Chemical Periodicity

Jethro Exequiel A. Sibayan

Jeff Herson B. Vida
De La Salle University Dasmarinas
Dasmarinas, Cavite Philippines

ABSTRACT
The Physical State, Color and Appearance of Group IA and Group IIA Elements were determined first. A
small amount of each sample (Li2CO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, MgCO3, CaCO3 and BaCO3) was placed in
different test tubes. The Solubility in water of each sample was examined in 10mL of water then
determined if its soluble or insoluble. Some Group IVA Elements was observed and each sample (C, Sn,
Si, Pb) was also placed in different test tubes. Only the Physical State, Color and Appearance was
determined and not the solubility in water. All of the physical state of the sample given was solid. Some
Group IIA Metal oxides (MgO and CaO) are placed in different test tubes. The 10 ml H2O was added to
each sample. Both of them are insoluble. The Reaction to red and blue litmus paper of each metal oxides
was determined by putting each color of litmus paper the observing if it change or not. The sample was
determined if it is a base of an acid. When the blue litmus paper changes it is an acid and when the red
litmus paper changes it is a base vice versa. Then the balanced chemical equations was written for the
reaction between the oxides and water. While solutions are typically thought of as solids being mixed into
liquids, any two states of matter can be mixed and be called a solution.

INTRODUCTION
Chemical periodicity is the variations in properties of elements with their position in the periodic
table. By the middle of the last century chemists generally understood that chemical elements can be
grouped together in separate classes according to obvious similarities or dissimilarities in their properties.
The law of periodicity has stimulated better understanding of interrelationship between elements, design
of new classes of compounds, and search and discovery of new elements. It is significant that not only
macroscopic properties of elements, but also many microscopic properties of atoms demonstrate
pronounced periodicity. Examples of such properties are atomic radius and volume, ionization potential,
electron affinity, electronegativity, and some optical and magnetic properties. Solubility is the amount of a
solute that will dissolve in a specific solvent under given conditions. The dissolved substance is called the
solute and the dissolving fluid is called the solvent, which together form a solution. The process of
dissolving is called solvation, or hydration if the solvent is water. A solution at equilibrium that cannot hold
any more solute is said to be saturated. The equilibrium of a solution is mainly dependent on temperature.
The maximum equilibrium amount of solute which can normally dissolve per amount of solvent is the
solubility of that solute in that solvent.