Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of 5 players try to score points against one

another by placing a ball through a 10 foot (3.048 m) high hoop (the goal) under
organized rules. A regulation NBA basketball court is 94' long by 50' wide. Basketball is
one of the most popular and widely viewed sports in the world.[1]

Points are scored by throwing (shooting) the ball through the basket from above. The
team with more points at the end of the game wins, but additional time (overtime) may be
issued when the scores of both teams are the same. The ball can be advanced on the court
by bouncing it (dribbling) or passing it between teammates. Disruptive physical contact
(foul) is penalized, and free throws will be issued if an offensive player is fouled while
shooting the ball. (violations).

The first rules, court, and game

In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith,[2] a Canadian-born physical education

professor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training
School[3] (YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, was
trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day sought a vigorous indoor game to keep
his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England
winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in
gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m)
elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its
bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this
proved inefficient, however, so a hole was drilled into the bottom of the basket, allowing
the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time. The peach baskets were used until
1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change
was soon made, so the ball merely passed through, paving the way for the game we know
today. A soccer ball was used to shoot baskets. Whenever a person got the ball in the
basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game.[4]
The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this
proved impractical when spectators on the balcony began to interfere with shots. The
backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of
allowing rebound shots

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport

played between two teams of eleven players using a spherical ball. It is widely considered
to be the most popular sport in the world.[1][2][3]

The game is played on a rectangular grass or artificial turf field, with a goal in the centre
of each of the short ends. The object of the game is to score by driving the ball into the
opposing goal. In general play, the goalkeepers are the only players allowed to use their
hands or arms to propel the ball; the rest of the team usually use their feet to kick the ball
into position, occasionally using their torso or head to intercept a ball in midair. The team
that scores the most goFootball is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the
Laws of the Game. The game is played using a single spherical ball, known as the
football or soccer ball. Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the
other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team
that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored
an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain.

The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the
ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-
in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use
any part of their bodies other than their hands or arms.[5] Within normal play, all players
are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball
cannot be received in an offside position.

als by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw
is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout, depending on the
format of the competition.

Pitch

Main article: Association football pitch

Standard pitch measurements (See Imperial version)

As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the
four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch
were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with
approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though
popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a
relatively recent history of metrication, such as Britain.[28

Cricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that is first documented as being played in southern
England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, cricket had developed to the
point where it had become the national sport of England. The expansion of the British
Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first
international matches were being held. Today, the game's governing body, the
International Cricket Council (ICC), has 104 member countries.[1] With its greatest
popularity in the Test playing countries, cricket is widely regarded as the world's second
most popular sport, after association football.[2][3][4] The ICC oversees both men's and
women's cricketA cricket match is played between two teams (or sides) of eleven players
each on a field of variable size and shape. The ground is grassy and is prepared by
groundsmen whose jobs include fertilising, mowing, rolling and levelling the surface.
Field diameters of 140–160 yards (130–150 m) are usual. The perimeter of the field is
known as the boundary and this is sometimes painted and sometimes marked by a rope
that encircles the outer edge of the field. The Laws of Cricket do not specify the size or
shape of the field[7] but it is often oval – one of cricket's most famous venues is called The
Oval.

Health is the general condition of a person in all aspects. It is also a level of functional
and/or metabolic efficiency of an organism, often implicitly human.

At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1948, health
was defined as being "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity".[1][2]

Only a handful of publications have focused specifically on the definition of health and
its evolution in the first 6 decades. Some of them highlight its lack of operational value
and the problem created by use of the word "complete." Others declare the definition,
which has not been modified since 1948, "simply a bad one." [1]

Determinants of health
Main article: Social determinants of health

The LaLonde report suggests that there are four general determinants of health including
human biology, environment, lifestyle, and healthcare services.[3] Thus, health is
maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health
science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and
society.

A major environmental factor is water quality, especially for the health of infants and
children in developing countries.[4]

Studies show that in developed countries, the lack of neighborhood recreational space
that includes the natural environment leads to lower levels of neighborhood satisfaction
and higher levels of obesity; therefore, lower overall well being.[5] Therefore, the positive
psychological benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into
account in public policy and land use. Health is also a state of complete
physical,mental,social,and spiritual wellbeing not merely absence of disease.

[edit] Maintaining health

Social Activity

Main article: Social relation

Personal health depends partially on the social structure of one's life. The maintenance of
strong social relationships is linked to good health conditions, longevity, productivity,
and a positive attitude. This is due to the fact that positive social interaction as viewed by
the participant increases many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to
personality and intelligence traits
Public health
Main article: Public health

Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting
health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society, organizations,
public and private, communities and individuals." (Winslow, 1920)[citation needed] It is
concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health
analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as
all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). Public
health has many sub-fields, but is typically divided into the categories of epidemiology,
biostatistics and health services. Environmental, social and behavioral health, and
occupational health, are also important fields in public health

Role of science in health

Main article: Health science

Health science is the branch of science focused on health, and it includes many
subdisciplines. There are two approaches to health science: the study and research of the
human body and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function,
and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases

Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 players are separated by a
net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under
organized rules.[1] This article focuses on competitive indoor volleyball; numerous other
variations of volleyball have developed, most notably the Olympic spin-off sport beach
volleyball.

The complete rules are extensive. But simply, play proceeds as follows: A player on one
of the teams begins a rally by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting it
with a hand or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and
into the receiving team's court. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded
within their court. They may touch the ball as many as three times. Typically, the first
two touches to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such
a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court