TUGAS MANDIRI

TOEIC PREPARATION

Nama Mahasiswa : Budi Satria

NIM

: 141510060

Kode Kelas

: 142-EL081-M2

Dosen

: Mhd. Johan, S.S., M.Hum.

PROGRAM STUDI SISTEM INFORMASI

UNIVERSITAS PUTERA BATAM
2015

Preface
First at all, give thanks for Allah SWT and grace for us.
Thanks to Allah for helping me and give me chance to finish this assignment
timely. And I would like to say thank you to Mr. Mhd. Johan, S.S., M.Hum., as the
lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge about how to practice
English well.
English As Second Language I realized this assighment is not perfect. But I hope
it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is needed here to make this
assighment be better.
Hopefully we as a student in Universitas Putera Batam can work more
professional by using English as the second language whatever we done. Thank
you.

Compiler
Budi Satria

Table Of Contents

Preface.................................................................................................... i
Table Of Contents................................................................................... ii
Chapter 1 what is TOEIC ?.....................................................................iii
Chapter 2 contents summary................................................................1
1. Gerunds and Infinitives Part 1...................................................................1
Verbs Involving Senses...........................................................................6
1.1

Using Possessives with Gerunds......................................................6

2. Present Conditionals.............................................................................. 7
2.1 Present Real Conditional....................................................................7
2.2 Present Unreal Conditional..................................................................8
3. Simple Past........................................................................................ 10
3.1

Formation................................................................................10

3.2

Usage..................................................................................... 11

4. Simple Future..................................................................................... 13

5.

4.1

"Will" to Express a Voluntary Action...............................................14

4.2

"Will" to Express a Promise..........................................................14

4.3

"Be going to" to Express a Plan.....................................................15

4.4

"Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction.................................15

past tense....................................................................................... 17

6. Simple Past Tense................................................................................ 19

7. Past Continuous..................................................................................20
7.1

Interrupted Action in the Past........................................................21

7.2

Specific Time as an Interruption.....................................................21

7.3

Parallel Actions.........................................................................22

7.4

Atmosphere..............................................................................22

Chapter 3 End...................................................................................... 23
3.1 Conclusion................................................................................... 23
3.2 Suggestions................................................................................... 23

Chapter 1 what is TOEIC ?

The TOEIC test (Test of English for International Communication) was
conceived in Japan and created by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), a U.S.
nonprofit test development institution, as a common global yardstick for
measuring English skills. Since the first TOEIC Secure Program (SP) test was
implemented in December 1979, the test has been adopted not only throughout
Japan but around the world as the global standard for English communication skill
assessment. Many companies, schools, and other organizations, as well as
individuals, are currently utilizing the test as an effective way to raise the
motivation to study, and as an opportunity to check the English skill levels of their
workers and students. The test is administered in some 150 countries around the
world.

The TOEIC Speaking and Writing tests have recently been added to the
TOEIC program. These tests complement the TOEIC Listening and Reading test,
allowing for a full assessment of a person's ability to communicate in English
across all four language skills.Test form
Using paper and pencil test, because the form of multiple choice, that use
audio, image, and writing (reading) to evaluate the ability of this peserta.Tes
language with a multiple choice question number as many as 200 eggs. It has a
range of types of TOEIC scores ranging from 10-900.
in addition to the assessment instrument for you that will work. but also teaches
about how to speak English is good and true.
lessons that can be of TOEIC some of them are;
1. Gerunds and Infinitives
2. Present Conditionals
3. Simple Past
4. Simple Future
5. past tense
6. simple past tense
7. Past Continuous

