Dynamic deformation in MR elastomer driven by magnetic field

G.Y.Zhou*
Mechanics of Machines Lab, School of Mechanical & Production Engineering
Nanyang Technological University(NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
Z.Y.Jiang
Department of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering
University of Science and Technology of China(USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P.R.China
ABSTRACT
Magnetorheological Elastomer (MRE) is a new class of smart materials, whose modulus can be controlled by applied
magnetic field. In this paper, we first show the field-dependant dynamic mechanical properties including shear and stretch

of the MRE, cured by ourselves. By white light speckle method for deformation analysis, we present the dynamic
deformation progress (the vector diagram of displacement or the whole-field quantitative displacement distribution, at varies

time) of the MRE and the elastomer-ferromagnet composite (EFC) while the magnetic field turns on. The real-time
deformation progress gives us a deep understanding to MRE and EFC.
Keywords: Magnetorheological elastomer, elastomer-ferromagnet composite, white light speckle method,

1. INTRODUCTION
Magnetorheological materials, including magnetorheological fluids (MRF), which are liquid and operate in the post-yield
[1,2]
and magnetorheological elastomers (MRE), which are solid and operate in the pre-yield
regime in application
regime [1,3,4,5] , are promising smart materials in engineering due to their real-time controllable mechanical property
responded to the applied magnetic field. Normally, they are composed of iron particles and carrier with low permeability.
For MRF, the particles are suspended in the carrier liquid desultorily and, when the magnetic field applies, the mechanical

behavior of MRF will change owing to the structures formed by the particles. This effect is so called the magetorheological
effect, which is characterized by dynamic yield stress and utilized for designing energy dissipation part in engineering, such
as damper [2] For MRE, the structures formed by the particles are embedded in the host elastomer since it is cured under
strong magnetic field. Therefore, owing to the magnetic interaction between the particles, the modulus or stiffness of MRE
will be changed with the applied magnetic field.
In literature, the research on MRF, covering the structure formed by the particles, the pattern of the particles accumulated
in the structure, the model describing the dependence of the strength of structure or the dynamic yield stress of MRF on the

applied magnetic field, the flow in MRF valves, the design and mechanical property of MRF damper, the vibration
damping, etc, takes a longer history than that on MRE. But, owing to the instability of MRF, many technical problems do
hind the application of MRF [2] In contrast to MRF, MRE is solid which makes its mechanical property more stable and,
hence, many researches began to introduce it to application in these years1451 . Since MRE is cured under magnetic field
(the mixture of iron particles and liquid elastomer solidifies gradually under magnetic field), many research achievements
on MRF, such as structure accumulated by particles, can be expanded to MRE directly. Therefore, the research on MRE is
focused on the field induced shear modulus in current literature. But, for a solid controllable material, only knowing the
mechanical behavior of shear is not enough. To design a qualified smart device based on such materials, one must know the
constitutive equation or the magnetic induced deformation and the mechanical properties of shearing, stretching, impacting
etc. Toward this goal, recently, some scholars investigated the microscopic relaxation of EFC (they called it MRE, but we
think it is not MRE since they reported that the sample is cured at 140 in the absence ofan applied magnetic field), whose

iron particles are with average diameter of O.2um, through the scattering intensity pattern of synchrotron radiation161.
However, they only presented the change of the scattering intensity while magnetic field turns off and the deformation of
MRE caused by field switching, which is just the engineers are eager to know, did not given. Thus, after studying the shear
*

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603

property and extensional property of a kind of MRE cured by ourselves, in this paper, we introduce the white light speckle
method to obtain such deformation. Further, by this method, we also examine the deformation of EFC under the case of
field switching, which has been studied theoretically by L.Borcea recently [7]

2. MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF MRE

2.1 The material
The MRE is composed of RTV silicone rubber (commercial product manufactured by Kangda chemical plant, Jiangsu,
P.RChina) and the carbonyl iron particles with average diameter of 3um. The mixtures of different volume fractions solidify
gradually under a strong uniaxial magnetic field. Thus, the chain-like structure along the direction of the magnetic field will
be kept in the material.

