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Introduction:
Currently we are facing energy demand; this demand is only covered by
utilizing energy sources that are oil, coal and natural gas. Almost all the
developed states are utilizing these energy sources but natural sources are
about to decrease year by year. So it is necessary to develop some other
forms of energies in order to overcome the energy needs. Generating energy
currently has a major impact on the environment, natural ecosystems, human
communities, and in other areas. It is for these reasons that currently there
are many efforts underway to reduce the use of oil, coal and other
nonrenewable energy sources and increase the participation of renewable
energy technologies such as those from the sun, tides, biomass, and wind.
Wind energy is being innovative because wind energy is environment
friendly with zero emissions and high power generation .Other energy
sources like oil gas and coal produces emissions and less environment
friendly and also causes expenditure of plant services and maintenance but
installing wind turbines makes an ease of use as they doesnt requires
maintenance and service expense.
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into electricity or mechanical
energy using wind turbines. The power in the wind is extracted by allowing
it to blow past moving blades that exert torque on a rotor. The amount of
power transferred is dependent on the rotor size and the wind speed.
Wind turbines range from small four hundred watt generators for residential
use to several megawatt machines for wind farms and offshore. The small
ones have direct drive generators, direct current output, aero elastic blades,
and lifetime bearings and use a vain to point into the wind; while the larger
ones generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, and
flaps and are actively pointed into the wind.
Direct drive generators and aero elastic blades for large wind turbines are
being researched and direct current generators are sometimes used.
Since wind speed is not constant, the annual energy production of a wind
converter is dependent on the capacity factor. A well sited wind generator
will have a capacity factor of about 35%. This compares to typical capacity
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factors of 90% for nuclear plants, 70% for coal plants, and 30% for thermal
plants.
As a general rule, wind generators are practical where the average wind
speed is 4.5 m/s or greater. Usually sites are pre-selected on the basis of a
wind atlas, and validated with onsite wind measurements.
Wind energy is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and reduces
greenhouse gas emissions if used to replace fossil-fuel-derived electricity.
The intermittency of wind does not create problems when using wind power
at low to moderate penetration level.
Motivation:
The wind industry has achieved remarkable growth largely due to the claim
that it will provide major reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. There's
just one problem: It's not true. A slew of recent studies show that windgenerated electricity likely won't result in any reduction in carbon emissions
or that they'll be as small as to be almost meaningless.
Introduction to Project:
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most economical
renewable energy technology. Today, electricity generating wind turbines
employ proven and tested technology, and provide a secure and sustainable
energy supply. At good, windy sites, wind energy can already successfully
compete with conventional energy production. Many countries have
considerable wind resources, which are still untapped.
A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy
by means of vanes called sails or blades. Centuries ago, windmills usually
were used to mill grain, pump water, or both. Thus they often were
gristmills, wind pumps, or both. The majority of modern windmills take the
form of wind turbines used to generate electricity, or wind pumps used to
pump water, either for land drainage or to extract groundwater.
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For many years now, developing countries and emerging economies have
been faced with the challenge of meeting additional energy needs for their
social and economic development with obsolete energy supply structures.
Overcoming supply bottlenecks through the use of fossil fuels in the form of
coal, oil and gas increases dependency on volatile markets and eats into
valuable foreign currency reserves. At the same time there is growing
pressure on emerging newly industrialized countries in particular to make a
contribution to combating climate change and limit their pollutant emissions.
Problem Discussion:
Before starting any project, there are always some difficulties that a person
has to face in order to make his design successful. In the start of our project,
we have also faced many problems that gives a little full stop to our project
but with the courage and support of our teachers, we continued to find the
solutions of those problems.
Initially, the size of wind power plants was small compared to conventional
power plants. The process of integrating wind power plants into the power
system grid was accomplished by representing the wind power plant as an
induction generator or as a negative load. This representation works fine as
long as the size of the wind power plant is relatively small compared to the
short circuit capability at the point of interconnection (POI). However, wind
power development in the mid-nineties started to see a phenomenal increase
in quantity.
Numerous wind power plants were built one after another within a short
time. The size of the wind power plant started to grow from small sizes
(under 50 MW to 600 MW). The impact of wind power plants can no longer
be ignored. New wind turbine types were developed, and power electronics
were added to improve the control of the wind turbines.
