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Rules of Calculation

Contents - Ventilation Theory

Contents

Ventilation Theory............................................................... 1
Symbols and Units.............................................................. 2
Rules of Calculation............................................................ 3
Determination of Total Fan Pressure (Appendix A)............ 6
Loss in Discharge elbow (Appendix B)............................... 7
Loss in Transition Duct (Appendix C) ................................. 8
Loss in Connection Piece (Appendix D) ........................... 10

Ventilation Theory
1.

Always calculate in total pressure when determining fan and duct system.

2.

The total pressure is the sum of static and


dynamic pressure pt = ps + pd

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3.

From sectionx to sectiony the equation of


Bernoulli is used: ptx = pty + ploss x-y
Hence, pressure loss is always the difference in the total pressure.

F-12102 1/9

Rules of Calculation
Symbols and Units

Atmospheric pressure at fan altitude...pB

(PA)

Bearing loss in bearing assembly........PB

(W)

Absolute static inlet pressure ..............p1

(Pa)

Rotational speed..................................N

Absolute static outlet pressure ............p2

(Pa)

Fan inlet area.......................................A1

(m2)

Absolute inlet total pressure ................pa1

(Pa)

Fan outlet area.....................................A2

(m2)

Absolute outlet total pressure..............pa2

(Pa)

Inlet velocity .........................................v1

(m/s)

Inlet differential static pressure............ps1

(Pa)

Outlet velocity ......................................v2

(m/s)

Outlet differential static pressure.........ps2

(Pa)

Tip speed .............................................Ut

(m/s)

Inlet dynamic pressure ........................pd1

(Pa)

Hub speed............................................Un

(m/s)

Outlet dynamic pressure......................pd2

(Pa)

Impeller power fan total efficiency .......R

Inlet differential total pressure .............pt1

(Pa)

Isentropic exponent .............................

Outlet differential total pressure ..........pt2

(Pa)

Compressibility factor ..........................K

Mass flow rate .....................................qm

(kg/s)

Kinetic energy factor, inlet ...................A1

Inlet standard volume flow rate ...........q0 (Nm3/h)

Kinetic energy factor, outlet .................A2

Inlet volume flow rate...........................qv1 (m3/s)

Mol mass..............................................M

Outlet volume flow rate........................qv2 (m3/s)

Mach number through inlet ..................Ma1

Inlet density .........................................1

(kg/m)

Mach number through outlet................Ma2

Outlet density.......................................2

(kg/m)

Peripheral mach number .....................MU

(min-1)

(g/mol)

Inlet temperature .................................Tt1

(K)

Total fan work ......................................Yt

Outlet temperature...............................Tt2

(K)

Universal constant of gas ....................R0(J/mol K)

Static inlet temperature........................Ts1

(K)

Mass constant of gas...........................R (J/kg K)

Static outlet temperature .....................Ts2

(K)

Impeller diameter .................................D

(m)

Fan air power.......................................PF

(W)

Hub diameter .......................................d

(m)

Fan impeller power ..............................PR

(W)

Fan shaft power...................................PA

(W)

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/J/kg)

F-12102 2/9

Rules of Calculation
Purpose - Definitions

1.

Purpose

The purpose of this document is to define the


principal quantities required for the expression of
the fan performance characteristics for the
Howden Power axial flow fan program for power
stations and will in principle follow the
EUROVENT Terminology of Fan Air Performance. The exceptions will be that the term
stagnations change into total so that the index
for static pressure can be maintained as index s.
The atmospheric pressure will be changed from
pa0 to pB.
2.

Absolute static inlet pressure ..........p1

(Pa)

Inlet differential static pressure .......ps1

(Pa)

given by ps1 = p1 - pB
where pB = atmospheric pressure at fan altitude

Inlet density ........................................1 (kg/m3)


given by 1 =
where R =

Definitions

All sizes on the inlet side of the fan have been


given the subscript 1, and all sizes on the outlet
side of the fan subscript 2.

