Name

Nutrients

Carbohydrat Macrunutrient
es
Lipids

Type

Purpose

Organic

Energy

9 (cal/g)

4 (cal/g)

Proteins

Vitamins

Energy
Yield
4 (cal/g)

Micronutrient

Structure & Regulation

Inorganic

Minerals

Water

Nutrient

Alcohol

Non-nutrient

Energy

7 (cal/g)

Composition

Soluabilit Location
y

C, H, O
C, H, O

Fat

Adipose
tissue

A, D, E, K

Fat

Human body

C, B-vitamins

Water

C, H, O, N

Major (>100 mg/day)

Trace (<100 mg/day)

Function
Main source of fuel (esp. w/ neurologic function & physical
exercise)
Energy source during rest- low- moderate exercise, provide fatsoluable vitamins & essential fatty acids
Not main source of energy, builds new cells/tissues, maintains
bone, repairs damage, and regulates metabolism & fluid balance

Regulating body processes: builds & maintains healthy bones &

tissues, supports immune system, healthy vision, are sensitive to
light, heat & air
Body processes: Regulate fluid & energy production, bone &
blood health, remove harmful metablic by-products

Body Processes: fluid balance, nutrient transportation, nerve

impulses, body temperature, muscle contractions, excretion

Found in
Grains, Vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds,
nuts, milk

Meat, dairy, seeds, nuts, & legumes,

vegetables & whole grains

Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium,

chloride, magnesium, sulfur
Iron, zinc, copper, maganese, floride,
chromium, molybdenum, selenium, iodine
Juices, drinks, some foods

Functions

Composition

Amino Acid

Large, complex molecules found in cells of living things (0.8 g/kg body weight/day)
Muscle Tissue
Enzymes
Cell Growth, Repair,
maintenance
Neurotransmitters
C, H, O, N
20 Amino Acids
Composition
Function
Single Carbon Atom
Amine Group
Acid Group

Side Chain
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Essential Amino Acids:
Cannot be produced in the Lysine
body & must be obtained Methionine
from food "TV TILL PM & Phenylalanine
Histidine"
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic Acid
Nonessential Amino Acids: Cysteine
can be synthesized in body via Glutamic Acid
transamination
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine

Side, Shape & electrical

charge

Too Much Protein

Identifying Proteins:

ls of living things (0.8 g/kg body weight/day)

Hormones
Antibodies

Fluid electrylyte balance

Acid-base
balance

Buffers

Transport

Energy source (10-35%

of total energy source) Coagulation

Calculations
Calories from _
Percent Calories from _
BMI

Weight(kg)/height (m^2)

Weight (lb)/ height (in^2)

* 703

Tool
Diet History

24-Hour Dietary Recall

Food Frequency
Questionnaire
Diet Records
Anthropometric
Assessment

Terms
Primary Deficiency
Overt Deficiency
Subclinical Deficiency
Covert Symptom
Overt Symptom
Terms
Animal
Human
Observational
Case-control

Clinical
Terms

Registered Dietician (RD)

Licensed Dietitian
Nutritionist
Professional with
advanced degree
Physician
Terms
CDC
BRFSS
NHANES
Name
Dietary Reference Intakes

DRIs for most Nutrients

DRIs for energy and

macronutrients

Strength
Weight, factors affecting appetite & food intake, eating pattern, disordered behaviors,
education & economic status, living & cooking/food purchasing arrangements, medication &
supplements, physical activity

Recalls food from past 24 hours includes serving sizes, prepreation methods, brand names
Determin typical dietary pattern over time period, list foods and frequency of consumption;
semiquantitative questionnaires assess specific foods & quantity consumed

Lists foods & beverages consumed over specific amount of time (3-7 days)
Objective data, measures height, body, weight, head & limbcircumference (infants); skinfold
thickness, waist & hip circ.; compare standards for age/gender

Deficiency & Symptom

Deficiency that occurs when nt enough of a nutrient is consumed
Deficiency when person cannot absorb/utilize enough nutrient efficiently
A deficiency in early stages normally without symptoms
Sympton hidden from client-requires testing to ID
Obvious sympton: pain, fatigue, bruise
Studies
Provide prelimary information & testing not allowed on humans

