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timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
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01 ' 5

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Jawaharlal Nehru

IS 7861-2 (1981): Code of practice for extreme weather

concreting, Part 2: Recommended practice for cold weather
concreting [CED 2: Cement and Concrete]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

! > 0 B

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IS : 7861 (Part II ) - 1981

( Reaffirmed 2011 )

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
EXTREME WEATHER CONCRETING
PART II RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR
COLD WEATHER CONCRETING

( Sixth Reprint OCTOBER 2000 )

UDC 6935473 : 690013

Copyright 1981
BUREAU

OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 6

July 1981

IS I 7861 ( Part II ) 1911

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
EXTREME WEATHER CONCRETING
PART II RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR
COLD WEATHER CONCRETING

Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, BDC 2

Clulim,dll

Da H. C.

IUpreu"Iir.,
Cement Research Institute of India, New Delbi

VJ8VB8VABAYA

M",.,."
ADDITIONAL DrBKeTO STANDARDS

( BitS)

DEPUTY DIREOTOR. ST~NDAnD8

Resea h, Designs It Standard. OrgaDizatioD

( Ministry of Railways). Lucknow

( a a s ) ( AltlrnaU )

SURI K. P. RAMlIn"..
Larsen &. Toubro Ltd, Bombay
SHAI HARI.II N. MALANI (A1l6l1ate )
Sanl S. K. lSANEUJEB
National Test Houle, Calcutta
SHIll R. N. BA.NSA.L
Beas Designs Organization, Nangal Townlhip
SHRI T. C. CABO ( AlterMt, )
CHIE' F.NOINBBB ( DUJOJl8 )
C~Dtral Public Works Department, New Delhi
EXBOUTIVR EJfGI._.a
(DUION8) III ( ~1mt4t' )
CIIIICJ' ENOINDR ( P1tOJECT8 )
Irrigation Department, CoverDmcnt
Punjab,

DIB_CTOU. IPRI ( ,Alt.""t, )

DIBzcToa ( CS~JRS )
DEruTY D'RKCToa ( CSMRS )
( AI,,,,,Gl6 )
Dn R.. K. GB08U

S,.BI Y. R. PBULl, ( AltWfUlt, I )

All""""

SBRI ~f. DIIfAJrABAN (

Oll08R
:iDal B. R. GoVlND
Sun I P. C. AIlC' ( ~lllrftQt' )
SUBI A. K. GUPTA

:'JR R. K.

or

Challdiaarh
Central Water CommiuioD. New Delhi

Central Road Releareh ID.~itute ( CSlll), New

Delhi

II )
Indian Road Congress, New Delhi
EDlilleer-in-Chief'. Brancb, Army Headquarter.

Hyder:.bad Asbeatos
Hyderabad

Cement Product.

Ltd.

( C.1iawtI - #til- 2 )

@ Co"l'" 1981
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Tbil publicadoD .. protected uader che/"dia Co/l1ri,'" A" (XIV of 1957 ) and
reproductJoll ill whole or iD part by aay mean. except with writteD permiuion of tbe
publiab. Iball be d..mecl to be aD bafriDpmeDt of copyrilbt undee tbe said Act.

18._. (Part II )-11111

(~Jt-,.,. I)

M-w,
I

Da R.. R.

HA'l'TJAJlOADI
SRBI P.
AGU8 ( Al,.",."
DB JQBAL ALI
SI S. R. KULJtAa.1

J J

SS.I S. K. LARA
S8RI B. T. UMWALLA
DB MOBAN RAI
DR S. S.

a.R81

~ be

Eagineerin, Reteareb Labor.tori_, Hyder.bad

M. N. Dutur .. Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
The IDstitutioD of Engineers ( IDdia ). Calcutta

Alt6rU")
Central Duildinl Rueareh Ialtitute (CSIR.).
Roorkee

(All"ul,)

SDal K. K. N...DIAB
SBBI H. S. P ASRJCBA
SHRI C. S. MI8HRA (
DB M. RAIIAIAH

Da N. S.
S,IBI

G.

BBAL (

."""11

Ii",
A'lOCi.ted Cement Companie. Ltd, Bombay

10 penonal capacity (( RiJmtllUJld.1t1 11 Fi",

Crlscenl Park ROtId. C.rlt/lti".,." A.I".r, M"tJ,.., )
Hindu.tan Prefab Ltd, New Delhi
Alt.""" )

AI, " )

Structural Engineering Researcb Centre ( CSIR. ),

Roorkee
Directorate General of Supplies and Disposal.,

RAMDA8

New Delhi

D. A. V. R. RAO
SHRr J. 8 GUPTA

( ~lltr".',

R. V. CUALAPATHI
Slln. S.. Roy (
SUBI T. N. S. RA.0
SaBI

National Duildinl! OrgaDizatioD, New Deihl

)
Geological Survey of India, Calcutta

RAO

AI,,,,,.,,)

Gammon India Ltd, Bombay

SHaI S. R. PiNRP:IRO ( AII'mtI" )

SRRI AR3VH RJ.J1I8IHOJfANI
Cement
8JfB. K. VIT HAL RAO ( AlltrlltJ/, )
SBCallTAllY
Central

Corporation of India Ltd, New Delhi

Doard of Irrigation and Power, New

Delhi

(I) (Allnu',)
Roads Wing (Ministry of ShippiDI and Transport).
New Delhi
SII81 R. L. KAPooa ( Allmltll, )
S I K. A. SUBBA.ANIAK
The India Cementl Ltd, Madr
Sllal P. S. RAIiAonANDRAN ( Al'"." )
S U ft I JI' T . I( DIN 0 ENOINEJl:I& Public Work. Dopartment, Covernment 01
( DUloKS )
Tamilnadu, Madra
Ex.ov'l'lv. .0111&.. ( 8M It R.
DEPUTY SaCnBTAIlY

Saal N.