Chapter 2 contents summary

1. Gerunds and Infinitives Part 1
Both gerunds and infinitives can be nouns, which means they can do just
about anything that a noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns,
they normally name activities rather than people or objects. Here are five nounuses of gerunds and infinitives (and one additional non-noun use, the adjective
complement, that we throw in here, free of charge).
1. Gerunds and infintives can both function as the subject of a sentence:
a. Playing basketball takes up too much of her time.
b. To play basketball for UConn is her favorite fantasy.
2. It is not impossible for an infinitive to appear at the beginning of a
sentence as the subject (as in Ib), but it is more common for an infinitive to
appear as a Subject Complement:
a. Her favorite fantasy is to play basketball for UConn.
The gerund can also play this role:
b. Her favorite fantasy is playing basketball for UConn.
3. Both of these verbal forms can further identify a noun when they play the
role of Noun Complement and Appositive:
a. Her desire to play basketball for UConn became an obsession.
b. I could never understand her desire to play basketball for UConn.
c. Her one burning desire in life, playing basketball for UConn,
seemed a goal within reach.
The infinitive is often a complement used to help define an abstract noun.
Here is a very partial list of abstract nouns, enough to suggest their nature. Try
following these adjectives with an infinitive phrase (their desire to play in the
championship game, a motivation to pass all their courses, her permission to stay
up late, a gentle reminder to do your work) to see how the phrase modifies and
focuses the noun.
advice
appeal
command

opportunity
order
permission

refusal
reminder
request
5

decision
desire
fact
instruction
motivation

plan
possibility
preparation
proposal
recommendation

requirement
suggestion
tendency
wish

4. Infinitive phrases often follow certain adjectives. When this happens, the
infinitive is said to play the role of Adjective Complement. (This is not a
noun function, but we will include it here nonetheless.)
a. She was hesitant to tell the coach of her plan.
b. She was reluctant to tell her parents, also.
c. But she would not have been content to play high school ball
forever.
Here is a list of adjectives that you will often find in such constructions.
ahead
determined
lucky
amazed
disappointed
pleased
anxious
eager
proud
apt
eligible
ready
ashamed
fortunate
reluctant
bound
glad
sad
careful
happy
shocked
certain
hesitant
sorry
content
liable
surprised
delighted
likely
upset
5. Although we do not find many infinitives in this next category, it is not
uncommon to find gerunds taking on the role of Object of a Preposition:
a. She wrote a newspaper article about dealing with college recruiters.
b. She thanked her coach for helping her to deal with the pressure.
Two prepositions, except and but, will sometimes take an infinitive.
a. The committee
chairperson.

had

no

choice except to

elect Frogbellow

b. What is left for us but to pack up our belongings and leave?

6. And, finally, both gerunds and infinitives can act as a Direct Object:
Here, however, all kinds of decisions have to be made, and some of these
decisions will seem quite arbitrary. The next section is about making the choice
between gerund and infinitive forms as direct object.
Verbs that take other verb forms as objects are called catenatives (from a
word that means to link, as in a chain). Catenatives can be found at the head of a
series of linked constructions, as in "We agreed to try to decide to stop
eating between meals." Catenatives are also characterized by their tendency to
describe mental processes and resolutions. (Kolln)
Although it is seldom a serious problem for native English speakers, deciding
whether to use a gerund or an infinitive after a verb can be perplexing among
students for whom English is a second language. Why do we decide to run, but we
would never decide running? On the other hand, we might avoid running, but we
would not avoid to run. And finally, we might like runningand would also like to
run. It is clear that some verbs take gerunds, some verbs take infinitives, and some
verbs take either. The following tables of verbs should help you understand the
various options that regulate our choice of infinitive or gerund.
Some
verbs
verbs
into

students may find it convenient to have a list of

that take infinitives, verbs that take gerunds,
that take eitherwithout the lists being broken
verb categories as they are below.

We also make available a chart of 81 verbs that take gerunds and

infinitives along with pop-up examples of their usage.
The verbs in the table below will be followed by an infinitive. We decided to
leave. He manages, somehow, to win. It is threatening to rain. Notice that many,
but not all, of these verbs suggest a potential event.
Some of the verbs in the following table may be followed by a gerund if they
are describing an "actual, vivid or fulfilled action" (Frodesen). We love running.
They began farming the land. These are described, also, below.
Emotion
care
desire
hate
Choice or Intent
agree
choose

hate
like
loathe

love
regret
yearn

hope
intend

prepare
propose

decide
need
decide
plan
expect
prefer
Initiation, Completion, Incompletion
begin
get
cease
hesitate
commence
manage
fail
neglect
Mental Process
forget
learn
know how
Request and Promise
demand
promise
offer
swear
Intransitives
appear
seem
happen
Miscellaneous
afford
claim
arrange
continue