Experiments on humans
aka. "Epidemiological studies" Assessing nutritional habits, disease trands & health
phenomena of large populations
Comples observaitonal studies with additional design features that allow scientists to gain a
better understanding of things that may influence disease.
controlled experiments. Uses medications, nutritional supplements, controlled diets, exercise
programs, etc.
Types of Experts

Min. BS, clinical experience, passing grade on exam, maintenance

meets requirements of state for practice
no edu. Training. Experience required
MS or MS/ doctoral in nutrition
healthcare providers, may have limited experience & training
Government Information Sources
Centers for Disease control & Prevention: Leading federal agency for human health & safety
protection
Behaviorl Risk Factor Surveillance System: phone surveys, meausres behaviors, physical
activity, smoking diet, medical care
National Health & Nutrition Examination: national scientific research project, first conducting
in 1971. Combines interviews & Surveys

ce Intakes
Estimated Agverage Requirement
Recommended Dietary Allowance

Adequate Intake

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Estimated Energy Requirement

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

Limitations

Subjects may not remember foods,

servings, etc.
Not be typical intake, relies on
memory, relies on ability to estimate
portion sizes

Only assess qualitative information

Accuracy depends on measurment
of foods & labels are referenced
Require trained personnel & correct
tools

Ethical concerns & genetic

difference from humans
Difficult to control all variables &
have long lifespans
Can only indicate relationships

Conflict of interest (applies to all)

Include Randomized trials &
single/double blind experiement

Acrynom

Purpose
DRIs

Set standards for nutrients w/o RDA values

EAR

Used to define RDA or a nutrient

RDA

Average daily nutrient intake level

AI

Recommended average daily nutrient intake level

based on observed & determined nutrient intake
by a group of healthy people

UL

Highest average daily nutrient intake level to

pose no risk of adverse health effects to most
people

EER

Average dietary energy intake to maintain energy

balance

AMDR

Ranges of energy intakes from macronutrients

that are associated with reduced risk of chronic
disease & provides adequate intakes of essential
nutrients

Outreach

Goals

Healthy people (only) of a specific gender

group & age

Prevent deficiency, diseases &

reduce chronic disease

Half the healthy people in a particular life

stage/gender
97%-98% of healthy people in a particular life
stage/gender

Healthy adults of specific age, gender, weight,

height, & physical activity level

Healthful Diet

Diet that provides proper combination of energy and nutrients and is more adequate
balenced and varied.

Components
Adequate

Defination
Enough Energy, nutrients, fiber &
vitamins to maintain health

Balenced

Combinations of foods that provide

proper proportions
Eating any foods in moderate amounts

Moderate
Varied
FDA Fod Labels
Statement of ID
Net contents
Ingredients
Manufacturer's name &
address
Nutrition info

Eating foods from different food groups

on regular basis
Specification

Provides info about individual foods

compared with other foods

USDA Food Groups

Grains

What they say

make half whole

Vegetables

vary veggies

Fruits

focus on fruits

Dairy

calcium-rich foods

Protein

go lean

"Empty Calories"

Limit calories from solid fats/added

sugars w few/no nutrients

ombination of energy and nutrients and is more adequate, moderate,

balenced and varied.
Challenges
Undernutrition

Notes

Serving size, calories, cal/fat/serv., nutr amounts & % of

DV, % daily values
Nutrients
fiber-rich carbs, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, iron, folate,
zinc, protein, magnesium
fiber, phytochemicals, carbohydrates, vitamins A & C,
folate, potassium & magnesium
fiber, phytochemicals, vitamins A & C, folate, potassium,
magnesium
calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, protein, vitamin B12,
fortified A&D
protein, phosphorous, vitamin B6, B12, magnesium, iron,
zinc, niacin, riboflaving, thiamin
Ex. Cakes, cookies, pastries, soft drinks, chees, ice cream,
hot dogs, bacon, ribs

The Human Body

Terms
Hunger

Definition
Physiological drive for food

Appetite

psychological desire to consume specific foods

Hypothalamus

Hunger & appetite prepare GI tract for digestion- triggered by NS

& stimulates release of digestive juices
physiological need for food and no appetite
Special cells lining stomach & small intestine that trigger feelings
of hunger (satiation)

Hormones
Endocryne glans

Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream to regulate

body functions
Carries hormones

Satiety

Causing the feeling of fullness

Term
Digestion

Process of Digestion
Large molecules broken down to small molecules

Absorption

process of taking these products through the intestinal wall

undigested portions of food and waste products are removed form
the body

Cephalic Phase
Anorexia

Elimination
Gastrointestinal Tract
(GI)
Acessory Organs

Long flexible muscular tube that works to process foods

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Organ in GI Tract

Discription

Mouth
Pharynx & Esophagus

Ingestion- Food enters GI tract via mouth

Propulsion- Swallowing & peristalsis (muscular contractions the
move food through GI Tract)

Stomach

J- shaped, 4 layers- innermost is rugae. Contains 3 cells: parietal,

chied, enteroendocrine cell.