SJVAGt7Bl1

AI,.." )

DI'9J810N) (
SRBI L. SWAROO.
SRRI A. V. RAMAX.A. ( ~1"'MI'
SBftl B. T. UNWALLA
SIIKI Y. K. MII:R'l'.A. (
SBRI G. RAMAH,

AI,."",. )

Da1mia Cement ( Dbarat ) Ltd, New Delhi

The CQncrete A ociation or India, Bombay

Director General, lSI (E.-oJieio AI. .,,)

Director ( Civ EO.I)

"""

SD.I".N.NaaLAKA.DD~.

Auiataat Dlnccor ( Civ EDI. ), lSI

(~-,.,.21)

Al\lENDI\1ENT N(). I

JUNt: 1991

'ro
IS 7861 ( Part 2) : 1981 C()U~: ()F IJRACl"ICE FOR
EXTREME WFA'"I'IIER CONCRETING
PART 2 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR COLD WEATHER
CONCRETING

(Pag, 11, clau .se '.1, last line) - Substitute the following for the existing
math

'S = ratio of the speciflc hpal of cement and aggregate to that of water. t

(Page 11, clause 6.3) - Substitute the fullowing for the existing clause:
6.3 In practice the ratio of the specific beat of cement and aggregate to tbat of
IS O.2181ld T.
T w,. ,

wiler shall be 1.8 ken

(CEO 2)
Punted .it Dee Kay Pnnters, New Deihl, India

IS

7861 (Part II ) Itll

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
EXTREME WEATHER CONCRETING
PART II RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR
COLD WEATHER CONCRETING

o.

FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard (Part I l) was adopted by the Indian

Standards Institution on 30 January 1981, after the draft finalized by the
Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 In order to meet the need for recommended practices for extreme
weather concreting, the Sectional Committee decided to evolve Indian
Standards on the subject. Accordingly, IS: 7861 (Part I ).197~. wal
brought out to cover recommended practice for hot weather concreting.
This standard covers recommended practice (or cold weather concreting.
0.3 The present demand on the building and civil engineering structures
makes it imperative that work be continued throughout the winter months
irrespective of cold weather. In India certain areas are subjected to
severe cold weather for a long period. They include Northern, NorthEalt and North-West Zones, etc, of the country. Winter ~ concreting
technique. should be followed to carry out continuous construction in
theae are...
1.4' The production of concrete in cold weather introduce. special and
peculiar problems which do not arise while concreting at normal temperaturea. Quite apart from the problems associated with letting and
hardening of cement concrete, severe damage may occur if concrete
which i. Itill in the plastic state is exposed to low temperature, thul
~U.iDI ice lenses to form and expansion to occur within the pore strucr ture.
Hence it i. elsential to keep the temperature of the concrete above
minimum value before it is placed in the Cormwork. After placing.
concrete may be kept above a certain temperature with the help of
proper insulating methods before the protection is removed, During
period. of low ambient temperature, special techniques are to be adopted
to cure the concrete while it is in the Cormwork or after ill removal.
0.5 The objects of this recommended code are to identify the problema .
aDd to recommend cold weather concretin' practices which' will eliminate

IS 7111 ( Part II ) 1111

to large extent the adverse effects likely to be experienced in the
absence of such practice. Adoption of these recommended practices
may result in concrete possessing improved charactertstics in the freshly
mixed and hardened state,
O.s. For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
ltandard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result or a telt or analysil, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS: 2.1960.. The number of significant places ratained i~
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in
thi. Itandard.

I. SCOPB
1.1 This code deals with the procedure and precautions to be observed
while concreting in cold weather so as to minimize the detrimental effect.
or cold weather on concreting in general types of construction, such as
buildings, bridges, highways, pavements and other similar structures.
NOTB-Ali requirementl of IS : 456-1918t and IS: 1343.1980t in 10 far .1 they
apply shan be deemed to form part of thili code except where otherwise laid down
in thi. code.

2. TEI\MINOLOGY

.01

2.0
the purpose or this code, the following definitions shall apply in
addition to the definitions covered by IS: 4815-1968 and IS: 6461
( Parts I to XII )11.
2.1 Cold Weather CODcretlDI - Any operation of concreting done at
about 5C atmospheric temperature or below.
2.2 Prell.rel_Dg Period - The prescribed time for which the temperature of freshly placed concrete is required to be maintained above the

freezing point.
Rules Cor rounding off numerical value, ( 'crns,d ).
e or practice for plain and reinforced concrete (Ilai,d "viJioJl ).
Code of practice for preltreued concrete (first ,tv;si.,. )
Definition. aDd terminology relating to hydraulic cement,
IIGJollary of terms relating to cement concrete:
Part 1-1972 Concrete aggregates
Part 111972 Materi31a ( other than cement and .ssregate )
Part 1111972 Concrete reinforcc..ment
Part IV1972 Type. oreencrete
Part V1972 Formwork Cor concrete
Part Vr1972 Equipment, tools and plant
Part V!Il~S Mixin,. layiD" compaction, curing and other constructioD
a.pect.
Part VI (1-1973 Propertlea of concrete
Part JX1973 Structural ..peerl
Part X1973 Teltl and tatinl apparatUi
Part XI-197! Prellreueel concete
Part XII1973 Miscellaneous

15

II 71&1 (Part II ) 1911

3. EFFECTS OF COLD WEATHER ON CONCRETE
5.1 Effects of cold weather on concrete, in the absence of Ipecial precaUtiODl, may be al follows:

a) D"".1,tl S,"i", - When the temperature is falling to about 50

or below, the development of concrete Itrength is retarded compared with the strength development at normal temperaturea.
The hardening period necessary before the removal of forma il
thus increased and the ~xperience from concreting at normal
temperature cannot be used directly.
b) Fr"l:,i"I oj COrtn,', ,,'
.A,'I - When concrete i. exposed to
freezingtemperature, there is the risk of concrete suff~rjng irreparable 1011 or strength and other qualities, that is, permeability
may increase and the durability may be impaired.
c) R,p,,,,,d Fr"!:,i,,, Gild TIa"wi", DfCD""'" - If concrete i. exposed
to repeated freezing and thawing after final set and during the
hardening period, the final qualities of the concrete may allO be
impaired.
d) SI""" Du' 10 T_J".'u" Di./i",,';als - It is a general experience
that large temperature differentials within the concrete member
may promote cracking and have a harmful effect on the durability. Such differentials are likely to occur in cold weather at
the time of removal or form insulations.