refuse
want
wish
start
try
undertake

remember

threaten
vow
tend

pretend
wait

The verbs in the next table will often be followed by an infinitive, but they
will also be accompanied by a second object. We asked the intruders to leave
quietly. They taught the children to swim. The teacher convinced his students to
try harder.
The verbs in blue, with an asterisk, can also follow the same pattern as the
verbs in the table above (i.e., the second object is optional). We all wanted to go.
They promised to be home early.
Communication
advise
ask*
beg*
challenge
command
convince
Instruction
encourage
help
Causing
allow
cause
choose

forbid
invite
order
permit
persuade
promise*

remind
require
tell
warn
urge

instruct
teach

train

force
get
hire

need*
would like*

Miscellaneous
dare*
trust
want*
expect*
prepare*
Gerunds accompany a form of the verb to go in many idiomatic expressions:
Let's go shopping. We went jogging yesterday. She goes bowling every Friday
night.
The following verbs will be followed by a gerund. Did I mention reading that
novel last summer? I recommend leaving while we can. I have quit
smoking These verbs tend to describe actual events.
Initiation, Completion and Incompletion
anticipate
delay
quit
avoid
finish
risk
begin
get through
start
cease
give up
stop
complete
postpone
try
Communication
admit
encourage
report
advise
mention
suggest
deny
recommend
urge
discuss
Continuing Action
continue
practice
keep
can't help
involve
keep on
Emotion
appreciate
love
regret
dislike
mind
can't stand
enjoy
don't mind
resent
hate
miss
resist
like
prefer
tolerate
Mental Process
anticipate
imagine
see
consider
recall
can't see
forget
remember
understand
The verbs in the following table can be followed by either an infinitive or a
gerund, and there will be virtually no difference in the meaning of the two
sentences. I like to play basketball in the park. I like playing basketball in the
park.
attempt
begin
continue
hate

like
love
neglect
prefer

regret
can't stand
stand
start
9

The verbs in this next, very small table can be followed by either an
infinitive or a gerund, but there will be a difference in meaning. I stopped
smoking means something quite different, for instance, from I stopped to smoke.
The infinitive form will usually describe a potential action.
forget
remember
stop
Finally, the verbs below will be followed by either a gerund or a simple verb
and a second subject will be required. I saw the team losing its composure.
I overheard my landlord discussinga rent increase. (I heard Bill sing/singing.)
These verbs involve the senses.
Verbs Involving Senses
feel
look at
overhear
hear
notice
see
listen to
observe
watch
Verbs of perception hear, see, watch and a handful of other verbs
help, let, and make will take what is called the bare infinitive, an infinitive
without the particle "to." This is true of these verbs only in the active voice.
a. We watched him clear the table.
b. They heard the thief crash through the door.
c. She made me do it.
d. We helped her finish the homework.
1.1 Using Possessives with Gerunds
Do we say "I can't stand him singing in the shower," or do we say "I can't
stand his singing in the shower"? Well, you have to decide what you find
objectionable: is it him, the fact that he is singing in the shower, or is it
the singing that is being done by him that you can't stand? Chances are, it's the
latter, it's the singing that belongs to him that bugs you. So we would say, "I can't
stand his singing in the shower."
On the other hand, do we say "I noticed your standing in the alley last
night"? Probably not, because it's not the action that we noticed; it's the person. So
we'd say and write, instead, "I noticed you standing in the alley last night."
Usually, however, when a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, that noun or
pronoun takes a possessive form. This is especially true of formal, academic
writing.

10

There are exceptions to this. (What would the study of language be without
exceptions?)

When the noun preceding the gerund is modified by other words, use
the common form of that noun, not the possessive.
a. Federico was pleased by Carlos's making the Dean's
List for the first time.
but
b. Federico was pleased by Carlos, his oldest son, making
the Dean's List for the first time.
When the noun preceding the gerund is plural, collective, or abstract,
use the common form of that noun, not the possessive.
c. Professor Villa was amazed by her students working as
hard as they did.
d. The class working collaboratively was somebody else's
idea.
e. It was a case of old age getting the better of them.
There are certain situations in which the possessive and the gerund
create an awkward combination. This seems to be particularly true
when indefinite pronouns are involved.
f. I was shocked by somebody's making that remark.
This would be greatly improved by saying, instead . . .
g. I was shocked that somebody would make that remark.
This is also true when the "owner" of the gerund comes wrapped in a
noun phrase:
a. I was thankful for the guy next door shoveling snow
from my driveway.