R0
M

p1
R Ts1

is mass constant of gas on inlet side

R0 = universal constant of gas


M

= mol mass

Inlet standard volume flow rate ........q0 (Nm3/h)


at barometric pressure 1013 mbar and 0C

Inlet volume flow rate ........................qv1 (m3/s)


q
given by qv1 = m
1

Inlet velocity .......................................v1


is given as a mean velocity v1 =

Mass flow rate....................................qm

(kg/s)

Fan inlet area .....................................A1

(m2)

Inlet temperature ...............................Tt1

(K)

Static inlet temperature.....................Ts1

(K)

given by Ts1 = Tt1 (1 +

1
2

A1

M a12 ) -1

where

(m/s)

qm
1 A1

Inlet dynamic pressure......................pd1

(Pa)

given by pd1 = 0.5 1 v12

Absolute inlet total pressure ............pa1

(Pa)

given by pa1 = p1 + pd1

Inlet differential total pressure .........pt1

(Pa)

given by pt1 = ps1 + pd1

= Isentropic exponent

Ma1

= Mach number through inlet

A1 = Kinetic energy factor


By convention A1 is considered equal to 1

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Fan outlet area ...................................A2

(m2)

Outlet temperature.............................Tt2

(K)

Static outlet temperature ..................Ts2

(K)

F-12102 3/9

Rules of Calculation
Definitions

given by Ts2 = Tt2 (1 +

1
2

A 2 Ma22 )-1

Total fan work ....................................Yt

where

given by YtN =

= Isentropic exponent

Ma2

= Mach number through outlet

A2

= Kinetic energy factor

Absolute static outlet pressure ........p2

(Pa)

Outlet differential static pressure ....ps2

(Pa)

given by ps2 = p2 pB
where pB = atmospheric pressure at fan altitude

Outlet density .....................................2 (kg/m3)

where R =

R0
M

p2
R Ts2

is mass constant of gas on inlet side

Outlet volume flow rate .....................qv2 (m3/s)


qm
given by qv2 =
2

Outlet velocity ....................................v2


given by v2 =

(m/s)

qm

(Pa)

(Pa)

given by pa2 = p2 + pd2

Outlet differential total pressure ......pt2


given by pt2 = ps2 + pd2

2005.07

v12
2

or

1
p
( 2) 1
p1

p2
1
p1

where K

cp
cp R

Fan air power .....................................PF

(W)

given by PF = qm Yt

Fan impeller power ............................PR

(W)

P
given by PR = F
R
where R = impeller power fan total efficiency

Fan shaft power .................................PA

(W)

where PB = bearing loss in bearing assembly

Total outlet temperature....................Tt2

given by pd2 = 0.5 2 v22

Absolute outlet total pressure ........pa2

v 22
2

given by PA = PR + PB

2 A 2

Outlet dynamic pressure ..................pd2

K +

v 2 v 2
p
2

YtV = RTs1
1 + 2 1
1 p1
2
2

By convention A2 is considered equal to 1

given by 2 =

ps2 ps1
1

(J/kg)

P
given by Tt2 = Tt1 + c Rq
p
m

Rotational speed ................................N

(min-1)

Tip speed ............................................Ut

(m/s)

given by Ut =
(Pa)

(K)

DN
60

Hub speed...........................................Un
given by UN =

(m/s)

dN
60

F-12102 4/9

Rules of Calculation
Definitions

Peripheral mach number ..................MU


MU =

U
R Ts1

Mach number through inlet ..............Ma1


Ma1 =

v1
R Ts1

Mach number through outlet ............Ma2


Ma2 =

v2
R Ts2

Dimensionless factors
2 YtN

psiN

phiN

q v1
Un A L

lamN

psiN phi N
R

where AL

2
D d2
4

psiV

phiV

q v1
Ut A D

lamV

psi V phi V
R

where AD

2
D
4

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Un 2

2 YtV
Ut 2

F-12102 5/9

Rules of Calculation
Determination of Total Fan Pressure ptF

The fan pressure is determined from the following


formula

pt2 pt1 = pt2 + ploss 2-2 pt1 + ploss 1-1


where
pt2 = ps2 + pd2
pt1 = ps1 + pd1
pt2 = ps2 + pd2
ps2 is stated by the customer and shall be related to an area in m2.
In case the customer does not state an area it is
determined by Howden Power.
ploss 2-2

consist in this case og losses in silencer, transition piece, duct piece


and exhaust loss.

pt1 = ps1 + pd1


ps1 is stated by the customer and shall be
related to an area in m2.
In case the customer does not state an area it is
determined by Howden Power
ploss 11

consist of losses in silencer and transition piece.