EtI,,.,

NOt.'. - A comprebe..ive note on tbe effect of cold weather on the properti.

01 CODer.te II liven ia Appendix A.
'.2 The harmful effects of cold weather on concrete and concreting may

be minimized by a number of practical procedure. outlined in 4 to I.

The degree to which their application is justified depends on circumstances and ahall be determined appropriately.
1.3 The leverity or the weather determines the precautions to be takeD.
For this purpose cold weather can be divided into three catcgoria:
a) When the temperature is below 50 but does not fall below freeaiDg point,
b) When frolt occun at night only and is not very severe, and
c) When there is severe froat day and Digbt.
Table 1 generally lummarizea the precautionl to be taken in each
case.
t. TEMPERATURE CONTI\OL OP CONCRETE INOllED1ENT8
t.l The mOlt direct approach to keeping concrete temperature up i. by
controlliog the temperature of ita iDgredientl. The contribution of ea('h .
ingredient to tho temperature of concrete il function of the temperature.

III '1&1 ( Put II ) 1181

specific heat, and quantity used of that ingredient. Tile aggregates aDd
mixing water exert the most pronounced effect 011 temperature of
concrete. Thus. in cold wearher, all available means ahall be used Cor
m~intaiDing these materials at al high a temperature .. practicable.
'fAIlLE I

PRECAtJTIONARY MBASUaa
( ClalU. 3.3 )
PRBCAUTIO.8 '1'0 TAItUf

eoMDI'I'IO

a) At low temperature

I) Keep formwork ia poaitiOD IODler, or ute rapid

laardeDioa cement;
2) Cover the top of tb. concrete witb inlulatiDI
materlali
S) I..ulat. steel Cormwork; and
4) Make lure that concrete is delivered to the
point of placiD, at Dot le.. than SC.

b) Wben there is (rOit at oilht

Take an the precaution. liven at <a) aDd Ibe

(ollowing:
I) Inlulate all (ormwork,
2) Make lure that concrete i. not placed ..aillit
a frozen lub-Irade or againlt reinCorce.eDt or
Corm. covered with 'DOW or ice, aDd
S) Place CODcrete quickly aDd iDlulate.

c) When there i. leven (rOit day

aad ai.bt

Take an the precautioDI liven at Ca) and (b)

and tbe roUowiu.:
I) Heat the water and, it Dec. . .y, the .......
ate; aDd
2) Make lure that CODcrete II delivered to tb.
poiDt of placln. at not Je.1 than 100C, place
qUickly and inlulate; or make lure concrete it
delivered to tbe point o( pJaciall at Dot Iell
tban 5C. place quickly and provide coDd
DUOUI beatiDI to tbe CODcrete.

4.2 Alp-epte. - Heating of aggregate. shall be Iuch that (rozeD

lump., ice and anow are eliminated and at the lame time over-heating
i. avoided. At no point shall the aggregate temperature exceed 1000; the
average temperature of aggregate for an individual batch shall not
exceed 6~oC. The heating of aggregates to temperatures higher than
150 i. rarely necessary with mixing water at 600.

4.2.1 If the coarse aggregate i, dry and free of frost and ice lump',
adequate temperatures of freah concerte can be obtained by increaliDI the
temperature of only the ..nd, which will seldom have to be hi.ha' thaD
about 400, if mixin. water il at 600.

.S .1861 ( Put U ) 1111

2.2 Steam in embedded pipes is recommended for heating aggregate, but for small jobs aggregates may be heated with the help of steel
drums embedded in heaped aggregates and filled with fire. When aggregates in stockpiles are heated by Iteam pipes, exposed surfaces of aggregate shall be covered with tarpaulins as much as practicable to maintain
uniform distribution of heat and to prevent formation of frozen crusts.
4.3 Water - ~Iixing water shall be heated under such a control
and in sufficient quantity as to avoid appreciable fluctuations in temperature from batch to batch. The required temperature of mixing
water to produce specified concrete i. shown in Fig. 1. To avoid
possibility of flash set when either aggregate or water is heated
to a temperature in excess of 40 0 e, water and aggregate shall be mixed
together in the mixer first in such a way that the high temperature of one
or other is reduced before cement is added. The heated water shall come
into direct contact with aggregate first and not cement.
~.3.1 Water having temperature up to the boiling point may be used
provided the aggr~gate is cold enough to reduce the temperature of the
mixing water and aggregate to appreciably below 400. In fact tbia
temperature shall not normally exceed 250.
".3.2 If loss of effectiveness of air entraining admixtures is noticed due
to hot water. the admixture may be added to the batch only after water
temperature has been reduced.
t ... CemeDt -:- During winter concreting, it is preferable to use rApid.
hardening Portland cement ( s" IS : 8041-1978 ).

5. PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE MIX MATERIALS AND

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
5.1 In general, for the winter conditions prevailing in India satisfactory
concreting can be achieved mainly by conserving the heat of hydration of
.cement with insulations and insulated formworks. Where\'er damage to
hardened concrete by alternate freezing and thawing during service is
anticipated, air entrainment is necessary. The type and quantity of
cement used in the concrete mix affect, the rate of development of com.
pressive strength and rate of increase in temperature of concrete.
Additional quantity of ordinary Portland cement, rapid-hardening Port, land cement or usc of accelerating admixtures, when used with proper
precautions, helps in development of the required strength in a shorter
period. This often re,uJts in saving due to shorter duration of protection,
faster re-use of form earlier removal of shores and less labour in finishing
the work. Use of cement which gives earlier and higher beat of
hydration is preferable. The cement content in the mix shall preferably
be Dot leIS than 300 kg/ma
SpecUication Cor rapid hardeaiog Portland cement (first rlr-ision).

