INDIAN ART AND CULTURE

TOPICS COVERED TILL NOW

ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN ANCIENT PERIOD
1) CAVE ARCHITECTURE
2) STUPA ARCHITECTURE
3) SCULPTURE
4) TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
5) TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTH INDIA
6) HARAPPAN CULTURE
7) EARLY VEDIC CULTURE

JAINISM
Division of society
into 4 varnas

Reaction of
kshatriyas
to brahmins
supremacy

Desire of vaishyas to
improve social
position

New
agricultural
economy

Reaction of
commoners

Teachings of
mystery 24
tritankaras
origin

Personal details of
Mahavira

Titles- Mahavira,Jina,
Jitendrita, Nigrantha

Mother- Trisala
Father - Siddhartha

Real Vardhamana

Birth540BCkundaligrama

Wife Yasoda
Daughter Annoja
Son-in-law - Jamali

Rigveda Rishaba and Arishtanemi

Vishnu purana and Bhagavat purana Rishabha as
incarnation of Narayana
1st trithankara Rishabha Bull
23rd trithankara Parshvanatha Serpent
24th trithankara Vardhaman Mahavira - Lion
Parsvanatha:
o23rd trithankara
oAbandoned the throne @ 30
oAscetic
oEnlighted after 84 days of penance
oDied @ 100yrs at sammet sikhar, Hazaribagh,
Jharkhand
5 instruments of knowledge:
1. Matijnana perception through activity of sense organs
2. Avadhi jnana clairvoyant perception
3. Sitruta jnana knowledge from scriptures
4. Manahparyaya jnana telepathic knowledge
5. Keval jnana omniscience or temporal knowledge

TEACHINGS OF MAHAVIRA
Philosophy of jainism associated with reality
Soul is in bondage due to assimilation and influx of karma
5 vows Householder
1. Non-injury
2. Non- stealing
3. Non- adultery
4. Speaking the truth and non-possession
5. Observing continence (Brahmacharya)
Feed cooked food to the needy everyday
Lay worshipper should not take to agriculture destruction of plants and animals
Imp aspect of phiosophy of jainism Sallekhana (concept of voluntary death)

Train himself not

to be affected by
objects of senses
Walk only
during day- no
killing or
injuring

Abandon all
wordly
possession

Code of
conduct
for monks

DOCTRINE OF KAIVALYA

Renunciation &
monastic life

Triratnas
Nonviolence

PHILOSOPHY OF JAINISM

Anekantvada

Syadvada

Saptavanginayaya

Nyayavada

Devotees classification in Descending order

Trithankara - Salvation
Arihant - Nirvana
Acharya head of ascetic group

Upadhaya Teacher saint

Sadhu - rest

JAINA COUNCILS

First

Second

Pataliputra @ Sthulabahu
12 angas replaced lost 14 purvas
Accepted by Swetambaras

Vallabhi @ Devaradhi Kshamasramana

Collect sacred texts and write them
systematically
Compilation of 12 angas and 12 upangas

SECTS OF JAINISM

Digambaras

Swethambaras

After death of Mahavira severe famine led to great exodus of Jain

Monk from ganga valley to deccan
Migration led to great Schism
Digambaras followers of Bhadrabahu @ south
>> retention of rule of nudity
Swetambaras Sthulabadra @ north >> wear white garments

Spread of Jainism
Spread to kailnga in 4th century BC
Kharavela patronised in 1st century AD
Period between Mauryas and Guptas >> Orissa in the east to Mathura in west
Later concentrated in 2 regions
1. Gujarat and Rajasthan Svetambara sects
2. Mysore Digambaras
3. Original home of Jainism Ganga valley > little following

Decline of Jainism
Took the concept of ahimsa too far
Advised one should not take medicine when one fell sick
Believed life in trees and vegetables >> no harming them
Did not reach common man >> extreme penance and austerity
No patronage from kings
Did not spread their religion

Royal patrons:
South India kadamb and ganga dynasty , Amogavarsha, Siddhraj jai singh,
kumarapala
North India Bimbisara, Ajathasatru, Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Kharavela

JAINS ARCHITECTURE - CAVES

Hathigumpha cave

Baghagumpha cave

Udayagiri and Khandagiri cave

JAINS ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLES

Vimalavasahi temple

Tejpala temple
Palitana temple

JAINS ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLES

Pavapuri temple - Bihar

Rajagriha temple - Bihar

JAINS ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLES

Gomateswara / Bahubali at
Shravanabelagola, Karnataka