Focus:

Subtract dissimilar fractions

Multiply mixed form by a fraction
Solve 1-step word problem involving addition of fractions
Identify congruent polygons
Solve word problems involving body temperature
Interpret data presented in a line graph
Read and interpret reading from electric meter/ water meter
Solve word problems involving measurement of surface area
triangles
Solve word problems involving measurement of surface area
trapezoid
Solve word problems involving measurement of solids
prisms
Add dissimilar fractions in mixed forms with regrouping
Subtract dissimilar fractions in mixed forms with regrouping
Solve 1 to 3-step word problems involving addition and
subtraction of decimals including money
Solve word problems with proportions
Solve word problems involving finding the percentage
Solve word problems involving finding the rate
Read and interpret data presented in a circle graph

Prepared by:
Prof. Gerry C. Areta

SUBTRACT DISSIMILAR FRACTION

Change the dissimilar or unlike fraction into similar fractions
1. Find the least common multiple (LCM) of the two denominators.
2. Get the equivalent fractions using the LCD.
3. Subtract the similar fractions and simplify the answer.

Example:

2
6

Step 1: LCD of 2 and 6. 8=2.2.2

6=2.3
LCD= 2.2.2.3=24
Step 2: making the fractions into equivalent

fractions

8
2
6

=
=

12
24
8
24

Step 3: subtact

12
24

8
24

or

24

1
6

MULTIPLY MIXED FORM BY A FRACTION

1.
2.

Change the mixed form into improper fraction

Multiply as usual
Example:

1
3

2
6

Step 1: changing mixed form into improper

fractions

6+1

= 2+ =

Step 2: multiply

14

18

x =

or

7
9

7
3

SOLVE 1-STEP WORD PROBLEM INVOLVING ADDITION OF

FRACTIONS
Problem: Sharmaine baked 200 pcs. of cookies. She gave
Shina and

10
her siblings?

1
4

of it to her younger sister

to her younger brother Jay-ar. What part of the cookies where given to

To answer what word problem, these are the things to remember:

1. understand the problem by knowing what is/are given and what is asked
2. solve and always label your answer by indicating the unit of measure or things the
problem is asking.
(Apply AGONA)

Step 1. Analysing
Asked- What part of the cookies where given to her siblings?
Given- 200 pcs. of cookies,

1
4

given to Shina,

3
10

given to Jay-ar

Operation- Addition

Step 2. Solving and labelling answer

Number sentence -

1
4

5
20
Answer-

11
20

3
10

=N

6
20

11
20

of the cookies was given to her two siblings

IDENTIFY CONGRUENT POLYGONS

Definition of terms:
Polygon- a simple closed figure in a plane formed by three or more line segments
Congruent- having the same shape and size
Congruent polygons- polygons that have exactly the same shape and size
Two polygons are if they have the same shape but not necessarily the same size. The
symbol is used to indicate that two polygons are similar are similar polygons that have
the same shape and the same size.

Example 1:
Finding Measures of Congruent Polygons
Given that RST XYZ, name the corresponding sides and corresponding angles.
Then find XY.

Corresponding sides: RS and XY, RT and XZ, ST and

YZ
Corresponding angles: R and X, S and Y, T and Z
Because XY and RS are corresponding sides, they are equal in length.
XY = RS = 6 inches
Example 2:
Find <N and <S

If a triangle have a sum of 180 interior angles,

therefore <L + <M + <N = 180
45 + 100 + <N = 180
145 + <N =180
<N =180- 145
<N = 35
If <N corresponds to <S

SOLVE WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING BODY TEMPERATURE

Example:
Normal body temperature is 98.6F. What is this value on the celsius scale?
C = (5/9) (F - 32)
F = ((9/5) C) + 32
(F = degrees Fahrenheit and C = degrees Celsius)
To solve this problem, replace the value of temperature given in the problem with the
matching value in the conversion equation that solves for the units of temperature
required in the problem.
C = (5/9) (F - 32)
C = (5/9) (98.6 - 32)

C = (5/9) 66.6
C = 37
98.6 Fahrenheit is equal to 37 Celsius.