18 I 7111 ( P...e U ) I

IO----.....- -....--.... ........-...,..,.

~

eo

,~" to_--....--

til.., &0

Ii

r.

..

20 I - - -......~--t--.......- - . . . . . - - - .

I
i

10

20

II

tEMPERAtURE OF CONeRE'.,-C

.,

.O~--....---

~.u

I:
: .. 40 ...... --1---:: ..
~

III

.....
~

20 J - - - - - - I
CEMENT CONTENT. 375 kl/..-l

21

5
10
11
TEMPERATURE OF CONCRETE,C

80 . - - -.....- -......---.-~---....,..-.....,

I
i'

10

~.

1----1----I--~_+_~-.....,.~_,...

I P..

~
C'"

40 .....- -....- -

20 I----ot-.w~~.......- _ + _ - - _ + - - _ _ I

is

~-"'-.......-

...- + - -.......

I
10
11
20
tEMPERAtURE OF COMCR.'.,C

Moiltun coateat or alarelatea

Damf ( f% iD fine, I ~ ba eoan. ) - - -

Wet \ 8% Ja 8ne. 2% iD eoan. )

.
Temperatun ofallNlate aael eoataiDeci molature - 10

Temperature or cement

Flo. 1

AaQ,UIRBD TaMPaRATURa 0. M!xlNe

HaATBD Co.CUT.

So

WATER TO PaoDuoa

18 I 7861 (Part D ) 1981

5.1.1 Air-entraining admixtures and accelerators. when proposed to be
used, shalJ conform to the requirements of IS : 9103-19i9 and shall be
used only after proper evaluation with the cement and aggregates proposed to be used in the works. If a combination of different admixtures
is used, preliminary teats shall be carried out with such combination
prior to use in the actual construction.

5.2 Calcium Chloride a.

lUI

Accelerator

5.2.1 In cold weather concrete construction jobs, calcium chloride may

be used as an accelerating admixture. However. there are conditioDi
under which it should not be used and such application. as given
in 5.2.1.1 to 5.2.1.4 shall be carefully noted. While calcium chloride is
used as an accelerator in concrete, the limit of total chloride in the concrete
shall be aa stipulated in IS: 456-1978t. It shall however not be used
in prestressed concrete because of its potential danger in augmenting
stress corrosion. Where sulphate resisting concrete is required, calcium
chloride shall not be used.
5.2.1.1 In reinforced concrete works, the threat of corrosion it
higher when chlorides are used as admixtures, especially under any or a
combination of the following conditions:
a)
b)
c)
d)

When there are cracks in the concrete,

When there are areas exposed to alternate wetting and drying,
When the concrete cover is small, and
When the concrete is permeable.

5.2.1.2 The presence of chlorides has been associated with corrosion

of galvanised steel, when this material is used for permanent Corms c,r for
embedded parts and its use is not recommended in such conatruction.
5.2.1.3, Recent Itudics have indicated that galvanic corrosion
metal is intcnaificd by addition of calcium chloride to concrete.

or

5.2.i.4 Calcium chloride increases the risk of alkali a8gr~gate

reaction, unlel. controlled by the usc of low alkali cement or by addition
of pozzolanu.
5.2.2 'I'ests have indicated that increase in strength resulting from the
use of calcium chloride usualJy can be maximum in 1 to 3 days; the
relative increase in flexural strength in concrete is not as high as increue
in compreuive strength, and decrease in flexural strength may occur at
28 day. or later ages.-Specification (or admixturel Cor ~oncrete.
.
..
tCOde of practice Cor plain aad rf!loCorced concrete ( tl",d """011 ).

5.2.1 There are insufficient data OD the use of' calcium chloride with
PortiaDd alag cement or other blended cementa to justify any recommendadoDi concerning the use of chlorides with luch cements.

5.Z." AJ calcium chloride precipitates mOlt air-entraining agents and

lOme water retaining ag~nta when mixed in the same lolution, it is important that these be kept in aeparate IOlutioDI and Introduced leparately
into the mixer.
5.2.5 When calcium chloride i. used, the dOles ahall be dissolved in
portioq of mixing water before batching, since undissolved lumpl may,
later on, disfigure concrete IUrfaces.
5.2.& While making lolution of calcium chloride, add calcium chloride
it il an exothermic
reaction and may cause accident.

to water and not water to calcium chloride, ..

5.2.7 Calcium chloride, or other chemical. in the mix, if used in permiuible amount., will not lower the freezing point of concrete to any
lilDificant degree. The use of harmful materia" to protect the concrete
from freezing shall not be permitted.
5.3 AIr-Eatrabda. ABeat_- This type of admixture, in proper amounts,
increales the resistance of hardened concrete to freezing and thawing and
Dormally at the lame time improves the workability of freah concrete.
The compreuive strength of air-entrained concrete at 28 days shall Dot
be leu than 90 percent of a reference mix without air entrainment.
A IID&1J increase in shrinkage may occur.
5.3.1 For prestressed concrete, air-entraiDing agents Iball be permitted
only if they do not contain chloride

.. TEMPERATURE OF CO~CRETB AS PLACED

1.1 In cold weather, the temperature of concrete at the time of placement .oel below the optimum placement temperature. When placing
concrete at or near freezing temperature, precautions shall, be taken to
ensure that concrete at the time of placing hal a temperature of at least
5C and that the temperature of concrete after haviDI been placed and
compacted i. maintained above 20 until it hal hardened thoroughly.

1.2 The temperature of concrete at the time of leaviD, the mixer or

hatching plant may be calculated from the followiag formq)., when the
temperature. or all constituents are known; the actual drop in temperature from the time it leavel the mixer/batchiD. plant to the time of

10

.1, 71 (Part D )- 1
placin~ should be estimated, but may be laken as 2C in tile absence of
any other information in this respect:

SeT. W a
:=I

_.