As a consequence of the large influx of wind energy into the power grid, and
the new type of generators that were introduced to the generation mix, a lot
of efforts were geared toward improving planning tools to help wind energy
to integrate into the power system network.
Turbine manufacturers, utilities, system operators (e.g., ERCOT) developed
dynamic models of wind turbine generators. Many of the manufacturers
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developed models using their own software for their turbines. Most of the
turbine models available at that time contained proprietary data and
information, and many users had to sign a nondisclosure agreement
(NDA) to use the dynamic models.
In June 2005, WECC convened the Wind Generator Modeling Group
(WGMG) under the auspices of the WECC Modeling and Validation Work
Group (MVWG) to develop a set of generic, nonproprietary wind generator
models suitable for positivesequence dynamic simulations. It was
envisioned that four standard models are required to represent the basic
types wind turbine generator technologies available in the market:
conventional induction machines, wound rotor induction machines with
variable rotor resistance, doublyfed induction machines, and full converter
machines. Although the standard models are being developed for use in the
WECC, it is anticipated that the models will be embraced as the industry
standard.
The WECC Wind Turbine Dynamic Model of four different wind turbine
types represents the wind turbine types with the major market share in the
United States. These wind turbine models were written to work with two
major software platforms used by the majority of utilities in the United
States. The model is simplified to make it possible that the manufacturers do
not have to reveal their proprietary information, yet this model is accurate
enough to simulate real wind turbines. The objective was to provide a model
to the general public without the need for nondisclosure agreements
between the user and the turbine- manufacturers. WGMG has defined the
technical requirements of standard models. There is strong consensus within
WGMG and externally that the following functional specifications are
reasonable. Additional specifications were developed by WGMG consensus,
as required.
The models should be suitable for implementation in positivesequence
power system simulation programs such as PSLF and PSS/E, and should be
consistent with existing models for other rotating machine generators in
terms of accuracy, complexity, and numerical stability.
The models should be suitable for assessing, on a preliminary basis, voltage
ride through and reactive compensation requirements. As with any other
power system component, additional studies using a more detailed system
representation and higher order models may be required to refine the results
8of planning studies.
The generic models should reproduce windturbine generator performance
reasonably well in the range of 0 (DC) to 6 Hz, and in response to electrical
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Remote power systems are needed more and more in the world of farming.
Whether it's for powering electric fencing, powering water pumping,
powering lighting in stables and chicken sheds or powering underwater
cameras at salmon farms - Leading Edge Turbines have small wind turbines
and other power equipment to meet the energy requirements.
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Chapter 2
It's hard sometimes to imagine air as a fluid. It just seems so ... invisible. But
air is a fluid like any other except that its particles are in gas form instead of
liquid. And when air moves quickly, in the form of wind, those particles are
moving quickly. Motion means kinetic energy, which can be captured, just
like the energy in moving water can be captured by the turbine in a
hydroelectric dam. In the case of a wind-electric turbine, the turbine blades
are designed to capture the kinetic energy in wind. The rest is nearly
identical to a hydroelectric setup: When the turbine blades capture wind
energy and start moving, they spin a shaft that leads from the hub of the
rotor to a generator. The generator turns that rotational energy into
electricity. At its essence, generating electricity from the wind is all about
transferring energy from one medium to another.
Wind powers all starts with the sun. When the sun heats up a certain area of
land, the air around that land mass absorbs some of that heat. At a certain
temperature, that hotter air begins to rise very quickly because a given
volume of hot air is lighter than an equal volume of cooler air. Faster11 | P a g e
Rotor blades - The blades are basically the sails of the system; in their
simplest form, they act as barriers to the wind (more modern blade designs
go beyond the barrier method). When the wind forces the blades to move, it
has transferred some of its energy to the rotor.
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VAWTs may be used for small-scale turbines and for pumping water in rural
areas, but all commercially produced; utility-scale wind turbines are
horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs).
As implied by the name, the HAWT shaft is mounted horizontally,
parallel to the ground. HAWTs need to constantly align themselves with the
wind using a yaw-adjustment mechanism. The yaw system typically consists
of electric motors and gearboxes that move the entire rotor left or right in
small increments. The turbine's electronic controller reads the position of a
wind vane device (either mechanical or electronic) and adjusts the position
of the rotor to capture the most wind energy available. HAWTs use a tower
to lift the turbine components to an optimum elevation for wind speed (and
so the blades can clear the ground) and take up very little ground space since
almost all of the components are up to 260 feet (80 meters) in the air.