2. Present Conditionals
2.1 Present Real Conditional
Form
11

[If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...]
[... Simple Present ... if / when ... Simple Present ...]
USE
The Present Real Conditional is used to talk about what you normally do in reallife situations.
Examples:
If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or
some flowers.
When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
If the weather is nice, she walks to work.
Jerry helps me with my homework when he has time.
I read if there is nothing on TV.
A: What do you do when it rains?
B: I stay at home.
A: Where do you stay if you go to Sydney?
B: I stay with my friends near the harbor.
IMPORTANT If / When
Both "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if" suggests
that something happens less frequently. Using "when" suggests that something
happens regularly.
Examples:
When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I REGULARLY HAVE DAYS OFF FROM WORK.
If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I RARELY HAVE DAYS OFF FROM WORK.
2.2 Present Unreal Conditional
FORM
[If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...]
[... would + verb ... if ... Simple Past ...]
USE

12

The Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do
in imaginary situations.
Examples:
If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.
She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she
doesn't have much money.
I would read more if I didn't watch so much TV.
Mary would move to Japan if she spoke Japanese.
If they worked harder, they would earn more money.
A: What would you do if you won the lottery?
B: I would buy a house.
A: Where would you live if you moved to the U.S.?
B: I would live in Seattle.
EXCEPTION If I were ...
In the Present Unreal Conditional, the form "was" is not considered grammatically
correct. In written English or in testing situations, you should always use "were."
However, in everyday conversation, "was" is often used.
Examples:
If he were French, he would live in Paris.
If she were rich, she would buy a yacht.
I would play basketball if I were taller.
I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.
I would buy that computer if it was cheaper. Not Correct (BUT OFTEN
SAID IN CONVERSATION.)

IMPORTANT Only use "If"

Only the word "if" is used with the Present Unreal Conditional because you are
discussing imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.
Examples:
I would buy that computer when it were cheaper. Not Correct
I would buy that computer if it were cheaper. Correct

13

EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs

There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:
would + can = could
would + shall = should
would + may = might
The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they
must be used in these special forms.
Examples:
If I went to Egypt, I would can learn Arabic. Not Correct
If I went to Egypt, I could learn Arabic. Correct
If she had time, she would may go to the party. Not Correct
If she had time, she might go to the party. Correct
The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you
cannot combine them with "would."
Examples:
If I had more time, I would could exercise after work. Not Correct
If I had more time, I could exercise after work. Correct
If he invited you, you really would should go. Not Correct
If he invited you, you really should go. Correct

3. Simple Past
The simple past or past simple, sometimes called the preterite, is the
basic form of the past tense in Modern English. It is used principally to describe
events in the past, although it also has some other uses. Regular English verbs
form the simple past in -ed; however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with
different forms.

14

The term "simple" is used to distinguish the syntactical construction whose

basic form uses the plain past tense alone, from other past tense constructions
which use auxiliaries in combination with participles, such as the past
perfect and past progressive.

3.1 Formation
Regular verbs form the simple past in -ed; however there are a few
hundred irregular verbs with different forms. For details see English verbs: Past
tense.
Most verbs have a single form of the simple past, independent of
the person or number of the subject (there is no addition of -s for the third person
singular as in the simple present). However, the copula verb be has two past tense
forms: was for the first and third persons singular, and were in other instances.
The form were can also be used in place of was in conditional clauses and the like;
for information on this, see English subjunctive. This is the only case in modern
English where a distinction in form is made between the indicative and
subjunctive moods in the past tense.
Questions, other clauses requiring inversion, negations with not, and emphatic
forms of the simple past use the auxiliary did. For details of this mechanism,
see do-support. A full list of forms is given below, using the (regular) verb help as
an example:

Basic simple past:

I/you/he/she/it/we/they helped
Expanded (emphatic) simple past:

I/you/he/she/it/we/they did help

Question form:

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they help?