Pancreas

Produce enzymes for SI digestion

Small Intestine

3 parts: Duodeum, jejunun, ileum. Pyloric valve: connects

stomach to SI. Ileoceal valve (sphincter): connects SI to LI

Contains: Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal. Functionstore undigested food material & absorb H2O, short chain fatty
Large Intestine (colon) acids & electrolytes
Elimination: temporary stores feces before voluntary release
Rectum
through anus
Acessory Organs

Location

Salivary Glands

Mouth

Taste Receptors (not Aces.

Org)

Olfactory Receptors (not

Mouth

Aces. Org)

Mouth

Liver

GI

Gall Bladder

GI

Pancreas

GI

Hormones
Gastrin
Secretin

Function
Hormone stimulates gastric juice
stimulates secreation of pancreatic bicarbonate which neutralizes
chyme

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Gastric inhibitory
peptide (GIP)
Somatostatin
Ghrelin
Insulin
Glucagon
Pepsinogen
Gastric Lipase
HCL
Intrinsic Factor
Proteases

Signals gallbladder to release bile

Inhibits gastric acid sevretion- slows gastric empyting, stimulates
insulin release
Inhibits gastrin
Stimulates eating
Regulate blood glucose
Regulate blood glucose
Inactive enzyme digests protein
Enzyme to digest lipids
Denatures proteins & activates pepsin
Protein to absorb ViB12
Digest protein

Elastase
Pancreatic Lipase

Digest fibrous proteins

Digest lipids

Cholesterol Esterase

Digests cholesterol

Pancreatic Amylase
Lactase
Dipeptidase

Digests carbohydrates
Digest simple carbs sucrose, maltose & lactose
Digest proteins Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase

Term
Passive Diffusion

Transport of Substances
Nutrients pass through membrane into bloodstream

Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport

requires carrier protein

requires carrier protein and energy

Endocytosis
Blood
Lymph
Lacteals
Lymph nodes
Peristalsis
Segmentation

active transport which engulfs contents from cell membrane

travels through cardiovascular system
travels through lymphatic system
pick up most lipids & fat soluble vitamins
clusters of immune cells that filter microbes and other harmful
agents
moves intestinal contents
pattern of mobility

Haustra
Mass Movement

segmentation in the colon that contract sluggishly to move contents

moves waste towards rectum

Term
Enteric NS

Nervous Systems
in the gut wall

Parasympathetic &
Sympathetic NS

of the autonomic NS (part of peripheral NS (PNS))

Central NS (CNS)

includes brain & spinal chord

Term
Belching

Digestive Disorders
Burping

Flatulence
Heartburn

Intestinal Gas
Pain in chest & throat

Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease (GERD) painful & persistent heartburn
Peptic Ulcers

Area of GI tract that have been eroded by HCl & pepsin

Helicobacter pylori

role in development of gastric & duodenal ulcers

Vomiting

Involuntary expulsion of gastric content through mouth

cluster of GI symptoms occuring after consumption of a particular
food
Hypersensitivity reaction of immune system to a particular
component (usually a protein) in a food
immune disease that results in damaged small intestine liningreduces nutrient absorption

Food Interolerance
Food Allergy
Celiac Disease
Malabsorption

Chron's Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease affects GI tract.

Ulcerative Colitis

Chronic dsease w inflammation & ulceration of mucosa.