+ To

S(W.

Wo)

+ T. W. + Twa W

+W o) + W" + W. a

where

T .. temperature of the fresh concrete (0);

Tat To, T and T.. == temperature of the aggregate.., cement,
added mixing water, and free water
( moisture) in the aggregates relpectively
( 0);

W al W 0, W" and W". == massel of the aggregates, cement, mixing

water and free moisture in the agrept~
respectively (kg); and
S == specific heat of cement and aggregate.

1.2.1 A worked out example for the calculation of temperature, when

mixing water at a higher temperature is used, is given in Appendis B.
1.3 In practice the Ipecific heat of cement and aggregate shall be taken
.. 022 and T. == T w
~ In cold weather, the ingredients that go to make concrete .haJI
be heated to the extent necessary to maintain the temperature of concrete
( ", 6.2 ) at the time of placing not less then SoC.
8.5 Apart from assessing the temperature of concrete mix by the form,ula
given in '.2, the temperature of concrete shall also be ascertained from.
sample of the design mix. For this purpose, a suitable metal-clad thermometer may be used by embedding it in concrete.

7. PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY

7.1 Preparation for concreting in cold weather may be completed well Ia
advance of .etting in of severe conditions. Wind breaken ....0 be
erected to ahield the mizing and batching plants; tarpaulin, plutic Ibcct
aDd other coverin. and insulating materials may be made avaUabie 08
the aite and the Iteam lenerating plant or other necessary equipmeDt
.uJI be inatalled and checked for cerrec- ~&1netioning.
7.2 Suitable protecting clothinl .hall be available to the site ItafF aacl
the operaton .h.ll be carefully instructed in procedure. Cor concretiDl
duriD, cold weather.
7.1 The concrete lhall be deJiveftd to the point of placing at Dot lea
than 50. It i. nece.sary to place the concrete quickly and cover the top
or the eencrete with an insulatiDg material.
II

.1 I 7.61 (Part II ) 1111

8. PLACEMENT, PROTECTION AND CURING
8.1 PlacelDeat - Before any concrete i. placed, all ice, snow and frolt
shall be completely removed and the temperature of all surfacel to be in
contact with new concrete ahall be raised al close to the temperature
of fresh concrete to be placed thereon as practicable. No concrete shall
be placed on a frozen subgrade or on one that contains frozen materia".
Where concrete is to be placed over permanently frozen ground, subgrade
material may be thawed deep enough to ensure that it will not freeze
back up to the concrete or it may be covered with a sufficient depth of
dry granular material.
1.1.1 Arrangements for covering and insulating of newly placed concrete iball be made in advance of placement and shall be adequate to
maintain in all parts of concrete, the temperature and moiature conditioDi
that are referred to herein for winter curing temperature and method
1.2 P,otecdOD - Durinl cold weather, all concrete lurfaces IhaD be
covered al soon al the concrete has been placed in order to keep the beat
in and to help prevent freezing. Clean straw blankets, about ~o mm
thick, sacking, tarpaulins, expanded polystyrene, plastic sheetin, and
waterproof paper can all be used in conjuction with air gap al an in..!ation. If possible insulating material shall be placed againlt any formwork before concreting and the same can be used protection after the
(OrlDwork haa been stripped.
1.2.1 Recommendations for protection are given in Table 2 lor
concrete walls and floor slabs above ground, and in Table S for concrete
lI.ba laid on ground at a temperature of 4-40. the concrete being placed
at "1000 in each instance. The requiremcDta are calculated for blanket
type insulation with conductivity of 3606WIm.oO/m for a thermal
' air cODditioDl.
gradient of 0220 per em and the values given are for atill
The equivalent thicknesses of various iDlulatiDg materialI that may be
used are given in Table 4.

1.2.2 For cement contents intermediate between those given in Tabla 2

aDd 3, allowable air temperatures may be linearly interpolated.
"2.3 Heated enclosure. are commonly used for proteetJnc concrete
when air temperature. are near or below freezing. Enclolurea may be
heated by Iteam, Iteam pipes, and other typel of heaten. EnclOlUfea may
be made of wood, canvas, fibre insulation board, plywood, etc.

1.2.t Duriog placement or unformed eeeerete, talpBulinl or other

readily movable coverinp IUpported on framework .hall follow ctOiely the
pladns of concrete, 10 that only Imall area or fiDiahed dab is eapOleCl to
outlide air at any time.

12

II 7861 (Part II) .111

TABU 2 INSULATION POR WALLS AND SLABS ABOVE GROUND
(Claus,s 8.2.1 ...48.2_2)
WALl. TRICK.Ue

MINtMOIi AlB

TJIJRBATU ALLOWABL. ro.

BL ~lI)[1IT IULATJOM, 0

THICKNRSS 0 ..

~-----------~-----------~
12 mm
25 mm
97 nlM
50 mill

mm

c.m, CM"'" = !OO II/m 3

72
1-7
-2-8
-5-0
-7-8

ISO

c,.,.,

300
450
600
900
1200
1500
C,,,,,,,,
150

-8-3
-8-9
lIS

1-7
9-4

5-6

-10

-21

-32

-19

-36

-M

-23
-29

-46

-31
-32

400 Ie,/m a

sao

450
600
900

6-7

0
- 6-1

-15
-26

-90

7-S

-12

-34
-38

-12

-400

- 11

1200
1500

8-9

-27
-46

-14
-41
-67

TABLE' INSULATION FOR GROUND SLABS

( C1GIISI' 8.2_1 llI.d 8.2.2 )
aLA. TUlcu
MnfJJfI1Jf Ani T ... .xp.aATv MLOW..BZ,W"_
mm

C,.,., CIRIIJII- SOD

200

i,/.-

TRICK_ 01' BLAK][JI'I' 1VLA4J'IOK, 0

r----------A----------~
12 mm
25 mm
37 mm
50 mID

450

600

-16
-24

750
900

c.,.,

C.,,,., 100
200

300

450
600
750

900

5-6

300

MJ(J

1,/.'