Negative:

I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not (didn't) help

15

Negative question:

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they not

help? / Didn't I/you/he/she/it/we/they help?

3.2 Usage
The simple past is used for a single event (or sequence of such events) in the past,
and also for past habitual action:
He took the money and ran.
I visited them every day for a year.
It can also refer to a past state:
I knew how to fight even as a child.
For action that was ongoing at the time referred to, the past progressive is
generally used instead (e.g. I was cooking). The same can apply to states, if
temporary (e.g. the ball was lying on the sidewalk), but some stative verbs
do not generally use the progressive aspect at all see Uses of English verb
forms: Progressive and in these cases the simple past is used even for a
temporary state:
The dog was in its kennel.
I felt cold.
However, with verbs of sensing, it is common in such circumstances to
use could see in place of saw, could hear in place of heard, etc. For
more on this, see can see.
If one action interrupts another, then it is usual for the interrupted
(ongoing) action to be expressed with the past progressive, and the
action that interrupted it to be in the simple past:
Your mother called while you were cooking.
The simple past is often close in meaning to the present perfect. The
simple past is used when the event is conceived as occurring at a
particular time in the past, or during a period which ended in the past
(i.e. a period that does not last up until the present time). This time

16

frame may be explicitly stated, or implicit in the context (for example

the past tense is often used when describing a sequence of past
events).
I was born in 1980.
We turned the oven off two minutes ago.
I came home at 6 o'clock.
When did they get married?
We wrote two letters this morning. (the simple past is appropriate here if it is
no longer morning)
She placed the letter on the table, sighed, and left the house.
Contrast these examples with those given at Uses of English
verb forms: Present perfect. Note also that for past actions that
occurred before the relevant past time frame, thepast perfect is
used.
Various

compound

constructions

exist

for

denoting

past habitual action. The sentence When I was young, I played

football

every

Saturday might

alternatively

be

phrased

usingused to (... I used to play ...) or using would (... I would

play...).
The simple past also has some uses in which it does not refer to
a past time. These are generally in condition clauses and some
other dependent clauses referring to hypothetical circumstances,
as well as certain expressions of wish:

If he walked faster, he would get home earlier.

I wish I knew what his name was.
I would rather she wore a longer dress.
For

more

details

on conditionals, dependent

see

the

sections

clauses and expressions

of

wish in the article on uses of English verb forms.

For use of the simple past (and other past tense forms) in
indirect speech, see Uses of English verb forms: Indirect
speech. An example:

17

He said he wanted to go on the slide.

4. Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to."
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often
express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too
abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both
"will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

Form Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
Form Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Complete List of Simple Future Forms

18

4.1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary
action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to
respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when
we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly,
we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
4.2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
I will call you when I arrive.
If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone
has access to inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.
4.3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a
person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is
realistic or not.
Examples:

19

 He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
4.4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about
the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In
"prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and
therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference
in meaning.
Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
4.4.1 IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind.
Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
4.4.2 No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with
time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if,
unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

20

4.4.3 ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will never help him.
Will you ever help him?
You are never going to meet Jane.
Are you ever going to meet Jane?
4.4.4 ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. ACTIVE
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. PASSIVE
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. ACTIVE
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. PASSIVE

5. past tense

There are two tenses in English past and present.

The past tense in English is used:

to talk about the past

to talk about hypotheses things that are imagined rather
than true.
21

for politeness.

There are four past tense forms in English:

Past simple:

I worked

Past continuous:

I was working

Past perfect:

I had worked

Past perfect continuous:

I had been working

We use these forms:

to talk about the past:

He worked at McDonalds. He had worked there since July..
He was working at McDonalds. He had been working since July.

to refer to the present or future in conditions:

He could get a new job if he really tried.
If Jack was playing they would probably win.
and hypotheses:
It might be dangerous. Suppose they got lost.
I would always help someone who really needed help.
and wishes:
I wish it wasnt so cold.