Diarrhea

frequent passage of loose, watery stools, >3 movements/day, can

lead to dehydration, ex. Traveler's Darrhea

Constipation

Infrequent hard, small, difficult to pass stools; at least 3 months of:

straining during bowel movement, hard stools, incomplete
evacuation >25% of the time, 2- bowel movements/week

Irratable bowel
syndrome (IBS)

interferes w normal colon function

Process
nonspecific, can be satisfied

aroused by environment

Integrates signals from nerve cells in body regions from

chemical messengers
Pancreatic hormones, insulin, glucagon, maintain blood
glucose levels, causes satiatity (caused from rise in blood
glucose)
Ex. Proteins have highest satiety value, bulky meals, solid
foods

Organs: stomach, intestines, sphincters

Mechinical Digestion
Mastication (chewing) tears, shreds & mixes food w salivacalled bolus

Mixes & churns food w gastric juice into chyme: liquid

product of mechanical& chem digestion in stomach

Propulsion segmentation mixes chyme w digestive juices

Propulstion: compacts waste into fecies and propels towards
rectum

Purpose

Produce saliva
Detect distinct Tastes: bitter, sweet, salty, sour, umami

Detect aromass of foods

Produce bile, synthesizes chem for metabolism, reveices via
portal vein, stores vitamins, manufactures blood proteins
Stores bile before release to SI through the bile duct
Produces digestive enzymes & bicarbonare released into SI
via pancreatic duct
Production Site
Stomach
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Small Intestine

Stomach
Stomach
Stomach
Stomach
Pancreas

Pancreas
Pancreas
Pancreas
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Small Intestine

Causes
Swallowing air, eating too fast, gum
Foods rich in fiber, starches & sugar, bacteria that act on
partially digested carbohydrates & fat soluable olestra &
sugar alcohols
HCl in esophagus

Hiatal hernia, cigarette smoking/alcohol abuse, overweigtht,

pregnancy, chocolate/citrus/spicy/fried foods, large meals,
lying down soon after eating

Triggered by substances & sensations that cause backwards

wave of peristalsis & sphincter muscles relax (allow chyme
to pass)

Immune system reaction to a virus/ bacteria

Immune response to a virus/ bacteria
infection of GI tract, stress, food intolerances, reactions to
medications, bowel disorders

Inadequate water/fiber intake, disruption of reqular

diet/traveling, inadequate activity, dairy, stress, overuse of
laxatives, hypothyroidism, neurological conditions
(Parkinsons's Disease/ multiple sclerosis), antiacids,
medicines, depression, eating disorders, irritable bowel
syndrome, pregnancy, colon cancer

Stress, caffeine, large meals, chocolate, alcohol, dairy, wheat

Notes
Triggered by internal signals
Triggered by environmental factors. Ex. Sensory
data, social, cultural & learning

Chemical Digestion

Adsorption

Salivary amylase begins carbohydrate breakdown

Pepsin begins digestion of proteins & gastric lipase Fat-soluable substances that are
to break lipids
absorbed through the stomach wall

Digestive enzymes from pancreas and brush border Nutrients are absorbed into blood &
digest most classes of nutrients
lymph through enterocytes

Remaining food residue is digested by bacteria

Enzymes/Chemicals involved
Saliva: mixture of water, salivary amylase (begins
starch digestions), bicarbonate, mucus, antibodies
& lysozymes (fight bacteria)

Bile: digests fats & emulsifies liquids

Digestive enzymes & bicarbonate: neutralizes acid

Target Organ
Stomach
Pancreas, Stomach
Pancreas, Gallbladder, Stomach
Stomach, Pancreas

Reabsorbs salts, water, vitamins

Symptoms

Treatment

can lead to malnutrition

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding,
weightloss, fever, anemia, delayed growth (children
only)
Similar to Chrons Disease^

Abdominal cramps, bloating, dirrhea/constipation

Stress management, smaller meals,

high-fiber diet, fluids, regular
physical activity

Enzymes/Hormones Involved
Salivary Amylase: digests carbohydrates

Chief- Pepsinogen, Gastric Lipase. Parietal- HCL,

Intrinsic Factor. Enteroendocrine- Gastrin
Proteases, Elastase, Pancreatic Lipase, Cholesterol
Esterase, Pancreatic Amylase

Carbocypeptidase, Aminopeptidase, Dipeptidase

Carbohydrates
Macronutrient
C, H & O, glucose

Source of energy
Especially for nerve cells

Types
Monosaccharides

Composition
1 molecule

Disaccharides

2 molecules

Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

3-10 monosaccharides
100+ glucose molecules

Complex CHO
Starch

Description
Amylose (straight-chain glucose) & Amylopectin (branched
chain glucose)