The boiling point of water is 100 Celsius. What is this value on the Fahrenheit scale?
C = (5/9) (F - 32)
F = ((9/5) C) + 32
(F = degrees Fahrenheit and C = degrees Celsius)
To solve this problem, replace the value of temperature given in the problem with the
matching value in the conversion equation that solves for the units of temperature
required in the problem.
F = ((9/5) C) + 32
F = ((9/5) 100) + 32
F = 180 + 32
F = 212
100 Celsius is equal to 212 on the Fahrenheit scale.

LINE GRAPH
Graphs are used to present a set of data in a simple and clear way. That is why
we can immediately visualize a lot of information in a graph.
Line graphs are used to sow the data that change over time
Example of line graph and how to construct it as follows:

The title of the line graph indicates that it is about the daily temperature in Manila
during the first week of August.
The labels of the graph include the y-axis category and the x-axis category. The
y-axis category is the number of degrees centigrade (Celsius) and the x-axis category is
composed of the names of the week.
Before we construct a graph, we need to have a set of data or information. In our
example, the data used in a line graph is a record of the daily temperatures in Manila
during the first week of August.
Monday- 34C

Thursday- 31C

Saturday- 33C

Tuesday- 33C

Friday- 32C

Sunday- 32C

Wednesday- 30C

The first thing to do is to find the range and determine the scale to use. The
range is the difference between the highest number and the lowest number in data.
34C-30C= 4C, the range is 4. Use the range to determine the number of units
the graph will have in the y-axis by dividing the highest value by the range. 34/4= 8, so
there will be 8 units in the y-axis. The number of units in the x-axis must correspond to
the number of days that will be 7.
The scale must be in the intervals of 5s or 10s, because multiples of 5 or 10 are easy
numbers to deal with. The range of our data is 4, which is close to 5, so we will make
the scale, 1 unit for every 5C (1:5). There are 8 units in the y-axis and the ratio is 1:5,
so multiply 8x5= 40. The y-axis value will range from 0 to 40 as shown in the graph.
The scale in the x-axis is 1 unit : 1 day. There are 7 days so the range will reach
7 units.

ELECTRIC METER
The unit for measuring electric energy used in our household is kilowatt-hour
(kWh). One kilowatt-hour is equal to 1000 watts and a kilowatt-hour is 1000 watts flow
of electricity in an hour.
Every house or building that uses electricity has an electric meter that measures
the amount of electric energy consumption.
The following are MERALCO instructions on how to read your electric meter.

Step 1:
Stand directly in front of your meter and look at the four dials (A, B, C and D).
Note that adjacent dials move in opposite directions. Dials A and C move counterclockwise while Dials B and D move in a clockwise direction.

Step 2:
Read the meter starting from the leftmost dial. First, read Dial A followed by Dials
B, C and D. Write down the number that the pointers have passed in each of the four
dials. In this example, the reading on the meter is 5949.
Remember:
When a pointer is directly pointing to a number in any of the dials, always
consult the dials on its right. Look at the example on Figure 1. The pointer on Dial C
points directly at 5, that is why we should look at dial D to determine the reading of Dial
C.

Figure 1

If the pointer of Dial D points directly at 0 or between 0 and 1, then Dial C will
read as 5

Figure 2
But if the pointer of Dial D
between 9 and 0, the Dial C will
4.

point
read as

Figure 3

Step 3:
Write down your own meters new reading and this will be the present reading.
Look for the previous reading which can be found on your bill. Then, subtract your
meters previous reading from the present reading. The difference is the number of
kilowatt-hours that your household has consumed since your last billing period.
Example:
Present Reading
Less:
Previous Reading
KWh Electricity used

6 649
6 532
117
Source: www. Meralco.com.ph

TRAPEZOID

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral that has one pair of sides which are parallel.
These two sides are called the bases of the trapezoid. The height of a trapezoid is a
segment that connects the one base of the trapezoid and the other base of the
trapezoid and is perpendicular to both of the bases.
Example 4:
Find the area of the figure

Solution:
For this trapezoid, the bases are shown as the top and the bottom of the figure.
The lengths of these sides are 45 and 121 units. It does not matter which of these we
say is b1 and which is b2. The height of the trapezoid is 20 units. When we plug all this
into the formula, we get
square
units.