In conditions, hypotheses and wishes, if we want to talk about the past,

we always use the past perfect:

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I would have helped him if he had asked.

It was very dangerous, What if you had got lost?
I wish I hadnt spent so much money last month.

We can use the past forms to talk about the present in a few polite
expressions:
Excuse me, I was wondering if this was the train for York.
I just hoped you would be able to help me.

Example Sentences Understanding Object of Preposition

Definition of the Object of a Preposition
Object of the preposition is the object that follows the preposition, which can be a
noun (noun), pronoun (pronoun), gerund or noun clause.
Here are some examples of sentences object of the preposition in the form of the
noun (phrase / clause), pronoun, and the gerund.
Specification:
preposition
object of prepositio

Object of a
Preposition
Noun

Contoh Kalimat Object of a Preposition

I dont believe in zodiac.
Yulia is really into Ninjutsu.

Noun Phrase

In my opinion, we should buy her a new jacket.

He didnt say anything during the trip.

Pronoun

I just got good news from him.

My sister is reading the newspaper next to her.

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Gerund (phrase)

She is reading an book about swimming.

You should feel ashamed for giving bribes to win the
election. [gerund phrase]

Noun Clause

Tomorrow we will discuss about what is mental illness.

I thank my English teacher for how he teached me some tricks.

6. Simple Past Tense

For other uses, see Past tense (disambiguation).
The past tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to place an
action or situation in past time. In languages which have a past tense, it thus
provides a grammatical means of indicating that the event being referred to took
place in the past. Examples of verbs in the past tense include the English verbs
sang, went and was.

In some languages, the grammatical expression of past tense is combined with the
expression of other categories such as mood and aspect (see tenseaspectmood).
Thus a language may have several types of past tense form, their use depending
on what aspectual or other additional information is to be encoded. French, for
example, has a compound past (pass compos) for expressing completed events,
an imperfect for expressing events which were ongoing or repeated in the past, as
well as several other past forms.

Some languages that grammaticalise for past tense do so by inflecting the verb,
while others do so periphrastically using auxiliary verbs, also known as "verbal
operators" (and some do both, as in the example of French given above). Not all
languages grammaticalise verbs for past tense Mandarin Chinese, for example,
mainly uses lexical means (words like "yesterday" or "last week") to indicate that
something took place in the past, although use can also be made of the
tense/aspect markers le and guo.

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The "past time" to which the past tense refers generally means the past relative to
the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is employed (as
in some instances of indirect speech) it may mean the past relative to some other
time being under discussion.[1] A language's past tense may also have other uses
besides referring to past time; for example, in English and certain other languages,
the past tense is sometimes used in referring to hypothetical situations, such as in
condition clauses like If you loved me ..., where the past tense loved is used even
though there may be no connection with past time.

Some languages grammatically distinguish the recent past from remote past with
separate tenses. There may be more than two distinctions.
A general past tense can be indicated with the glossing abbreviation pst.

7. Past Continuous
Form
[was/were + present participle]
Examples:
You were studying when she called.
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called.
Complete List of Past Continuous Forms
7.1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
I was watching TV when she called.
When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
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 While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

What were you doing when the earthquake started?
I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.
7.2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action

in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or
finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM.
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING
DINNER.
7.3 Parallel Actions

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When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it
expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions
are parallel.
Examples:
I was studying while he was making dinner.
While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
Were you listening while he was talking?
I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several
mistakes.
What were you doing while you were waiting?
Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
7.4 Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a
particular time in the past.
Example:
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing,
some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and
customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a
secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other
about the bad service.

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Chapter 3 End
3.1 Conclusion
From Expose or explanation above, the writer can conclude that in accordance
with the paper "Preparation Toeic" the authors concluded that not only gives
TOEIC questions referring to the rate or levels we are in a foreign language. but
also teach how important for us to learn the language as an international language.

3.2 Suggestions
Realizing that the author is far from perfect, the future will be more focused and
writers in explaining details about the paper on top of the source - a source that is
much more that can be accounted tentunga.

For suggestions could contain criticisms or suggestions for writing are also able to
respond to the conclusions of the discussion paper that has been described. For the
last part of the paper is the bibliograp

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