Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By
Laxman Kumar
U09CH152
R. Kailasham
U09CH153
Ravish Pandey
U09CH155
Ravindra Meena
U09CH156
Concentration of highly heat-sensitive materials such as fruit juices and milk requires a
minimum time of exposure to a heated surface. This can be done in once-through falling-film
evaporators, in which the liquid enters at the top enters at the top, flows downstream inside
the heated tubes as a film, and leaves from the bottom.
A set of perforated metal plates above a carefully levelled tube sheet, inserts in the tube ends
or Spider distributors with radial arms are used to carefully distribute a uniform film of
liquid inside the tubes.
Given below is a worked out example showing the design of a once-through falling film
evaporator. This design procedure can be applied to other problems as well.
Falling film type evaporators are rarely ever used with re-circulation. In case of recirculation,boiling point elevation of the liquid needs to be considered. This is done with the
help of a Duhring plot (Fig2).
The Duhrings rule states that the boiling point of a given solution is a linear function of the
boiling point of pure water at the same pressure.
, cP
, kg/m3
K, w/mk
, J/g
Raw milk
0.94
1010
0.62
2357
25% solids
1.6
1030
0.55
2357
Solution
Steam condensate film coefficient at 700C, ho :
k = 0.662 W/mK , = 0.406 cP
Guess U = 2000 W/m2 . (K) based on inside area.
= 2331 J/g at 700C , T = 100C
= UAT/
= 2000*10**(0.032*6)/2331
= 5.17 g/sec.
= 5.17*10-3 / *0.032
= 5.14*10-2 kg/s.m
Re = 4/
= 4*(5.14*10-2)/4.06*10-4
= 506
Pr =
cp/k
= 4.184*(4.06*10-4)/0.662
= 2.57
From fig 1
Taking Nu = 0.27
Nu = (ho/k)*(f2/f2g)(1/3)
Using water properties at 700C,
h0 = 0.27*0.662* [(978/ 4.06*10-4)2*9.8](1/3)
=
6.87*103 w/m2.k
hw = 16.3/2*10-3
= 8.15*103 w/m2k
hi = 0.28*0.62*{(1.010/9.4*10-4)2*9.8}(1/3)
= 3.9*103 w/m2.k
1/U=1/3900+1/8150(3.2/3.4)+1/6870(3.2/3.6)
U=1.99*103 W/m2.K
At bottom of the tube the flow rate is less, but liquid is more viscous.
Guess average U=1900 to find estimated rate of evaporation r.
R=1900(10) (0.032*6)/2357= 4.86 g/s
Product flow rate: 11.1-4.9 = 6.2 g/s
Solids content: 13.5(11.1/6.2) =24.2%
At bottom of tube,
= 6.2*10-3/(0.032) = 6.17*10-2 kg/s. m
Re =4(6.17*10-2)/1.6*10-3 = 154
Pr=8
From fig 1, Nu=0.33
hi=0.33(0.55)[(1,030/1.6*10-3)2*9.8]1/3 = 2.90*103 W/m2.K
Average: hi = 3900+2900/2 = 3400 W/m2.K
1/U = 1/3400 + 1/8600 + 1/7730
U = 1.86*103 W/m2.K
(d) To estimate the film thickness , the below equation is approximately correct up to
Re=1000
At top: = (3/2g)1/3 = (3*9.4*10-4*0.110/1,0102*9.8)1/3 = 3.14*10-4 m
At bottom: = (3*1.6*10-3*0.0617/10302*9.8)1/3 = 3.05*10-4 m.