If section 2 coincides with section 2/or section 1


coincides with section 1 pt2 = pt2 and/or pt1 =
pt1.
ploss

occurs in the various components, which


are built in the arrangement to be quoted.

a) silencer loss is indicated in tables and contains friction and Carnot loss.
b) Loss in connection piece on suction side after
silencer is calculated according to appendix D
( F-12102 9/9)
c) Loss in connection piece on pressure side for
silencer is calculated according to appendix C
(F-12102 8/9)
d) Loss in elbow on pressure side is calculated
according to appendix B (F-12102 7/9)
e) Carnot loss from fan is calculated as
pcarn = 0.5 2 (v2 va)2 see appendix C (F12102 8/9)
f) Loss in a straight duct piece below 3 m can as
a rule be neglected.
g) The density is stated by the customer or calculated from given information about barometric pressure, temperature, humidity and
the composition of the air.

At free suction fan ps1 = 0 and the velocity is also


zero which means that the links pt1 and ploss 1-1
is zero. The latter, however, depends on the
design of the inlet cone.

Appendix A

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F-12102 6/9

Rules of Calculation
Loss in Discharge Elbow

If the discharge elbow is located more than 3


Da from the fan outlet the latter will not affect the
pressure loss. For a discharge elbow designed
as Howden Power rules b = 0.25. For other
designs please refer to literature on pressure
losses in elbows.
If the distance L is shorter than 3 Da the
pressure losses will be increased when the
impeller/hub ratio (D/d) is smaller than 2.4. The
pressure loss in the elbow is calculated on the
basis of the following formula (the loss in the
ducting between fan and discharge elbow has not
been taken into account):

0.5 ( v 2 v Da ) 2

Ploss 2-a

Ploss a-2

2
= b 0. 5 a v a

where
If

b = 0.25 + 2.4
d

D
> 2.4 b = 0.25
d

Appendix B

2005.07

F-12102 7/9

Rules of Calculation
Loss in Transition Duct for Silencer, Pressure Side

If a silencer with transition duct is installed


downstream, the losses in the system from 2 to 2
shall be calculated as follows (friction losses in
the duct [0.02 L/Dh pda] between fan and
transition duct as well as friction losses in the
duct after the silencer are not included):

ploss a-b = loss in transition duct


= 0.5 a (va vb)2
ploss a-2* = system loss
= 0.5 a va2 (table 1)

ploss 2-2 = (ploss 2-a)+(ploss a-b)+ploss b-2)+


(ploss a-2)

ploss 2-a = carnot loss

where

* This loss only occur if L < 3 Da. The standard


pressure losses in a silencer in which the baffles
are installed in a straight duct without transition
duct are shown in table 2.

ploss b-2 = loss in silencer corrected to case


conditions (table 2)

= 0.5 2 (v2 va)2

losses in silencer
v = 12 m/s

Tabel 1

Air density
1.2 kg/m3

L
(casing)
mm

YBA-2

YCA

PA

Pa

1150
1650
2150
2650
3150
3650

130
140
150
160
170
180

170
180
190

Table 2

Appendix C

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F-12102 8/9

Rules of Calculation
Loss in Connection Piece, Suction Side

If the connection piece is situated between


suction side silencer and fan the pressure loss is
calculated on the basis of the following formulas:

The graph is only valid if


-

the inlet of the connection piece is a squared


section

the axis of silencer or duct is in line with the


axis of the inlet box

the ration of the side in the inlet box is 2:1,


4
which gives DH1 = b and D H1' = a.
3

ploss 1-1(conn) = conn pd1


q
where pd1 = 0.5 1 v1
A1
A1 = area of inlet box

conn to be tdetermined from the below graph


DH =

4A
O

A = the area of section 1 or 1


O = the circumference of section 1 or 1

Appendix D

2005.07

F-12102 9/9

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