-12
-31

8-3

- 6-.

-2$
-53

-12
-37
-75

-48

-3'

10

10

89

89
-21
-51

-40

-IS
-35
-68

S-y
- 2-8
-12

--184'

-22
-32
-42

-61

13

-IS

.1 I

_.

(Part II ) 1981

TAaLE 4 'EQ,1JIVALENT THICKNESS OF INSULATING MATERIALS

(Ct.""
I .. 8vLA'I'IJrO

8.2.1 )

MATERIALS

EQt7IVALmiT TUICK. . . .

mm

25 mm loole fill insulation

25 mm insulating board
25 mm lawdult
25 mm timber
25 mm damp .and

orfibroul type

25
20
15
8

06

Such tarpaulins shall be used so that hot air can be circulated freely
the Ilab. Layen of insulating materials placed directly on the conCl'ete are allo effective in protecting the concrete.
08

.1

I.' c.n - During periods of freezing or near-freezing conditionl.

water curing is not necessary,
Joss of moisture from the concrete by
evaporation is greatly reduced in cold air conditions.

1.1.1 For concrete cast in insulated formwork it is only necessary to

cover the member completely in order to retain sufficient water for the
hydration of the cement. On removal of the formwork and insulation.
tbe member shall be immediately covered with plastic sheet or tarpauliDi.
properly lapped and made wind-tight. On no account should such CODcrete, jUlt released from insulated formwork, be saturated with cold water.
When protective measures are to be discontinued, the surface temperature
or the concrete shall be gradually adjusted to the air temperature.
1.3.2 Low pressure wet steam provides the beat means of both hea~ini
the enclolures and moist curing the concrete. Early curing with liquid
membrane-forming compounds may be followed on concrete surface with
heated enclosures. It is better to cure first with exhaust steam during the
initial period of protection and than apply a curing compound aCter the
protection is removed and the air temperature il above freezing.

I.f a..oval 01 For... - In cold weather, curiog ( though important)

It Dot urgent and protection offered by forml other than of steel is oCten
or areater importance.
With luitable insulation., the Corms, including those of steel, in
many cuel will provide adequate protections without Iupplementary
heatiJll- Therefore, it i. often advantageous not to remove forma until
the eDCI of the minimum period of protection or even later. Table 5 give.
recammeaded minimum tima for Itripping formwork to normal
IINCIUraI tODCrete. The time limit indicated for removal of formwork

14

IS I 78&1 (Part D ) 1.1

to the sides of beams, columns and wall. shall, in no case. be le than
the prehardening period ( sIe Table 6 ). If these forms are not immedia(ely required elsewhere, it is advantageous to leave them in position, al
this will accelerate the hardening process and shorten the time for striking load-bearing formwork. The time limits indicated in Table 5 are
for general guidance only. When cubes have been stored and cured
under actual site conditions ( see 10.t), they can be used to confirm
whether concrete has attained the necessary strength to allow the we
removal of forms as per 10.3 of IS : 456-1978.
TAaLB 5 RECOMMENDED MINIMUM TIME LIMITS FOR STRIPPING
FORMWORK TO NORMAL STJlVCTtJRAL CONCRETE, WHEN
THE MEMBER IS CARRYING ONLY ITS OWN WEIGHT
BBAM
SIDE8,
WALLa

AND
CoLUMN8

Ordinary Portland Cold

weather
cement concrete
air temperature
about 30

Day.

Da)".

Day.

Day.

Day.

If

If

28

31

14

16

Normal weather
air temperature
about 160

R.apid hardening Cold

weather
Portland cement air temperature
concrete
about 3C

DBAM R.KOVAL
o.AL
SOJ'J'IT8 or Pao 01' PRO
( PROPS
LBJ'T
TO B&Ula
TO
UNDEB)
L1I:rT
SLADS
UlfDEB)

SLAB8
(PRU

Normal weather
air temperature
about 160

I. INSPECTION, TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY UCOBDS

9.1 During cold weather inspection .personnel shall keep a record of the
date, time, outside air temperature, temperature of concrete at the' time of
placing and general weather (calm, windy, clear. cloudy, etc). The
record shall Include .. temperature at several points within the enclosure
and on the concrete surface. corners and edges in sufficient number to
show the highest and the lowest temperatures oC the concrete.

1.2 Thermometers ahalJ be inlerted in thOle ~rtI of the concrete where

tDaumum strellCS will appear at the removal of Corma.
-Code of practice Cor plaiD anel reiDCorcecl CODer.te (,.,11

IS

,.,i.).

II 7.1 (Part II ) 1.1

9.1 To control the hardening process it is neceslary to measure the
temperature of concrete at placing, at the time of applying the protection
and three times each day until resistance to freezing has been obtained.
9.~ Table 6 gives the minimum prehardening periods that is, the time
taken by different grades of concrete to reach the (rost safety level. the
concrete beiDI made with ordinary Portland cement without any accelerator. The period. liven in Table 6 start from the time when the concrete
&rat Itiffens.

'.4.1 For most medium ItreDlth structural grade concretes a reduction

in the minimum prehardeDiDg period uf 25 percent on thOle indicated in
Table 6 can be taken when using rapid-hardening Portland cement. When
usiog an accelerator in approved dosage. the minimum prehardeniDI
period can be reduced by 25 -percent, However, whatever the mealurel
taken to accelerate' the hardening, the minimum prehardening period
,hall not be less than the following:
Curing temperature. 0
Minimum prehardening
period, houri

20
12

15
16

10

24

36

TABLE' MINIMUM PRBBARDENINO PERIODS

( CI....,s 8.4, 9.4, 9....1, ."d A-2.1 )
RBQt7JIITB PRBlIABDBlIf!lfO P.BIO AT STA-rBD C11BIlfCl

T ATUa.