TRIANGLE

The

height of a

triangle is the
perpendicular distance from any vertex of a triangle to the side opposite that vertex. In
other words the height of triangle is a segment that goes from the vertex of the triangle
opposite the base to the base (or an extension of the base) that is perpendicular to the
base (or an extension of the base). Notice that in this description of the height of a
triangle, we had to include the words or an extension of the base. This is required
because the height of a triangle does not always fall within the sides of the triangle.
Another thing to note is that any side of the triangle can be a base. You want to pick the
base so that you will have the length of the base and also the length of the height to that
base. The base does not need to be the bottom of the triangle.
You will notice that we can still find the area of a triangle if we dont have its
height. This can be done in the case where we have the lengths of all the sides of the
triangle. In this case, we would use Herons formula.
Example 5:
Find the area of the figure.

Solution:
Notice that in this figure has a dashed line that is shown to be perpendicular to
the side that is 8.2 units in length. This is how we indicate the height of the triangle (the
dashed line) and the base of the triangle (the side that the dashed line is perpendicular
to). That means we have both the height and the base of this triangle, so we can just
plug these numbers into the formula to get
square units.
Notice that the number 6 is given as the length of one of the sides of the triangle.
This side is not a height of the triangle since it is not perpendicular to another side of the
triangle. It is also not a base of the triangle, since there is no indication of the
perpendicular distance between that side and the opposite vertex. This means that it is
not used in the calculation of the area of the triangle.

SPACE FIGURES
Space figures are figures whose points do not all lie in the same plane. There are
different types of space figures. Included to the different types of space figures are the
Polyhedrons which are space figures with flat surfaces, called faces, which are made
of polygons.
Edge - the side(line segment)
of each plane figure
Face the plane surface
Vertex the common end point
where the edges meet
Prisms and pyramids are examples of polyhedrons.
Prism is a polyhedron with at least a pair of parallel faces.

The parallel faces of the prism are the bases which are the top and bottom faces,
and the other faces are the lateral faces. A prism is named according to its bases.

Pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygonal base which is the bottom face and
triangular lateral faces with a common vertex.
Pyramids are named according to the kind of base they have.

Square Pyramid

Rectangular Pyramid

Cylinders, cones, and spheres are not polyhedrons, because they have curved,
not flat, surfaces. A cylinder has two parallel, congruent bases that are circles. A cone
has one circular base and a vertex that is not on the base. A sphere is a space figure
having all its points an equal distance from the center point.

SURFACE AREA
Surface Area (SA) is the measure in square units of the regions covering all the
faces of the space figure.
In getting the surface area of a space figure, we have to find the area of each face
and then add all the areas. Here are the formulas for prisms:
o Surface Area of a Cube = 6 a 2

a = length of the side of each edge of the cube

Therefore, the surface area of a cube is the area of the six squares that
cover it.
o Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism = 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

a, b, and c are the lengths of the 3 sides

Therefore, the surface area of a rectangular prism is the area of the six
rectangles that cover it. To solve its surface area easily, always remember that
the top and bottom of the rectangular prism are the same, the front and back are
the same, and the left and right sides are the same.

o Surface Area for any Prism

b = shape of the ends

Surface Area = Lateral area + Area of two ends
Lateral area = (perimeter of shape b) x L
Surface Area = (perimeter of shape b) x L+ 2* x (Area of shape b)

VOLUME

Volume is the number of cubic units (unit3) contained in a space figure.

The volume is measured in "cubic" units, and the volume of a figure is the
number of cubes required to fill it completely, like blocks in a box. Here are the formulas
for volume of prisms and other space figures:

o cube = a 3
o rectangular prism = a b c
o irregular prism = b h
o cylinder = b h = pi r 2 h
o pyramid = (1/3) b h
Remember that the general formula in getting the volume of space figures is
V=BxH
That is the formula where B is the area of the base of the figure and H is the
measure from the top to the bottom of the base.

ADD AND SUBTRACT DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS IN MIXED FORMS

WITH REGROUPING

In adding or subtracting mixed numbers, one must add or subtract the fraction
parts and the whole number parts separately. Then, the answers will be placed
together. Still, the way of adding or subtracting similar fractions in mixed forms is
different from the way of adding or subtracting dissimilar fractions in mixed forms.