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Tower - supports rotor and nacelle and lifts entire setup to higher
elevation where blades can safely clear the ground
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Turbine blades are shaped a lot like airplane wings -- they use an airfoil
design. In an airfoil, one surface of the blade is somewhat rounded, while the
other is relatively flat. Lift is a pretty complex phenomenon and may in fact
require a Ph.D. in math or physics to fully grasp. But in one simplified
explanation of lift, when wind travels over the rounded, downwind face of
the blade, it has to move faster to reach the end of the blade in time to meet
the wind traveling over the flat, upwind face of the blade (facing the
direction from which the wind is blowing). Since faster moving air tends to
rise in the atmosphere, the downwind, curved surface ends up with a lowpressure pocket just above it. The low-pressure area sucks the blade in the
downwind direction, an effect known as "lift." On the upwind side of the
blade, the wind is moving slower and creating an area of higher pressure that
pushes on the blade, trying to slow it down. Like in the design of an airplane
wing, a high lift-to-drag ratio is essential in designing an efficient turbine
blade. Turbine blades are twisted so they can always present an angle that
takes advantage of the ideal lift-to-drag force ratio. See How Airplanes Work
to learn more about lift, drag and the aerodynamics of an airfoil.
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Passive stall control - The blades are mounted to the rotor at a fixed
angle but are designed so that the twists in the blades themselves will apply
the brakes once the wind becomes too fast. The blades are angled so that
winds above a certain speed will cause turbulence on the upwind side of the
blade, inducing stall. Simply stated, aerodynamic stall occurs when the
blade's angle facing the oncoming wind becomes so steep that it starts to
eliminate the force of lift, decreasing the speed of the blades.
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Figure 2-8
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But there are downsides, too. Wind turbines can't always run at 100 percent
power like many other types of power plants, since wind speeds fluctuate.
Wind turbines can be noisy if you live close to a wind plant, they can be
hazardous to birds and bats, and in hard-packed desert areas there is a risk of
land erosion if you dig up the ground to install turbines. Also, since wind is a
relatively unreliable source of energy, operators of wind-power plants have
to back up the system with a small amount of reliable, non-renewable energy
for times when wind speeds die down. Some argue that the use of unclean
energy to support the production of clean energy cancels out the benefits, but
the wind industry claims that the amount of unclean energy that's necessary
to maintain a steady supply of electricity in a wind system is far too small to
defeat the benefits of generating wind power.
Potential disadvantages aside, the United States has a good number of wind
turbines installed, totaling more than 9,000 MW of generating capacity in
2006. That capacity generates in the area of 25 billion kWh of electricity,
which sounds like a lot but is actually less than 1 percent of the power
generated in the country each year. As of 2005, U.S. electricity generation
breaks down like this:
Coal: 52%
Nuclear: 20%
Hydropower: 7%
The current total electricity generation in the United States is in the area of
3.6 trillion kWh every year. Wind has the potential to generate far more than
1 percent of that electricity. According to American Wind Energy
Association, the estimated U.S. wind-energy potential is about 10.8 trillion
kWh per year -- about equal to the amount of energy in 20 billion barrels of
oil (the current global yearly oil supply). To make wind energy feasible in a
given area, it requires minimum wind speeds of 9 mph (3 meters per second)
for small turbines and 13 mph (6 meters per second) for large turbines.
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Those wind speeds are common in the United States, although most of it is
unharnessed.
Figure 2-9
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Figure 2-10
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Chapter 3
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Aerodynamic Blades
The aero dynamics is the most valuable thing to be painstaking while
working on the project related to the wind turbine energy generation as the
aerodynamics would be good the air friction will be less and the torque will
be more and energy generation will be more potent, the shape of blades are
not that horizontal oriented The current work focuses strictly on the analysis
and optimization of wind turbine blades. Two of the most signicant
disciplines are the aerodynamics and structures. It is common practice to use
the aerodynamic forces to perform structural analysis. This however, doesnt
strictly constitute a proper aero structural analysis. A sound analysis is only
possible when the structural deformation is returned to the aerodynamics and
the coupled solution converged. The types of structural displacements that
eect the aerodynamics are: the twist distribution, the coning angle
distribution, and in general, the change in blade length due to both bending
and centrifugal forces. The blades we are using is horizontally oriented
blades made of PVC for flexibility and light weight the blades in mega wind
turbine has a break sensor to reduce the speed of blade to oppose the
malfunctioning power generation to reduce the cost of this sensor and brake
we simply selected a cup shaped blade that remain spin on high wind
pressure within its speed limit because the rotating blade will continuously
opposing and blocking the cross wind direction due to its shape
specialization on the other hand this shape is also essential while in very
small wind the cup shape blade absorb a very little amount of air and start
rotating this innovative design is also effective in wind turbulence and wind
friction the blades has a length of 57.5 inches and the inner circumference of
6.5 inches this specific measurements are helpful in maximum air absorption
and the shape is helpful in automatically maintaining the speed of blades.