Resistant Starch
Glycogen

Glucose molecules linked by beta bonds & indigestable

Storage from glucose from animals

Fiber

Composed of long polysaccharide chains, non digestable

(dietary & functional fibers) [Total Fiber= DF+FF]

Soluble Fibers

Dissolve in H2O, viscous, gel-forming, fermentable, digested by

internal bacteria, associated with risk of type 2 diabetes

Insoluble Fibers

Don't dissolve in H2O, nonviscus, cannot be fermented by

bacteria, promotes regular bowel movements, alleciate
constipation, reduce diverticulosis
Carbohydrate Digestion

Salivary Amylase

Enyme in mouth produced by salivary glands

Pancreatic Amylase

Enzymes produced in pancreas & secreted into small intestine

1. Mouth
2. Stomach
3. Pancreas

Chewing stimulates salivary amylase

Salivary amylose destroyed by acids
Pancreatic Amylase secreted into SI

4. Small Intestine

Pancreatic amylase, specific enzymes

Regulator
Liver

Carbohydrate Processing Function

Converts all monosaccharides to glucose

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

Stimulates glucose transporters to help take glucose from the

blood across the cell membrane & stimulates the liver to take up
glucose & convert to glycogen
Stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis:
glucose to amino acids)
Increase hepatic glycogenolysis, releasing glucose into the blood.
Responsible for "fight-or-flight"

Cortisol

Increases gluconeogenesis & decreases muscle glucose use

Growth Hormone

Decreases muscle glucose uptake, increase fatty acid

mobilization and use, increases liver glucose output

Insulin

Term

Definition

Glycemic Index

Food's potential to raise blood glucose

Glycemic Load

Used to determine the effect of a food on a person's glucose

response (grams of food * glycemic index)

Purpose

Role of Carbohydrates

Energy

1 gram= 4 kcal, used by RBC, energy during exercise

Ketosis

Fat breakdown during fasting forms ketones, Acetoacetate & hydroxybutyrate from acetyl CoA

Gluconeogenesis

Occurs when a diet is deficient in carbohydrate so the body will

make its own glucose from protein

Complex CHO

Reduces

Fiber

Risk of colon cancer, hemorrhoids, constipation & intestinal

problems, risk of diverticulosis, heart disease, type 2 diabetes

Term

Grain Teminology

Refined Grain
Enriched
Fortified
Whole Grain

3/4s kernal parts removed leaving only endosperm (Starch)

Nutrients lost in processing are readded to foods
Nutrients are added to foods
contains all essential parts & naturally pccuring nutrients of
entire grain seed

CHO Metabolism
Disorders

Definition

Prediabetes

Chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose &

inadequate/ ineffective insulin
Fasting blood glucose level slightly higher than normal (impared
fasting)

Hypoglycemia

Low blood glucose = shakiness, sweating, anxiety, weakness

(Reactive: with eating & Fasting: without eating)

Lactose Intolerance

Insufficent lactase to digest lactose-containing foods

Diabetes

Sources
Fruits, vegetables, grains
Example
Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
Lactose (clucose-galactose), maltose (glucoseglucose), sucrose (fructose-glucose)
Raffinose (gal-glc-fru)
Stachyose (gla-gal-glc-fru)
Starch, glycogen, fibers
Stored

Sources

Beans, cabbage, whole grains

Beans, legumes

Sources
Grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables

As fiber in liver & muscles

Not in foods

As pectin, gum, mucilage

citrus fruits, berries, oats, beans

As lignings, cellulose, hemiceluloses

Whole grains, seeds, legumes, fruits,

vegetables

Function
Enymes that begin CHO digestion in mouth & breaks
CHO into maltose (inactivated in stomach by stomach
acids)
Digests CHO to maltose
Break starch into shorter polysaccharides & maltose
No CHO digestion

Breaks down remaining starch into maltose, break

down disaccharides into monosaccharides,
monosaccharides absorbed & enter bloodstream
Secreted by:

Location

Beta-cells of pancreas
Alpha-cells of pancreas when blood glucose
levels=low

Skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, heart

Adrenal glands & nerve endings when glucose is low

Adrenal glands to act on liver, muscle & adipose

tissue
Influences
High Glycemic Index: Surge in blood glucose=
increase in insulin

