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Blood Composition
Blood
Hematocrit
Functions of Blood
Distributing substances
Regulating blood levels of substances
Protection
Distribution Functions
Regulation Functions
Protection Functions
Blood Plasma
90% water
Albumin
Functions
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes
Erythrocyte Function
Hemoglobin Structure
Hemoglobin (Hb)
O2 loading in lungs
O2 unloading in tissues
Hematopoiesis
Stages
Erythropoiesis
1.
2.
3.
Ribosomes synthesized
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Causes of hypoxia
Effects of EPO
Dangerous consequences
Vitamin B12 and folic acid necessary for DNA synthesis for rapidly dividing cells
(developing RBCs)
Erythrocyte Disorders
Anemia
Causes of Anemia
Three groups
Blood loss
Low RBC production
High RBC destruction
Hemorrhagic anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Renal anemia
Aplastic anemia
Hemolytic anemias
Globin abnormal
Thalassemias
Sickle-cell anemia
Hemoglobin S
One amino acid wrong in a globin beta chain
Sickle-cell Anemia
Sickle-cell gene
Malaria
One copy Sickle-cell trait; milder disease; better chance to survive malaria
Erythrocyte Disorders
Polycythemia vera
Secondary polycythemia
Leukocytes
Lymphocytes, monocytes
Granulocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
Two types
Monocytes
Monocytes
Leukopoiesis
Production of WBCs
Stimulated by 2 types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature
WBCs
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) named for WBC type they stimulate (e.g.,
Leukocyte disorders
Leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC countdrug induced
Leukemias all fatal if untreated
Cancer overproduction of abnormal WBCs
Named according to abnormal WBC clone involved
Myeloid leukemia involves myeloblast descendants
Lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes
Acute leukemia derives from stem cells; primarily affects children
Chronic leukemia more prevalent in older people
Leukemia
Infectious Mononucleosis
Platelets
Hemostasis
1.
2.
Vascular spasm
Requires clotting factors, and substances released by platelets and injured tissues
Three steps
Platelet plug formation
3.
Hemostasis: Coagulation
Coagulation: Overview
Factor X complexes with Ca2+, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator
Intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway
Triggered by exposure to tissue factor (TF) or factor III (an extrinsic factor)
Cross-links fibrin
Clot Retraction
Vessel Repair
Fibrinolysis
Factors Limiting Clot Growth or Formation
III
Factors Preventing Undesirable Clotting
cells
Thromboembolic Conditions
Anticoagulant Drugs
Aspirin
Heparin
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Bleeding Disorders
Bleeding Disorders
Impaired fat absorption and liver disease can also prevent liver from producing
bile, impairing fat and vitamin K absorption
Bleeding Disorders
Transfusions
Presence or absence of each antigen is used to classify blood cells into different
groups
Blood Groups
Rh Blood Groups
Rh mom exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus during delivery of first baby baby
healthy
Second pregnancy
Mom's anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta and destroy RBCs of Rh+ baby
Baby treated with prebirth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth
Result in
Symptoms
Treatment
Transfusions
No A or B antigens
Patient predonates
Autologous transfusions
Before Transfusion
Blood typing
RBCs
Cross matching
Plasma expanders (e.g., purified human serum albumin, hetastarch, and dextran)
Developmental Aspects
Fetal blood cells form in fetal yolk sac, liver, and spleen
The fetus forms Hemoglobin F, which has higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin
A formed after birth