2.2 Dynamic shear property governed by the magnetic field

In references [1,3], the field-dependant shear property, which is obtained by measuring the natural frequency ofa boardelastomer system under the case of free vibration, of MRE is introduced. The board-elastomer system, where a cuprous
board is adhered on the surface of MRE, is illustrated in figure 1 . Since the applied magnetic field is parallel to the chains
embedded in the matrix, which is also the direction of the applied magnetic field in curing the material, and the cuprous
board is perpendicular to the chains, the free vibration of the cuprous board which is governed by the shear property of
MRE can be recorded. Therefore, by the free vibration curves under different applied magnetic field, the shear modulus and
damping factor can all be obtained. By such experiment, the following are reported: the field-induced shear modulus relates
to the magnetic induction linearly when the field is moderate, which indicates the subquadratic field dependence arisen from
the saturation of the magnetization near the poles of closely spaced sphere pairs must be taken into consideration; the shear
modulus could change up to 60% of zero-field modulus; the damping factor changes slightly with the magnetic field.
1

r
4

magnetic riu
guider

Accelero-

meter

Ferrous
Frame

Accelerometer
Coil

Cuprous

mass
MRE

1agnetic flu
8 suider

Figure 1 : Illustration ofthe method studying the shear property of

MRE (for free vibration, knock at A by PCB hammer)

Figure 2: Illustration ofthe method studying the extensional

property of MRE

2.3 Dynamic extensional property induced by the magnetic field

Though, in current literature, there are some techniques to investigate the shear property of MRE, such as sandwich
structure [5] and free vibration technique [1,3] the extensional behavior of MRE along the direction of the chains has not
appeared yet. In reference [8], a method to reveal the unreported property of MRE under different applied magnetic field is
introduced. In the method, the stress-strain curve of MREunder harmonic excitation is obtained by measuring the excitation

and the harmonic response (the accelerations of A, the ferrous base, and B, the cuprous mass, respectively) of a vibration
system, which is illustrated in figure 2. By the technique, the energy dispersion of MRE is found to be controlled with the
applied magnetic field.

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3. EXPERIMENT
3.1 White light speckle method for deformation analysis
The method, utilizing white (or any incoherent) light illumination in conjunction with an artificial speckle pattern printed
on the object, has a long history in measuring in-plane displacement and strains in engineering structures [9,10] For this
method, a speckle pattern, which is a random array of black and white dots, has to be first created on the surface of the
object. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways, such as painting the surface white and then spraying a fine mist of
black paint from an aerosol, painting the surface with the mixture consisting of small glass beads suspended in a liquid,
coating the surface with the film on which a laser-generated speckle pattern is created, etc. In some cases, the natural grainy
surface of a rough object, when properly illuminated in white light, can itself serve as the speckle pattern. The final is also
the case for our experiment (the microscopic image ofthe surface ofMRE, illuminated by white light).
The second step is to retrieve the in-plane displacement of the object from the series images recording the speckle
pattern during deformation. It has been wildly addressed that the speckle movement calculated by the intensity correlation
of consequent images relates to the displacement distribution on the surface of the object9'10. Therefore, by calculating the
correlation of a series of recorded images numerically, one can obtain the in-plane displacement of an object at different
time. In the following, we want to stress the algorithm for calculating the correlation of consequent images. Suppose two

Figure 3: Illustration of the experiment

Figure 4. Photograph of the experimental equipments

images denoted as I and '2' which are recorded at t1 and t1 + At respectively. The images are all divided into
for 1 m M and 1 n N
M x N regions. Each region of image I, for i = 1,2 is denoted by
Following reference [10], the digital correlation ofregion Rmn can be defined as:

Cmn(p,q)=

p,lq)

where the summation is over the minute area Rmn ' which is carefully selected to ensure that the maximum peak location in

Cmn (p, q) can represent the average displacement of Rmn in the time interval from t1 to t1 + At. To obtain a precise
location of the correlation peak, the Gaussian curve-fitting method1111 is also employed. Therefore, the location of the peak

of Cmn (p, q), (p ,

c (pt, q)

can be calculated by the following equations:

Prnn Pmn

,,

Cmnp Pmn qrnn)

+ Cq
,i

(p q)
o

Cn1nq Pnrn ,

q
o

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(1)

605

where

and C,nq are the first order partial derivative of

, qn ) is the integer location of the peak,

Cmn (P, q) respecting

to p

and

q coordinates,

and Cq are the corresponding second partial derivative.