Examples

Less index= less flactuations, reduces risk for heart

disease & colon cancer

Beans, fresh vegetables, whole wheat

Results

Prevention

Excess increase blood acidity= ketoacidosis

Sufficient energy from CHO prevents ketone

production

Cannot be used to make new cells, repair tissue

damage, support immune system, perform other
functions
Enhances

Notes

Weight loss

Produces Butyrate: helps colon replicate

cells & resist chem. Injury, inhibits tumor cell
growth

Notes

Treatment

Type 1, Type 2, Gestational Diabetes

Monotoring of blood glucose, medication

management, proper nutrition & diet,
exercise, weight management

Few-no warning signs but tissue damage

Can delay/prevent progression to diabetes

Variations in intolerance

Symptons
Insulin Insensitivity: become less responsive to
insulin. Metabolic syndrome: risk factors for
increased waistline, high triglyceride levels, low
HDL, high blood pressure, high fasting blood
pressure

gas, bloating, cramping, nausia, dirrhea

Vitamin Name

Function

B1

Thiamin

Metabolism of CHO & branched chained amino acids, aids

formation of DNA & RNA & neurotransmitters

B2

Riboflavin

Redox reactions in Metabolism of macronutrients

B3

Niacin

Metabolism of macronutrients

Pyridoxine

Amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, heme group

synthesis, gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-CHO)

Folate

Metabolism of 1-carbon CH3, crutial for DNA synthesis, cell

differentiation, amino acid synthesis, & repair of damaged cells.
Also embryo development

Cyanocobalamin

DNA synthesis, NS functioning

Pantothenic Acid

Fatty acid metabolism, synthesizing cholesterol, steroids,

detoxification of drugs

Biotin

fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis & macronutrient metabolism

Choline

Metabolism, cell membrane synthesis, neurotransmission,

fat/Cholesterol metabolism/transport, momocysteine

Iodine

regulates Body temp, metabolism, reproduction & growth

Chromium

assists insulin to transport glucose from the bloodstream into the

cells, RNA & DNA metabolims, supports immune function &
growth

Maganese

acts as a cofactor in macronutrient metabolism, gluconeogenesis,

cholesterol synthesis, urea formation

B6

B12

Sulfur

energy metabolism- component in thiamin & biotin, alcohol

detoxification, acid-base balance

Process

Sources

Deficiency

Forming coenzymes: thyamin

pyrophosphate (TPP)

whole grains & meats

Beriberi- muscle wasting

Forming FAD/ FMN, part of

coenzyme for glutathione
peroxidase
Forms nicotinic acid &
nicotinamide

Ariboflavinosis- sore throat, swollen

whole grains & meats & mucouc membranes, stomatidis,
milk
keylosis
Pellagra- dermatitis, dirrhea, death,
meat, fish, poultry, grains patchy skin

coenzyme in >100 reactions in

the body

meat, fish, poultry,

grains, starchy veggies

Works with enzymes

green leafy vegetables,

bread, grain, liver, lentils, Neural tube defects in infants, anemia
asparagus, oatmeal
& heart disease

skin, blood & nerve tissue damage

meat, eggs, dairy, seafood rare-associated w anemia

COENZIMES: CoA, ACP

part of antioxidant: superoxide

dismutase

meat, egg yolk, potatoes,

oats, tomatos

widespread

fat accumulation in the liver

saltwater fish, US Salt

Goiter- enlarged thryoid gland,

cretinism-mental retardation & stunted
growth, hypothyroidism- low thyroid
hormone=low body temp, cold
intolerance, weight gain, fatigue,
sluggihness

Widely distrbuted

inhibit glucose uptake into cells= rise

in blood glucose & insulni levels

whole grains

part of amino acids: methoinine from dietary proteins

& cysteine
only

Toxicity

Notes

No UL

no UL
only from supplements

Sensitive to light &

oxidation
can be made from
tryptophan

only from supplements & nerve

damage, skin lesions

Supplemented for pregnant

Has cobalt center,
vegetarians are prone to
these deficiencies

no UL

only from supplements

Vitamin-like substance

interferes with throid function,

weight loss, increased heat
production, muscular tremors,
nervousness, racing heartbeat,
protrusion of eyes

Component if thyroid
hormones

unknown

impairs NS= spasms & tremors

Major mineral