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Figure 3-3
Bearings
The bearing makes many of the machines we use every day possible.
Without bearings, we would be constantly replacing parts that wore out from
friction. In this article, we'll learn how bearings work, look at some different
kinds of bearings and explain their common uses, and explore some other
interesting uses of bearings. The use of bearings are very important because
we have to minimize the friction in shaft coupler and flywheel.
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Dynamos
In simplest terms, a dynamo is essentially an electric motor run in reverse.
The electric motor uses magnets spinning in a metal coil to spin an axle.
Conversely, spinning the axle causes the magnets to rotate in the coil and
generates an electric current moving away from the motor. A cool
experiment to try is to buy a small motor from radio shack and put it to your
tongue. Spin it and you will feel a slight tingle coming from the connectors.
This is known as the Faraday Effect. Look up this effect to gain a fuller
understanding of motors and dynamos.
somehow cheating. Purists may be willing to spend the additional money for
a high end, 6 watt, dynamo system, or live with the lower performance and
lower safety provided by a 3 watt dynamo powered system. Of course a few
of these people will hotly dispute the contention that a 3 watt system is less
safe than a higher power system, but the bicycle safety experts do not agree
with this contention.
In well-lit cities where the cyclist is familiar with their route, a dynamo
system is often sufficient. However due to the power generation limits of a
bicycle dynamo, it simply is not possible to generate enough power for
lights that are bright enough for use on dark or unfamiliar routes. Another
factor is that as we age, our night vision deteriorates, and brighter lighting is
necessary for safety. Personally, I do own a dynamo. It's fine for going
around a familiar town at night, and eliminates the need to worry about
batteries. However I would never use it on dark or unfamiliar routes.
Introduction
The main purpose to explain how to construct a high performance battery
powered lighting system. Promote dynamo powered bicycle lighting
systems. While I also use dynamo lights on occasion, I believe that it's
important to understand the facts regarding dynamo systems and battery
based systems, so you can choose the most appropriate lighting system for
your needs.
These e-mails and posts show that there are some dynamo users whose
views on dynamo lights center on the idea that "I use them, so they must be
fine, and anyone that disagrees with me is wrong because I say so." When
people are so defensive, it's because they are insecure about their own
choices. I decided to add this section on dynamo powered lights, so the
reader can get an unbiased evaluation of the pros and cons of dynamo
powered lights.
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Figure 3-3
Description
The generating of a current by means of a dynamo-electric machine was
briefly considered. The reversal of the direction of the current induced by the
motion of the coil of wire, as illustrated in Fig. 25, is true of all the coils of
wire comprising in part the armature of a dynamo. This is further illustrated
in Fig. 26, which shows the ends of the wire coil C - C connected with two
semicircular pieces of brass, A and B, representing the commutator, which
are in contact with flat pieces of copper, E and F, representing the brushes of
a dynamo. Assuming that the coil of wire is revolving clockwise, and cutting
the lines of force from the N to the S poles of the magnet, a current induced
in the part of the coil C is in the reverse direction from that in the part C, and
only requires a closed circuit to flow around the coil in the direction shown
by the arrows. As the coil continues to revolve until the position of the parts
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C and C are reversed, the current still flows around the circuit L in the same
direction. The direction of the current in the coil has been reversed, but the
pieces E and F are now in contact with different brushes, so the current still
flows in the same direction around the main circuit. By having a large
number of coils of wire in the armature and a corresponding number of
sections in the commutator, the current in the main circuit is made
practically uniform, the current from one coil rapidly succeeding that from
the preceding coil.
Figure 3-4
magnets between which the armature revolves are called the field magnets.
