the
sending end to a load at the receiving end.

Fig.1.1.Transmission Lines.
Different types of transmission lines:

Coaxial cable

Two wire line transmission lines

Parallel plate or plane transmission lines or Parallel plate transmission lines

Wave above conducting transmission lines

Microstrip transmission lines.

We focus on studying the coaxial and the two-wire transmission lines

In the analysis of transmission lines, we always use the electrical quantities such
as Voltage, current, Resistance, Capacitance

Transmission Line Equations:

For the study and analysis of transmission line,here we consider Two conductor transmission
line.two-conductor transmission line supports a TEM wave; in which , Electric and magnetic
fields are orthogonal to one another, and both are orthogonal to direction ofpropagation .
Let us Consider a short section z of a transmission line.
Fig.1.2 L-type equivalent circuit model of a differential length z of a two-conductor transmission line.

Using KVL and KCL circuit theorems, we can derive the following differential equations
for this
section of transmission line.

By letting z0, these lead to coupled equations:

For sinusoidal varying voltages and currents, we can use phasor forms.

V(z)

and I(z) are called phasors of v(z,t) and i(z,t). In terms of phasors, the coupled
equations can be written as:
After decoupling,

is the complex propagation constant whose real part isthe attenuation constant (Np/m)
and whose imaginarypart is the phase constant (rad/m). Generally, these quantities are
functions of .
We intend to find an equivalent circuit for this line and derive the line equations

Transmission Line Parameters:

From the solutions to the transmission line equations, it can be shown (using the coupled
transmission line equations) that:
This ratio is called characteristic impedance Z0.

Z0 and are the two most important parameters of a transmission line. They depend on the
distributed parameters (RLGC) of the line itself and but not the length of the line.
Parameters for lossless transmission lines:
For lossless transmission lines, R = G = 0
=0
up= phase velocity =
=complex propagation constant

= wavelength along the transmission line

Z0=characteristic impedance

Transmission line having Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, Conductance with

respect conductor use to design the transmission lines.
Transmission line having Line parameters.

Transmission lines are characterized by a series resistance , inductance, and shunt

capacitance per unit length. these values determine the power-carrying capacity of
the transmission line and the voltage drop across it at full load.

Fig.1.3 Equivelent series resistance , inductance, and shunt capacitance per unit length of transmission lines

These are primary line constants. As per different types of transmission line we
follow these parameters.

The line parameters R, L, G, C are not discrete or lumped but use as distributed
parameters. We define that parameters are uniformly distributed along the entire
length of the line. Following are distributed parameters for of two conductor
transmission lines.

1. Line Resistance : The AC resistance of a conductor in a transmission line is

based on the calculation of its DC resistance..If DC current is flowing along a
round cylindrical conductor, the current is uniformly distributed over its crosssection area.

where
= conductor resistivity at a given temperature (V-m)
l = conductor length (m)
A =conductor cross-section area (m2).
If AC current is flowing, rather than DC current, the conductor effective resistance is
higher due to frequency or skin effect.

Frequency Effect :The higher the frequency of current, the more noticeable skin effect
would be.The frequency of the AC voltage produces a second effect on the conductor
resistance due to the nonuniform distribution of the current. This phenomenon is known
as skin effect. As frequency increases, the current tends to go toward the surface of the
conductor and the current density decreases at the center. Skin effect reduces the effective
cross-section area used by the current, and thus, the effective resistance increases. Also,
although in small amount, a further resistance increase occurs when other currentcarrying conductors are present in the immediate vicinity. A skin correction factor k,
obtained by differential equations and Bessel functions, is considered to reevaluate the
AC resistance. For 60 Hz, k is estimated around 1.02.
RAC=RACk
Other variations in resistance are caused by
. Temperature
. Spiraling of stranded conductors
. Bundle conductors arrangement.
Temperature Effect :
The resistivity of any conductive material varies linearly over an operating temperature,
and therefore,the resistance of any conductor suffers the same variations. As temperature
rises, the conductor resistance increases linearly, over normal operating temperatures,
according to the following equation:

where ,
R2= resistance at second temperature t2
R1= resistance at initial temperature t1
T = temperature coefficient for the particular material (8C)

2. Line inductance:Inductance of transmission lines can be defined as number of

flux linkage [wb-turns] produced per ampere of current flowing through line:

A current-carrying conductor produces concentric magnetic flux lines around the

conductor. If the current varies with the time, the magnetic flux changes and a voltage is
induced. Therefore, an inductance is present, defined as the ratio of the magnetic flux
linkage and the current. The magnetic flux produced by the current in transmission line
conductors produces a total inductance whose magnitude depends on the line
configuration. To determine the inductance of the line, it is necessary to calculate, as in
any magnetic circuit with permeability m, the following factors:

1. Magnetic field intensity H

2. Magnetic field density B
3. Flux linkage l

Coaxial line connecting the generator to the load

We consider Coaxial transmission line connecting the generator or source to the
load in fig.1.3(B)

E& H field across the coaxial Line:

From fig.1.3(B) when switch is closed the inner conductor is made positive with
respect to outer conductor. So E and H field across this coaxial lines and pointing
vector across this point. After closing of switch simply establishes