ADDING DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS IN MIXED FORMS

To add unlike fractions in mixed forms, change the fractions to similar fractions by
finding their LCD. After that, well add the numbers in the usual way.
First, find the LCD.

Example:
3

LCM of 4 and 6.

54+86

4 = 22
6 = 23

LCM = 2 2 3 = 12

86 = 812

10

The LCD is 12.

_______

Then, get the equivalent fraction

and add the similar fraction.

54 = 512
+

19

1312
19

After that, add the whole

numbers.

1312 = 13 + (112)
= 14

12

If you got an improper fraction,

change
it to mixed
number.
SUBTRACTING DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS
IN MIXED
FORMS

Lastly, get the sum of the mixed

To subtract unlike fractions in mixed forms, change them first to similar fractions
number and whole number.
before subtracting the numbers. Then, put the difference of the whole numbers
and fractions together.
Subtract the fractions, and change
the unlike fractions into similar
fractions.

Example:
7

258 - 146

Then, get the LCD.

7

21

12

258 = 2524
-

LCM of 8 and 6 = 24

146 = 1424

The LCD is 24.

__________
9

1124 or 118

Then, get the equivalent fraction

and subtract the similar fraction.
After that, subtract the whole
numbers.
Put together the difference of the
fractions and the whole numbers.

RENAMING AND REGROUPING GROUP NUMBERS

Renaming and regrouping are done if the fraction part of the minuend is less than
the fraction part of the subtrahend.

Example:
3

54 = 58 = (4 + 1) +
-

38 = 38 =

6
8

=4+

8
8

+8 =4 +

14
8

14

= 48
7

38
7

18

The shortcut for renaming a mixed number like 58 is to subtract 1 from the whole
number (5-1=4). Next, add the numerator and denominator of the fractions in the minuend
(6+8=14) and write the sum (14) over the denominator.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS

A number line shows that there are decimal numbers in between whole numbers.
The number line above presents decimal numbers between 0 to 1.

Knowing how to add and subtract decimals is something that is very important in
life. That is because this will help you in many ways. For example, when you handle
money at a shop, the bank or post office, you should use your knowledge of decimals to
calculate the money and any change exchanged.

ADDING DECIMALS
Here are the things that you have to remember in adding decimal numbers:
1. Put the numbers in a vertical column, aligning the decimal points
2. Add each column of digits, starting on the right and working left. If the sum of a
column is more than ten, "carry" digits to the next column on the left.
3. Place the decimal point in the answer directly below the decimal points in the
terms.

SUBTRACTING DECIMALS
Here are the things that you have to remember in subtracting decimal numbers:
1. Put the numbers in a vertical column, aligning the decimal points.
2. Subtract each column, starting on the right and working left. If the digit being
subtracted in a column is larger than the digit above it, "borrow" a digit from the
next column to the left.
3. Place the decimal point in the answer directly below the decimal points in the
terms.
4. Check your answer by adding the result to the number subtracted. The sum
should equal the first number.

Examples for addition and subtraction of Decimal numbers:

PROPORTION
A proportion is a name we give to a statement that two ratios are equal. It can be written
into two ways:

two equal fractions:

using colons: a:b= c:d

=d

It is read as a is to b as c is to d. In problems involving proportions, we can use cross

products to test whether two ratios are equal and form a proportion. To find the cross
products of a proportion, we multiply the outer terms, called the extremes, and the
middle terms, called the means.
Example:
20:4 = 25:5
20x5=25x4
=100
Here, 20 and 5 are the extremes, and 25 and 4 are the means. Since the cross products
are both equal to one hundred, we know that these ratios are equal and that this is a
true proportion.