The function of the field magnets is to provide the magnetic lines of force,
through which the armature coils revolve. They may be permanent magnets
or electro-magnets, the latter being universally used when other than very
light work is required. The reason for this is that electro-magnets are capable
of giving a much more powerful current than permanent magnets.
Figure 3-5
In the earliest forms of dynamos the field magnets were excited by a current
from an outside source; but this form was soon superseded by the selfexciting dynamo. One form, known as the series dynamo, is shown in Fig.
27. The iron cores of the field magnets, after being once excited, retain a
certain amount of magnetism, termed residual magnetism. While small in
amount, it is yet sufficient to produce some electro-motive force, so that
when the armature revolves, a feeble current is produced, which, passing
through the field coils, increases the magnetism, which, in turn, increases the
magnetic lines of force and the resulting current from the armature coils.
This continues until the armature core and field cores are thoroughly
saturated with magnetism, and the dynamo reaches its maximum efficiency.
By experiment and calculation the size and wiring of the several parts of a
dynamo are carefully determined, the greatest output may be obtained from
a given expenditure of power, and yet not reach a point where excessive or
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Figure 3-6
The wiring of the field coils is in series with the outside circuit, and the
armature and the whole current passes through them. This necessitates a few
turns of large wire for the fields. The load of a series dynamo is usually
connected in series.
Another form of wiring which overcomes certain of the objections of the
series dynamo is that known as the shunt-wound dynamo, shown in Fig. 28.
In this type the field coils form a shunt to the main circuit, only a portion of
the current from the armature passing through them. The current, therefore,
is divided or shunted, the larger part going directly to the outside circuit, and
the balance around the field coils. As this latter current is small in amount,
the wire for the field coils of a shunt-wound dynamo is small in size, but
consists of many turns. The magnetism produced by the field coils is
proportional to the current and the turns of wire, ampere turns, as they are
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called. Thus 10 turns of a large wire carrying 10 amperes is the equal of 100
turns of smaller wire carrying 1 ampere, and each will exert the same
magnetizing force. By reducing the size of the wire, the ampere turns of a
shunt-wound dynamo is made equal to the ampere turns of a series dynamo
of the same size. The amount of energy required to magnetize the fields, and
the efficiency of the two types of dynamos under a normal load, should be
the same.
Figure 3-7
The shunt dynamo is more nearly self-regulating under a varying load than a
series dynamo, the load being usually in parallel. Therefore, as additional
branches in parallel in the main circuit are closed, the resistance falls, and
more current is supplied by the armature. This decreases the amount
received in the shunt or field coils, thus reducing the magnetism, which in
turn slightly reduces the current of the armature, and so regulates the output
of the dynamo. A low resistance in the armature is desirable in this type, and
also an even strength of magnetism in the fields. To regulate the voltage of a
shunt dynamo, a rheostat is generally inserted in the shunt circuit. A rheostat
is an instrument containing circuits of varying resistance, with a switch for
disconnecting any or all of them.
Another type of dynamo which is self-regulating under wide variations of
load is that known as the compound dynamo, shown in Fig. 29. This is a
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Figure 3-8
The flywheel is a heavy gear with a larger diameter the fly wheel is used to
transmit energy from one gear to another the fly wheel obeys the principle
of gyro scope the gyroscope works on a principle of inertia A flywheel is a
mechanical device with a significant moment of inertia used as a storage
device for rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes in their rotational
speed, which helps steady the rotation of the shaft when a
fluctuating torque is exerted on it by its power source such as a piston-based
(reciprocating) engine, or when an intermittent load, such as a piston pump,
is placed on it. Flywheels can be used to produce very high power pulses for
experiments, where drawing the power from the public network would
produce unacceptable spikes. A small motor can accelerate the flywheel
between the pulses.
Recently, flywheels have become the subject of extensive research as power
storage devices for uses in vehicles and power plants, the flywheel when
connected to any engine or drive dissipate more friction while in our wind
turbine the fly wheel is used for decreasing friction using the bearing the fly
wheel itself emits the maximum frictionless inertial momentum, our fly
wheel is of 10 inches of diameter and weighing 8 kg possess more uniform
acceleration through this flywheel the blades are able to revolute even in
very small wind pressure because of gyroscopic principle Mechanical
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Figure 3-9
DC Inverter
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The dc inverter is capable of converting the input 12-13 DC volts into 240
volts AC the inverter is proficient in generating sine wave of 50-60HZ. This
means that the current flows continuously from the negative terminal of the
battery, through the completed circuit and back to the positive terminal of
the battery. The flow is in one direction only, hence the name direct current.