M 20
M 25
MSO

M 40

0 .. eo.oaltT.
_A-_

1. HOUBa

150

ie-c

24-

32

22
20
17

30

46
42

27
23

38
33

71

65
59
50

10. CONCRETE TESTING

10.1 Concreting in winter time requires that the quality control of concrete
is carried out with great care. The test results shall be used for fixini the
time of removal of insulatioDl, forml, etc, or be the basis for further precautious at the building lite.

In addition to the regular quality control, special emphasis shall be

placed on:
a) Determination of the luitability of concrete malcing materials for
winter concreting and control of the properties of frelh concrete,
16

II i 7.1 (Part II ) 1.1

b) Record. of air temperature and measurements of concrete
temperature at placing and during concreting, and
c) Control of strength development in the structure by testing
similarly cured specimens.
10.2 Coa.ete Coa.tlt.eat. aDd Pre Coaerete - The tcsting of the
properties of the concrete constituents shall be carried out in accordance
with IS: 1199-1959*. Of special importance is knowledge on the reactivity
of the cement and control of the setting time of the cement, In addition.
it is important to ensure that water cement ratio docs Dot exceed the
designed values. When air-entraining agents are used, the air content
.hall also be controlled.
10.3 COila-OJ Spedlllea. - Under normal concreting conditioDs, telt
Ipecimcns are cast and cured in a standard way to indicate the potential
Itrength properties of the concrete mix. For winter concreting, it il
recommended that before the job i. started preliminary tests are carried
out in the laboratory of the selected concrete mix, cured at 5C.
10.4 In addition to cubes as per 10.3 under winter concreting conditioDs
it is necesaary to cast a number of specimens the curing conditions of which
are arranged in such a way that they are exposed to the same temperature 'Bnd humidity conditions as the actual structure and preferably
limilar to those of the most exposed parts. These specimcna are tested
before .tripping takes place to ensure that the indications of Itrength
development obtained by temperature measurements are infact obtained.

10.5 In order to prevent drying out of the specimen, it is neceuary that

limilarly cured specimens are kept in the moulds until testing takes plaee.
10.6 The specimens shall not be tested in frozen state.

APPENDIX A
( Clause 3.1 )
EFFECTS OF COLD WEATHER ON CONCRETE PROPDTIBI
Al. EFPECTS ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
A-I.I Concretes mixed, placed and cured at temperatures lower thaD the
Dormal develop strength at a slower rate. Effects of temperature of
concrete on the development of compressive strength during the firlt 28
dayl can be esprel.ed' &1 in Fig. 2 from which it can be leeD that the
Methods of aamplinl and analysil of concrete.

17

11.7161 (Part II) .1111

100

10

r-------...,.-----.. .---------

21C

1-------r--===:::::I:======_----=1'5C~
-+

10 t -

~_IIIIIII::::;;... ..... to-c

-+

70

.,.

WO

:I:

e-

..,o
Z

..

SO

en

......
......c
z

I'

'0

u.

30

UI

..

-=UI

20

10

,.

3
AGE. DAYS

Flo.2 BnaCT

01'

21

(LOG SCALE J

Low TSIiPBRATuas

ON CoIIPa&lSlV:&

STltBNOTH OF CONCItBTB

18

181 7861 (Part II) 1.1

fstrength could be lowered hy 40 to 60 percent, even at temperature 5 to
. "100. However, tbis slower developnlent of initial strength does not
aeceuarily impair the long term strength and adequately protected
. concrete in winter would have the long term strength not significantly
J ower than at normal temperatures.

t....

A2. ERECTS OF FREEZING OF FRESH CONCRETE

A-2.1 Freshly rlac~d concrete is vulnerable to freezing temperatures 10
much so that i water in fresh concrete is allowed to be frozen, irreparable
damage to the quality of concrete and permanent lowering of compressive
.trength can occur. Water, upon freezing, increases in volume by 9 percent, which in the case of ordinary concrete may mean an expansion of
up to 2 percent. If concrete, while still plastic is allowed to freeze, the
expansion of water could render the concrete useless and such damage
would be obvious once the formwork is removed. Concrete which hu
ItifFened, but not attained sufficient maturity to withstand such disruptive
forcel, can be damaged upon freezing in that the bond between the
-aregatel and the cement paste is weakened. Thia results in lowering
the compressive strength by 30 to 50 percent even for one cycle of Creezing; the eztent of damage depending upon the maturity attained (I"

or

Fir_ 3).
In order to safeguard against such damage by ~arly freezing, fresh
concrete i. required to be protected and itl temperature maintained above
freezing till Iuch time that it attains sufficient strength to withstand the
dilruptive force The length of such prehardening time is specified either
in term.
the period it attains certain compressive strength varying CrolD
2 to 7 N/mm1or in terms of days the actual period depending upoil the
cement content, water-cement ratio and the degree of saturation. The
minimum prehardening period. specified in Table 6 refer to the time
required for the concrete to attain a minimum compressive Itrength of
2 N/mml and i. longer, the lower the grade of concrete.

or

A-3. ERECT OP FREEZING AND THAWING CYCLES ON

HARDENED CONCRETE
",. A.-3.1 Similar disruptive effect. of freezing of pore water ma.e hardened
concrete vulnerable to repeated cycle. 01 freezillg and thawin,. eYeD
beyond the minimum prebardeniog period. Damagel due to fre~zinl and
thawing is usually measured in term. or loweriq of dYDamic moduJUI of
elasticity of concrete. Uaing the data on JOII of dyuamic modulus of
elaltlcity with the number of freezins and thawiDg cycJe. on the one haDd
aDd the .,.I.tionahlpbetwe~ncompreuive Itrength and dynamic modulus
0( plutic:ity on the other. a typical relation betweeD the lou of comprellive

19

II. _ I (Part II ) .1.1

..
t-

0
2

100

10

.0

ta

7O

c.-

10

Zz

;1

.
.... 111

..,...... ,
o!