KINDS OF PROPORTION
There are two kinds of proportions, the indirect and direct.
The term direct proportion means that two (or more) quantities increase or decrease in
the same ratio. In short, as the other one increase, the other one also increases and
vice versa. If y is directly proportional to x, this can be written as y=kx
Example #1:
Fe works as a tutor of a grade 6 pupil. She earns Php 100 per hour. Everyday she
works for 4 hours. How much did she earn everyday?
Steps in Solving Problem:
Write the proportion
1:100 = 4:x
Multiply to find the cross products.
1 x x = 100 x 4
1
1

400
1

X=400 pesos
Example #2:
If y is directly proportional to x.
When x = 12 then y = 3
Find the constant of proportionality and the value of x when y = 8.
We know that y is proportional to x so y = kx
We also know that when x = 12 then y = 3
To find the value of k substitute the values y = 3 and x = 12 into y = kx
3 = k 12
So k = 3/12 = 1/4
To find the value of x , when y = 8 substitute y = 8 and k = 1/4 into y = kx
8 = (1/4) x
So x = 32 when y = 8

The term indirect proportion also known as inverse proportion means that one quantity
increases while the other decreases. If y is inversely proportional to x, this can be
written as y=k/x

Example #1:
If 6 students can finish a project in 2 days, how many days can 8 students finish the
same project?
Steps in Solving Indirect Proportion:
Write the proportion
(Note: instead of using the ration students:days, use the ratio students:students)
6:8 = 2:x
Multiply the extremes.
6 x x= 6x
Multiply the means.
8 x 2= 16
Multiply to find the cross products.
6
6

16
6

X=2.66666
Round off your answers to the nearest hundredths.
X=2.67

Example #2:
y is inversely proportional to x. When y = 3, x = 12 .
Find the constant of proportionality, and the value of x when y = 8.
y 1/x
y = k /x
So xy = k
Substitute the values x = 12 and y = 3 into xy = k
3 12 = 36

So k = 36
To find the value of x when y = 8, substitute k = 36 and y = 8 into xy = k
8x = 36
So x = 4.5

PERCENTAGE

Percentage (P) represents a number that is a part of a whole quantity. The whole
quantity is the base (B), and the rate (R) is the number expresses with % symbol. The
formula is: P= RxB

Example #1:
10% of 50 is 5.
5 is the percentage (P)
10% is the rate (R)
50 is the base (B)
Steps in Solving the problem:
What is asked?
What are the given?
Formula you will used.
Solve the problem by substituting using the formula.
Example #2:
Last Thursday was costume day at Donavan's school. 70% of the 200 students wore a
costume. How many students wore a costume?
Solution:
What is asked?
Number of students wore a costume.
What are the given?

70%- Rate
200 students wore costume- Base
Formula you will used
P= BxR
Solving.
P= 200 x 0.70
P= 140 students wore costume

RATE

The amount of discount corresponds to percentage in the formula: P= B x R or Amount

of Discount= Percent of discount x Original price . The rate is the percent of discount.
The original price corresponds to the base.
How to Solve Problem involving rate:
What is asked?
What are the given?
Formula.
Solution.

Example #1:
Nikka wants to buy her favorite book which is cost P400, but luckily the bookstore sells
it at 20% discount. How much did Nikka pay for the book?
Answer:
What is asked?
Amount of money did Nikka pay for the book.
What are the given?
P400- Original price

20%- discount
Formula
Amount of Discount= Percent of discount x Original price
Sale price= Original price Amount of discount
Answer
P= 20% x P400.00
P= 0.20 x 400.00
=P80.00
SP= P400.00 P80.00
=P320.00
Example #2:
In a video store, a DVD that sells for P155 is marked, "10% off". What is the sale price
of the DVD?
Answer:
What is asked
The sale price of the DVD
What are the given?
P155.00- original price
10%- discount
Formula
Amount of Discount= Percent of discount x Original price
Sale price= Original price Amount of discount
Answer
P= 10% x P155.00
P= 0.10 x P155.00
=P15.50
SP= P155.00 P15.50

=P139.50

INTERPRETING DATA IN A CIRCLE GRAPH

Circle graph, or also known as, Pie graph. It is a circular graph which is divided into
sectors with each sector representing a part of a set of data.

Example #1:
Grade 6 Amethyst makes a list of their favorite sports as follows: Gymnastics 11%,
Swimming 27%, Soccer 30%, Track 20% and Tennis 12%.
Grade 6 Amethyst Favorite Sports

Question:
1. What is the title of the graph?
Grade 6 Amethyst Favorite sports.
2. What are the favorite sports of Grade 6 Amethyst?
Gymnastics, Swimming, Soccer, Track and Tennis
3. Which sport gets the highest percentage?
Soccer

4. Which sport gets the lowest percentage?

Gymnastics