All the partial derivatives can be evaluated by numerical methods.

3.2 Introduction to the experiment

Consult figure 4. The MRE is placed on the lower magnetic pole and a thin soft rubber layer with low permeability is
adhered on its upper surface. The upper magnetic pole is just attached on the surface of the rubber layer. Then, the two
magnetic poles are locked to keep their relative position unchanged during the experiment. The input resistance of the coils
to generate magnetic field is about 22 ohm. The MRE is illuminated by the source inside the microscope, which is installed
on a guide rail. Owing to the guild rail, the position of the microscope along x and z directions can be adjusted accurately.
The sampling rate and the sampling length, during which the field is switched, of the graph grabber device are set to be 20
frames per second and 5 seconds respectively. The grabbed images are then stored in the computer for later numerical
processing. Hence, by the white light speckle method, the real-time in-plane deformation of MRE under the case of field
switching can be obtained. While analyzing the experiment results, it should be kept in mind that the displacement is
presented in Euler coordinates (not in Lagrange coordinates).

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the experiment, the magnitude factor of the microscope is set to be 300x, corresponding to which the field of view is
about 0.67mm(height) x 1 .OOmm(width). The area of the MRE to be monitored is selected to be just below the interface of
the rubber layer and the MRE. Limited by the power supply, which is a common regulated power supply with an adjustable
output voltage, the current passing through the coils to generate the magnetic field does not have a sharp edge while the
power supply turns on or off. The time constant of this progress is found to be around 150 millisecond. Therefore, the
transient displacement corresponding to the switching of the power supply should take an even longer period. It should be
noted, limited by the paper length, we only present the case of field turns on, corresponding to which the output voltage of
the power supplyjumps from OV to 36V.

4.1 The deformation of MRE with the volume fraction around 27%
Figure 5 represents the evolution of the displacement distribution when the field turns on (The power supply turns on).
When the field is off, the displacement is rather small and distributed disorderly (See figure 5a). Along with the change of
the magnetic field, the displacement in the equal-length interval becomes larger and orderly. Further, the displacement
distribution represents the material is compressed during this progress (Figure5(b)-(e) represent each minute area tends to
move toward the opposite direction of z axis). When the field becomes stable (The output voltage of the power supply
reaches the stable value of 36V), the displacement becomes small and disorder again, which represents the deformation
progress ofthe material corresponding to the change ofthe magnetic field reaches its end. Therefore, the whole deformation
progress takes about 150 to 200 millisecond (Consult figure (b) to figure (e)). As stated above, this time interval includes
the response time ofthe power supply. Hence, the response time ofMRE should be much less than several tens millisecond.

4.2 The deformation of MRE with the volume fraction around 50%
Figure 6 represents the evolution of the displacement distribution when the field turns on (The power supply turns on).
The six figures are much similar to that of figure 5, which reveals that the deformation progress of the MRE with the
volume fraction around 50% is much alike to that ofthe MRE with the volume fraction around 27%.