50

ORDI~ARY

.,=
U
U

PORTLAND CEMENT

NON- AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE

~a

~O

20

10
0
0

12

15

1.

21

2'

AGE AT WHICH FRESH CONCRETE WAS

FROZEN, HOURS
FlO.

EFOCT OF EARLY FRBBZINO OF CoNOIlBT&

It~h or the dyaamic modulUl of elticity of concrete aDd the IUllDber

of treeztDI aad thawiD, cycla ilgiven iD Fil. 4. EatraiDmeat of cliIcrece
air bubble. ill the pore ",tem of the concrete, by meana of air..ntrai~
aclmlstures, II the best'remedy. Such voida do Dot CODwn" water (rom the
capiU~ porea due to surface tension deca. but under CreeziD. cODditiODI
they behave .. expanlion cbamben to accommodate the ice Cormeel.
Pro~)y air-entrained concrete i. lati.factory eveD in levere wiAter
oonClldoDi provided other precaution. iD miziDI. placinl and curilll have
heeD taka.

20

I '.1

.0

CPan II) .1.1

10

V-NON-AIR ENTRAINED
CONCRETE

v-A1R ENTRAINED

CONCRETE

110

100

"

;~~.a

-"'t~:2

...

\...

-~

AIR ENTRAINED
CONCRETE

~~ NON-AIR .ENTRAINED

..,cn>= ~ 10
Q~

.,0-'
.-: S III 70

~,...---

CONCRETE

100

200

300

400

NUMBER OJ: 'FIEEZ! -THAW CYCLES

FlO.

4 E....acTI

01' REPEATBD FREEZING AND THAWING ON

HARDENBD CONCRETB

21

18.7111 (Put D )-1.1

APPENDIX B
(Claus, 6.2. t )
SOLVED EXAMPLES OP CALCULATION OF TEMPERATtJU
OP CONCRETE AS PLACED, BY USING PORMULA
"1. Consider a concrete mix having the following ingredients (per m l
aDd the initial temperature shown against each:
Cement
Water
Aggregatel

300 kg at 5C
210 kg at 600
1 779 kg at 10

The total aggregate contains coarse and fine fraction. in the ratio
of2: 1_
Moisture content of the aggregate-damp ( 4 percent in fine, 1 percent in coane)

w.. - 35-58 kg
Twa _10
The temperature of fresh concrete as mixed with thele~ingredieDti
will be:
T_O-22 ( 1 779 X 1 + 300 X 5) + 210 X 60 + 35-58 X 1
0-22 ( 1 779

+ 300) + 210 + 35-58

-lgeC

22

IS I 78.1 ( Part II ) 1111

( CortI. ." fr.. ,." 2 )

Concrete Subcommittee) BDC 2 : 2

M""Iwr,
lUjJr,strllitl,
S l C. R. ALIKe.AHDAHI
Stup Consultant. Ltd, Bombay
Slllli M. C. TAlfDOlf ( Altwut, )
S.al D. CSAKBAVAllTY
Engineen India Ltd, New Delhi
DB. t1 '1' Y DIRBCTOR, STANDARDS Research, Designs &. Standardl Or,anlsadOD
(a e s i
( Ministry of Railway. ), Lucknow
AaalaTAXT Dm.cToR. STA.K
DA.BDS ( M/C) (AI,,",,,,.)
DIBEaroB
Engineering Research Laboratories, HydeNbad
DIRECTOR. ( C &. MDD )
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( C &. MOD) ( Alt.""" )
SaBI V. K. GSANBKAB
Structural Engineering Researcb Centre (CSIR),
Roorkee
SHRr A. S. PRAIADA RAo ( All""".)
DB R. K. GaOSB
Central Road Research Inatitute (CSIR), New
Delhi
SHBI M. R. CHATTBRJEE.( Al,.nat,)
SHBI V. K. GvrTA
'
Engineer-jnChi~f'. Branch, Army Headquarten
Sunl S. V. TIOABB (AlttrNlI.)
Sanl J. S. HUfOORANI
Associated Consulting Services, Bombay
SHRI A. P. REMEDIOS ( AII""at, )
SHBI P. J. JAOUII
The Associated Cement Companies Ltd, Bombay
SHRI M. R. VIN.YAJU. ( All".""t,)
SSBI K. K. KHANNA
National Buildings OrganizatioD, New Delhi
SaRI

K. S.

SRINIYA8AK (
NAUDIAB

SHnl K. K.

AII"Ml,)

S. R. PINHEIRO
DR G. P. SHAH ( Alt.rUl, )

SUB!

SUBI

N. S.

RAMASWAMY

SnRI R. P. SIEE.. (AlI""al, )

S I M. P. GAJ'.TIIY aAO
DR S. S. a8Bai
SnBI

S 17 ., I

B. S.
Jf

GOPTA (

AI,.".,. )

In personal capacity ( RtIWUl".ltl,,'" 11 Firsl C"se"

PM" RtHJd, Gd"tlJaiu,tJr
M_tU)
Gammon India Ltd, Bombay

Ali".,

R.oads Winl ( Ministry of Shipplul aDd Trani

port ), New Delhi
Public Works and Housing Department, Bombay
Central BuildiDl' Research IDstitute (CSIR.).
Roorkee

'1''- Jf D J II' a bal.... CeDtral Public Works DepartmeDt, New D.lhi

-< D.IIO )

EX.CUTIVII ElfOIH ( DUlo ) III ( AllmuJu )

S.BI B. T. U.WALLA
The Concrete Allociation oflDdi.. Bombay
SUBt Y. K. MBBTA (AU".,.)
H. C. VI8'V"."YA
Cement Rel~arcb Jaltitute of India, New Deihl
D. A. It. M"LL1C~ ( AllmMI, )

n.

23

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Hdqu."",,,

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