The ability to provide direct current power is inherent to the nature of
batteries. Direct current is very useful, but batteries can generally only
provide relatively low-voltage DC power. Many devices need more power to
function properly than DC can provide. They're designed to run on the 120volt AC power supplied to homes in the U.S. Alternating current or AC,
constantly changes polarity, sending current one way through the circuit,
then reversing and sending it the other way. It does this very quickly 60
times per second in most U.S. electrical systems. AC power works well at
high voltages, and can be "stepped up" in voltage by a transformer more
easily than direct current. An inverter increases the DC voltage, and then
changes it to alternating current before sending it out to power a device.
These devices were initially designed to do the opposite to convert
alternating current into direct current. Since these converters could basically
be run in reverse to accomplish the opposite effect, they were called
inverters. The earlier dc inverters were composed of electromagnetic devices
these when the DC voltage applied on magnet it changes the flow of current
by pulling the conducting arm this generates the buzzing sound, now a days
the inverters are made of oscillator circuit. Theyre made with transistors or
semiconductors, so there's no longer the need for a spring arm flipping back
and forth to alternate the current. Its not quite as simple as that, however.
Alternating current forms a sine wave. The output of an inverter is a very
square wave, not like the smooth, round wave of a perfect sine. Some
devices are inherently sensitive to the signal produced by an AC wave.
Typically, these are devices that receive or broadcast some kind of signal,
such as audio or video equipment, navigation devices or sensitive scientific
equipment. You can see or hear the square waveform on a television as lines
on the screen or a steady buzz or hum. Cleaning up the sine wave requires a
series of filters, inductors and capacitors. Inexpensive inverters have little or
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no filtering. The alternating current they produce has a very square wave,
which is fine if you just want to make coffee or run something with a simple
electric motor. If you need a smoother sine wave, you'll need an inverter
with better filtering. Of course, better filtering also costs a little more.
Inverters can get extremely expensive, even costing thousands of dollars,
that is, if you're looking for an inverter with a smooth sine. The good news:
Given a large enough budget, you can purchase an AC power inverter that
produces virtually perfect AC sine wave. In fact, some high-end DC to AC
inverters can make sine waves that are even smoother than the AC power
supplied to your house. The dc inverter is powered up with the standard dry
automobile battery the inverter is MOSFET based sine wave generator the
inverter can draw 500W of current the inverter is secured by 30A circuit
breaker to prevent circuit.
Figure 3-10
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Chapter 4
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Testing results
Mechanical Testing
Electronic Testing:
The inverter circuit is also tested several times because of improper sine
wave generation the sine wave is necessary for AC supply the most devices
will work just fine without a pure sine wave inverter, but it is a good idea to
think about the issue before making a purchase anyway. First, its important
to understand why the differences between pure sine wave inverters
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and modified sine wave inverters can cause problems. The two main issues
at hand are efficiency and undesired interference from the additional
harmonics present in a modified sine wave. That means that a pure sine
wave inverter is good at two things: efficiently powering devices that use the
alternating current input without rectifying it first, and powering devices like
radios that can suffer from interference. This is necessary for the inverter to
generate the sine wave because most electronic devices run just fine on a
modified sine wave. For example, laptop computers, cell phone chargers,
and all other equipment that uses a rectifier or AC/DC adapter to take an AC
input and output DC to the device will typically work just fine without a
pure sine wave inverter. Of course, with a lot of those devices you can just
cut out the middleman and use a DC to DC converter that steps the 12v DC
from your trucks electrical system either up or down without first
converting it to AC before converting it back to DC. This is the more
efficient route to go, so it might be worth looking into if DC adapters are
available for any of your electronic devices. The sine wave can be obtained
by placing oscillator circuit and MOSFET.
Fabrication
The fabrication is attempted for the table that occupies the whole
equipments including all the mechanical and electronic wiring the
fabrication is done on steel and electrode welded and have a very light
weight and easy to carry
Normal Testing
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The final testing happened after a lot of changing, alteration and replacing
components for the final testing we assured that each and every mechanical,
electronic and wiring components are in proper working condition and able
to deliver the best output after checking the final mechanical lubrication we
at first run the turbine without magnetic load means without connecting
dynamo this test is for checking the rotation of blades and rotation per
minute in no load conditions by checking in no load we determined that
mechanical components are in proper condition ,then we test the turbine in
normal wind pressure conditions the result was a success by the grace of
Almighty Allah the turbine can swivel even in very small wind pressure.