4.3 The deformation of EFC with the volume fraction around 27%
Figure 7 represents the evolution of the displacement distribution of EFC with the volume fraction around 27% when
the field turns on (The power supply turns on). The components of the material are just as that of the MRF used for the
experiment reported in subsection 4. 1 . The only difference between these two materials is that MRE is cured under strong
magnetic field while EFC is not. From figure 7(a), we can see the displacement is distributed disorderly when the field is
off From figures 7(b)-7(e), along with the change of the magnetic field, the displacement changes more violently compared
with that of MRE. On the contrast to MRE, the minute areas of EFC sample tend to move toward the positive direction of z
axis, which indicates that EFC is expanded along z axis under such case. From figures 7(b)-7(e), we can also find that the

606

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(a)the displacement distribution when the field is off

(b)-(e) the evolution of displacement
(f)the displacement when the deformation progress is finished

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607

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(a)the displacement distribution when the field is off;

(b)-(e) the evolution of displacement

(f)the displacement when the deformation progress is finished

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Figure 7. The evolution ofthe whole field displacement corresponding to the field switching (EFC sample with volume fraction of 27%)
(a)the displacement distribution when the field is off;
(b)-(e) the evolution of displacement
(f)the displacement when the deformation progress is finished

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609

displacement of each minute area sometimes has an x-direction component. This is caused by the non-uniformity of the
magnetic field.
It should be pointed out that, in figures 5-7, a scaling factor of 70 is employed in drawing the displacement distribution
because the displacement is much tiny. Therefore, in figure 7, there are some overlapped arrows.

4.4 Discussion
Based on the description presented in subsections 4. 1 & 4.2, it can be concluded that, for uniaxial magnetic field, MilE
will be compressed along the direction of the magnetic field when the field is applied. This conclusion is quite obviously
and it can be explained by single ferrous-particle chain model, which is used to analyze the field-induced shear modulus of
MRE and dynamic yield stress of magnetorheological fluid in literature. This phenomenon is also discussed in a theoretical
way in reference [2].
Comparing figure 5 with figure 6, since they are very alike, we can find an interesting phenomenon that the absolute
values of the deformation of this two kinds of MRE, corresponding to the field switching, are equal. Does this phenomenon
indicate that the deformation of MRE corresponding to field switching is not affected by volume fraction? This would be
studied further.
Based on the description ofthe deformation of EFC driven by magnetic field in subsection 4.3, it can be concluded that

the material is dilated along the direction of the magnetic field. Borcea etc has predicated such phenomenon from a
.

theoretical way in their recent published paper [6] . They reported that EFC will be compressed in the directions orthogonal
.

to the direction of the applied field while it will be dilated slightly in the direction of the magnetic field. The reason lies in
the average magnetic interaction between particle pairs, since the particles are embedded in the matrix randomly.
The deformation of EFC is larger to that of MRE, when they are driven by magnetic field. This is also reasonable
because the particles in MRE are highly compact in the chain-like structure, which is formed during curing the material and
embedded in the rubber matrix, while the particles in EFC are distributed randomly. If we regard those ferrous particles to
be rigid, it indicates that the allowable compression along the direction ofthe chains ofMRE is smaller than that ofEFC or,
in such direction, MRE is stiffer than EFC.
Since the deformation characteristics of MRE and EFC are opposite, it can also be concluded that the field-induced
physical properties of the two materials along the direction of the chain-like structure embedded in MilE, such as wave
propagation, electrical conductivity etc, are different.
We also have done a lot of experiments for different magnetic fields. We find the deformations for MREand EFC

driven by magnetic field are controlled by the strength of the magnetic field. Therefore, it is possible to utilize such
materials to design tiny actuator. Limited by the length of the paper, the experimental results are not presented here.

5. CONCLUSIONS
MRE is a new kind of smart materials due to its stable and controllable mechanical properties. In this study, after
obtaining the field-induced shear and tension property of MRE, we presented the field-induced deformation of MIlE and
EFC via white light speckle techniques. The experiment reveals the following main results:
DMRE is compressed along the direction ofthe applied magnetic field while EFC is dilated.
the same volume fraction, the deformation of MRE driven by magnetic field is smaller than that of EFC or MRE is
stiffer than EFC in the direction of the chain-like structure embedded in MRE.
deformation of MRE, driven by magnetic field, changes slightly with the volume fraction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The principle author gratefully appreciates all the members, especially Mr. Yaowen Zhan, who made the program to
evaluate the correlation, of the lab of photomechanics of the department of USTC for assisting him to do the experiment
during the half year of waiting offer after he obtained the PhD degree.

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