Final Testing
The final testing is done under all conditions like normal wind pressure and
high wind pressure in the final testing we also have to check the output
power generation and analyze the variation according to the change occur in
wind direction and speed , in final testing the biggest problem we faced was
the magnetic load the flywheel after coupled by dynamo would about to
produce more magnetic friction to reduce the friction we decided to twist the
blades and loosen the gear friction by increasing the distance between the
flywheel and the dynamo gear this result in better performance, after
connecting the inverter and battery we finally start analyzing the power
generation the battery started charging on 13Volts and also capable of
drawing load of 500 watts the normal RPM of fly wheel was 53 rotation per
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minute by converting the gear ratio the dynamo is rotating on 530 RPM
these results occurred in normal wind pressure.
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Chapter 5
years. The primary sources of energy available in Pakistan are oil, natural
gas, hydro and nuclear power. At present oil accounts for approximately
45% of total commercial energy supply. The share of natural gas is 34%
while that of hydro power remains roughly at 15%. The increase in cost of
fossil fuel and the various environmental problems of large scale power
generation have led to increased appreciation of the potential of electricity
generation from non-conventional alternate sources. This has provided the
planners and economists to find out other low cost energy resources.
Wind and Solar energies are the possible clean and low cost renewable
resources available in the country. Wind power provides opportunity to
reduce dependence on imported fossil fuel and at the same time expands the
power supply capacity to remote locations where grid expansion is not
practical.
International Scenario
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The graph below (values taken from Global Wind Energy Council Data)
shows the list of countries according to the total installed capacity. China is
top on which had installed capacity of almost 75,324 MW in 2012 and as
compared to 404 MW in 2001. Similarly USA had installed capacity of
60,007 MW in 2012 in comparison of 2001 that was only 4,275. Spain has
always inclined towards environmental protection and wide spread use of
wind turbine technology restates the nations requirements of green energy.
It started with almost 3,337 MW in 2001installed capacity and increased up
to 22,796 MW in 2012. Indias percentage used to increase in every year as
per the below table and jumped from 1,456 MW in 2001 to almost 18,421
MW in 2012. In future it is projected that India could actually surpass bigger
and more developed nations that use alternative energy.
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S. No
1
Components
24 V DC Dynamo
Quantity
01
Price (PKR)
4,500
2
3
4
5
6
7
Shafts
Flywheel
Bearings
Bearing Mountings
Steel disc
Steel Channel
02
01
02
02
02
16
5,000
6,000
1,500
2,000
4,000
8,000
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
08
01
01
01
01
4,200
3,500
5,500
2,600
5,200
20,000
4000
14,000
04
Total
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Rs. 70,000
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Chapter 6
Conclusion
In conclusion, a wind turbine is a machine that converts the wind kinetic
energy into electricity. The major components of a wind turbine are: the
rotor, the gearbox, the generator, the control and protection system, the
tower and the foundation. Wind turbines are classified into two types of
category: horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine. The
major advantage for a HAWT is the high efficiency it has; the disadvantage
is the maintenance and repair at high altitude. The advantage of a VAWT is
that the wind can come from any direction; the disadvantage is the height
limitations. Aerodynamically, the wind turns the rotor blades of the HAWT
because of the pressure differential between the top and the bottom of the
airfoil. For the VAWT, it is the drag that acts on the blades and turns the
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Chapter 7
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Future Innovation
Figure 7-5
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Wind Harvester
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Figure 7-6
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Wind Stalk
The wind stalk is a new research wind energy method that doesnt need any
blades , it has a piezoelectric disk the disk connected by a wire and the wire
is further connected by electrodes as the wind blow these piezoelectric disk
forced in compression this generate electricity in electrodes.
Figure 7-7
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Wind Farms
The concept of wind farm is not very new but researches claims that it can
generate more power than nuclear energy the wind farm uses several of wind
turbine installed as a bank and connected to generate like the power bank
China has a capacity of over 5,000 MW of power with a goal of 20,000 MW
by 2020.
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Future Improvements
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Reference:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5965503&url=http
%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber
%3D5965503
http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/3/1/015001
http://docs.wind-watch.org/panja-effectonclouds.pdf
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